武汉东湖铜锈环棱螺种群变动和生产量的初步观察

本文报道了东湖环棱螺的种群密度、年龄结构、种群增长率和生物量、生产量、P/B系数及其在不同湖区中的季节变化;用指数生长模型计算种群增长率。以累计总增长的方法估算种群生产量。研究结果表明,水果湖区铜锈环棱螺年平均生物量为554.37克·米~(-2),累计生产量为604.99克·米~(-2)·年~(-1),P/B系数为1.09;郭郑湖区平均生物量为286.74克·米~(-2),生产量为308.99克·米~(-2)·年~(-1),P/B系数为1.08。本文还对影响铜锈环棱螺的种群变动和生产量的生态因子作了扼要的

EST-based identification of genes expressed in the hypothalamus of male orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

The orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, is an important marine aquaculture fish, but its large-scale aquaculture has been hindered by the rarity of natural males because it is a protogynous hermaphroditic fish. Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad is an important endocrine axis in regulating reproduction and sex differentiation. To reveal the molecular mechanism of hypothalamic physiological functions, we performed he studies on identification of genes expressed in the hypothalamus of male orange-spotted grouper using EST and RT-PCR strategy. A total of 1006 ESTs were sequenced, and 402 (39.96%) clones were identified as known genes and 604 (60.04%) as unknown genes. The 402 clones of known gene products represent transcripts of 18 1 genes. Moreover, the expression patterns of 26 unknown genes were analyzed in various tissues, such as liver, kidney, spleen, fat, heart, muscle, pituitary, hypothalamus, telencephalon, cerebellum, midbrain, medulla oblongata, ovary and testes. Five different categories of expression patterns were observed from them. Several unknown ESTs, such as DN551996, DN551998, DN552082, and DN552070, were detected to be hypothalamus-specific, brains-specific, or hypothalamus and gonad-specific genes. Interestingly, DN551996, not only exhibiting expression differences between ovary and testis, but also showing sex-dependent differences in hypothalamus of grouper, might play significant role in grouper reproduction or sex inversion. Further functional studies on these genes will provide more information on molecule regulation mechanism of sex inversion in groupers. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V All fights reserved.

Benthic algae of the Xiangxi River, China

From June 2000 to June 2002, four sites on the mainstem of the Xiangxi River and one site on each of its major tributaries were sampled 16 times each for benthic algae. All total, 223 taxa (most to species and variety levels) were found (193 Bacillariophyta, 20 Chlorophyta, nine Cyanophyta and one Xanthophyta). The diatoms Cocconeis placentula, Achnanthes linearis, and Diatoma vulgare dominated the system, with relative abundance of 33.3%, 18.8%, and 6.4%, respectively. The abundances of all the other taxa were under 5%, and 210 taxa collectively contributed less than 1% of the total abundance. Taxa diversity peaked in winter and reached a minimum in summer. Species richness varied considerably but was not significantly different over time. Maximum algal density occurred in later winter/spring (1.4 x 10(9) ind./m(2)) but was not significantly different from the minimum density, which occurred in August. Chlorophyll a showed similar seasonal fluctuation but also was not significantly different over time. Canonical correspondence analysis demonstrated that water hardness, depth, conductivity, and alkalinity had important influences on variation of epilithic algae in the Xiangxi River system.

Two unisexual artificial polyploid clones constructed by genome addition of common carp (Cyprinus carp) and crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

A polyploid hybrid fish with natural gynogenesis can prevent segregation and maintain their hybrid vigor in their progenies. Supposing the reproduction mode of induced polyploid fish being natural gynogenesis, allopolyploid hybrid between common carp and crucian carp into allopolyploid was performed. The purpose of this paper is to describe a lineage from sexual diploid carp transforming into allotriploid and allotetraploid unisexual clones by genome addition. The diploid hybrid between common carp and crucian carp reproduces an unreduced nucleus consisting of two parental genomes. This unreduced female pronucleus will fuse with male pronucleus and form allotriploid zygote after penetration of related species sperms. Allotriploid embryos grow normally, and part of female allotriploid can produce unreduced mature ova with three genomes. Mature ova of most allotriploid females are provided with natural gynogenetic trait and their nuclei do not fuse with any entrance sperm. All female offspring are produced by gynogenesis of allotriploid egg under activation of penetrating sperms. These offspring maintain morphological traits of their allotriploid maternal and form an allotetraploid unisexual clone by gynogenetic reproduction mode. However, female nuclei of rare allotriploid female can fuse with penetrating male pronuclei and result in the appearance of allotetraploid individuals by means of genome addition. All allotetraploid females can reproduce unreduced mature eggs containing four genomes. Therefore, mature eggs of allotetraploid maintain gynogenetic trait and allotetraploid unisexual clone is produced under activation of related species sperms.

