抢救“土壤水库”实为黄土高原生态环境综合治理与可持续发展的关键——四论黄土高原国土整治28字方略

现在全国上下深切关注着黄河的重大问题及其对策。其实问题的根源都出自人们对黄河流域尤其黄土高原自然资源的掠夺式开发 ,形成了“3个恶性循环”:广种薄收 ,薄收更广种 ,虽是罪魁祸首 ,但常反被忽视 ,致使生态环境脆弱 ,人民长期贫困 ;只有下游河床越淤越高 ,防洪大堤越筑越高 ,越高越险和断流历时越来越长 ,上溯速度越来越快 2个恶性循环的危害才使人惊恐。不难看出 ,这是恰与形成黄土高原自然规律完全相悖的人为地质过程的结果。可惜它还未引起人们深入充分的认识 ,难怪一向短缺一个为各家合力共识的治本对策。当今国家将经济发展的重点向中、西部转移 ,并要求重建一个山川秀美的大西北 ,黄土高原的持续开发与治理对策就显得更为举足轻重。由此其各项对策都将面临着转变观念、调整思路、实事求是地进行科学分析和抉择。笔者最近从陆地生态的发生发展及其整个地质历史演变过程的研究中发现 :“土壤水库”的发生发展及其演变是陆地生态发生发展的关键和“动力”,只要维护土壤水库的正常发展就能更好地保卫生态环境。黄土高原地区由于得天独厚的降尘堆积环境条件和持续的成壤过程 ,可使降水具有直接渗入“地下水库”的特殊功能。只要维护住高入渗土壤水库的存在就...

农业干旱风险评估研究综述

对农业干旱风险致险性、脆弱性及损失模型等方面进行了深入系统的回顾与评述,阐述了农业干旱风险研究的前沿领域和学术问题,展望了农业干旱风险未来的发展趋势:农业干旱致险性评估的关键是构建合适的干旱指标,目前干旱评估指标很多,大致可分为水分变异程度指标、干旱发展过程指标和干旱空间差异指标三类,但多数指标对农业干旱成灾过程反映不足,在评估方法上对农业干旱灾害机理认识不深入,成为了农业致险性评估的瓶颈;农业干旱脆弱性通常决定着农业干旱风险的高低,其中,灌溉能力、技术、资金等是影响农业脆弱性高低的重要因子,而定量刻画农

Synthesis, crystal structure, and thermal property of a novel supramolecular assembly: (NH42810424)(CHNO) O-[H(V)O(]2H)4(10)28(2), constructed from decavanadate and caffeine

A novel 3D supramolecular assembly constructed from decavanadate and caffeine building blocks, (NH4)(2)(C8H10N4O2)(4)[H4V10O28].2H(2)O (1), has been synthesized in aqueous solution and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, H-1 NMR, V-51 NMR, TG-DTA, and single crystal X-Ray diffraction. The compound 1 crystallizes in monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/n, a = 15.801(1) Angstrom, b = 12.914(1) Angstrom, c = 15.913(2) Angstrom, beta = 113.55degrees, V = 2976.4 (5) Angstrom(3), Z = 2, R = 0.0498 with 6818 reflections. Water molecules, ammonium ions, and caffeine act as "cement" linking the polyanions into 1D chain along the c-axis by hydrogen bonding. In compound 1, extensive hydrogen-bond contacts and strong pi-pi interactions lead to an ordered 3D supramolecular framework. TG-DTA curves indicate that the weight loss of the complex can be divided into three stages.

LaNi2和LaNi2.28储氢电极性能研究

在真空电弧炉内制备了LaNi<,2>和LaNi<,2.28>合金,在超高压下处理LaNi<,2>合金,得到了具有Laves相结构的AB<,2>型金属间化合物,采用机械合金化装置对上述铸造合金进行了球磨处理,制备了LaNi<,2.28>非晶合金粉末.利用这些合金制备储氢电极,与烧结镍阳极组成单电池,研究各种电极的充放电性能,得到如下结论:(1)LaNi<,2>和LaNi<,2.28>铸态合金电极的放电容量分别为199.4mAh/g和241.0mAh/g;(2)铸态AB<,2>合金的循环性能和放电容量高于Laves相结构的AB<,2>型合金;(3)非晶化的合金电极非常容易被活化,但循环性能和放电容量都远低于铸态合金电极.