The impact of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) on the rotifer community in a eutrophic subtropical Chinese lake

From 20 April to 25 June in 1999, an enclosure experiment was conducted in Lake Donghu to assess the impact of planktivorous silver carp on the planktonic rotifer community. We set up four treatments with silver carp biomass at 0, 116, 176, and 316 g m(-2). Total rotifer density was significantly higher in the no-fish enclosure than in fish-present enclosures. Fish predation on the rotifers alleviated zooplankton competition and resulted in dominance of small zooplankton species (Anureaopsis fissa, Trichocerca pusilla and Moina micrura) in fish-present enclosures. However, some relatively larger species (Polyarthra vulgaris, Brachionus angularis, Brachionus calyciflorus, and Asplanchna spp.) showed higher densities in the no-fish enclosure than in fish-present enclosures.

The effects of substrate temperature on the structure and properties of ZnO films prepared by pulsed laser deposition

ZnO thin films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on glass substrates with growth temperature from room temperature (RT) to 500 degrees C. The effects of substrate temperature on the structural and optical properties of ZnO films have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission spectra, and RT photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The results showed that crystalline and (0 0 2)-oriented ZnO films were obtained at all substrate temperatures. As the substrate temperature increased from RT to 500 degrees C, the ratio of grain size in height direction to that in the lateral direction gradually decreased. The same grain size in two directions was obtained at 200 degrees C, and the size was smallest in all samples, which may result in maximum E, and E-0 of the films. UV emission was observed only in the films grown at 200 degrees C, which is probably because the stoichiometry of ZnO films was improved at a suitable substrate temperature. It was suggested that the UV emission might be related to the stoichiometry in the ZnO film rather than the grain size of the thin film. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Submicrosecond rearrangeable nonblocking silicon-on-insulator thermo-optic 4 X 4 switch matrix

A rearrangeable nonblocking silicon-on-insulator-based thermo-optic 4 X 4 switch matrix is designed and fabricated. A spot-size converter is integrated to reduce the insertion loss, and a new driving circuit is designed to improve the response speed. The insertion loss is less than 10 dB, and the response time is 950 us. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America

空间网络数据库中移动对象的最短路线算法

在空间网络数据库中，基于位置的服务(10cation—based services，LBS)变得越来越重要，最短路线查询是最广泛的服务请求之一．假设在网络上有一个原始对象(例如：在道路上行驶的汽车)、有一个目标对象(例如：旅店、加油站、救护车等等)，那么最短路线查询就是要找到原始对象到目标对象的最短路线．最短路线算法的研究主要分为两个方面，实时计算和预计算．在预计算方面，当前的研究对网络空间中的最短路线查询提出了多种解决方式，但是这些方法中都假设目标对象是静止的．文中在原始对象和目标对象都处于移动状态时，给出了一种最短路线查询的 算法．该算法创建了一组索引结构，将计算两个动态点之间最短路线的问题转换为计算静态边之间最短路线的问题．主要关注交通网络．但是该算法不会使用任何领域相关的信息，所以能够被应用到其他的网络环境中．从计算复杂性而言，传统的Dijkstra算法时间复杂性估计是0((i+志)2)，而该算法的相应估计是0(klbi)．

双手交互界面研究进展

用户界面的发展趋势已经从“以技术为中心”发展为“以用户为中心”的新阶段,双手交互作为适应这种趋势的一种主要界面形式,以其自然直观等特点逐渐受到人们重视.系统地阐述了这种界面的研究现状,从双手操作的行为学和心理学基础出发,由实验评估总结出双手交互界面的基本设计准则,分类比较几种典型的交互技术,最后指出了存在的问题和下一步的研究方向.

钐原子激发态光谱的研究

稀土元素钐(Sm)的基态构型包括7个能级4f~66s~2 ~7F_(Ji) (Ji = 0,1……6)。2个6s外层电子和4f内层电子都有可能激发，产生复杂的光谱。给研究工作带来一定的困难。本文首先在原子束装置中，采用脉冲染料激光器。对钐原子进行一步共振激发。结合Boxcar技术测量了钐原子激发态的荧光衰减曲线。得到八个钐原子低能级的自然辐射寿命。不但对有争议的4f~66s6p ~7D_1~0态寿命值过行了复测，而且其中五个能级~5G_4~0(18503.49cm~(-1)), ~7D_2~0(16681.74cm~(-1)), ~7D_3~0(17243.55cm~(-1)), ~7D_4~0(17959.27cm~(-1))和 ~5G_5~0(18811.11cm~(-1))的寿命值是我们首次测得。另，本文还在原子束中采用激光二步共振激发，记录荧光光谱的方法对钐原子的高激发态新能级进行了测量。实验中选择十四条不同的激发路线，其第一步跃迁波长λ_1分别为：590.260nm, 590.605nm, 590.904nm, 591.636nm, 592.789nm, 597.938nm, 598.968nm, 599.509nm, 600.418nm, 604.500nm, 607.006nm, 608.412nm, 609.990nm及611.779nm。它们将钐原子从基组态~7F激发到4f~66s6p或4f~55d6s~2 构型的奇宇称中间态。第二步激光波长λ_2的扫描范围为556.0-576.0nm，λ_2将钐原子从上述中间态激发到位于34150-37732cm~(-1)能量区间的偶宇称高激发态。我们测定了在此能量范围内的122个偶宇称能级，其中117个能级为我们首次测得。本论文完善了钐原子的能级、寿命的光谱数据，对进一步研究钐原子有重要意义。