PT-28对常见无机酸和有机酸的萃取行为研究

系统地研究了2-乙基己氧基甲基膦酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（代号PT28）对硫酸、磷酸、硝酸、高氯酸、盐酸和醋酸六种酸的萃取行为,发现PT-28对硫酸、磷酸、高氯酸和盐酸均不萃取,只对硝酸和醋酸萃取,这与中性磷氧萃取剂甲基膦酸二甲庚酯（P350）和磷酸三正丁酯（TBP）对强酸的萃取有显著的不同,并对其萃取机理进行了讨论。

Ni_(69.5)Al_(28)Y_(2.5)粉末的机械合金化

对 Ni6 9.5Al2 8Y2 .5粉末进行球磨 ,获得 Ni Al金属间化合物 .研究粉末结构与球磨时间的关系 ,探索以中间合金的形式加入稀土元素的机械合金化方法 .结果表明 ,加入稀土元素后 ,用机械合金化的方法可以生成新的金属间化合物.

PT-28在硝酸体系中萃取三价镧系元素的研究

系统研究了２－乙基已氧基甲基膦酸工（２－乙基已基）酯（代号ＰＴ－２８）在硝酸介质中萃取三价镧系元素的行为，讨论了萃取剂浓度的变化、硝酸钠的浓度及温度变化对萃取率的影响，并对ＰＴ－２８． 萃取ＨＮＯ_３的机理进行了探讨。

Seeding nets with neutral spores of the red alga Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kutzing for use in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)

Nets in traditional Porphyra mariculture are seeded with conchospores derived from the conchocelis phase, and spend a nursery period in culture tanks or calm coastal waters until they reach several centimeters in length. Some species of Porphyra can regenerate the foliose phase directly through asexual reproduction, which suggests that the time, infrastructure, and costs associated with conchocelis culture might be avoided by seeding nets with asexual spores. Here, we present work from a short-term mariculture study using nets seeded with asexual spores (neutral spores) of a native Maine species of Porphyra. Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) Kutzing was selected for this proof of concept research because of its reproductive biology, abundance across seasons in Maine, and evidence of its promise as a mariculture crop. We studied the maturation, release, and germination of the neutral spores to develop an appropriate seeding protocol for nets, followed by development of a nursery raceway to provide an easily manipulated environment for the seeded nets. Neutral spores were produced throughout the year on the central Maine coast,however, there was a temporal variability in the number and survival of released neutral spores, depending upon thallus position in the intertidal zone. Small thalli were strictly vegetative, but most thalli reproduced by neutral spores- sexual reproduction was absent. Neutral spores germinated quickly at 10 and 15 'C, but germination was delayed at 5 degrees C. Unlike some algal zygotes and spores, neutral spores of R umbilicalis required light to germinate; however, irradiances of 25 and 100 mu mol photons M-2 S-1 were equally sufficient for germination. Rafts of seeded nets were deployed in Cobscook Bay, Maine, at two distances from salmon aquaculture pens and at a control site on a nearby, fallow aquaculture site (no salmon). There was no difference in nitrogen content of harvested thalli; however, both the density and the surface area of harvested thalli were different among the sites. The possible causes of these differences are discussed in the context of potential use of P umbilicalis in IMTA. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of 28 marine algae from the Qingdao coast for antioxidative capacity and determination of antioxidant efficiency and total phenolic content of fractions and subfractions derived from Symphyocladia latiuscula (Rhodomelaceae)

The extracts obtained from 28 species of marine algae were evaluated for their antioxidant activity (AA) versus the positive controls butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), gallic acid (GA), and ascorbic acid (AscA). Most of the tested samples displayed antioxidant activity to various degrees. Among them, the extract of Symphyocladia latiuscula exhibited the strongest AA, which was comparable to BHT, GA, and AscA in radical scavenging activity, as shown in the DPPH (alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl) assay, and higher than those of the positive controls in beta-carotene-linoleate assay system. In addition, the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction isolated from the crude extract of S. latiuscula exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in both assay systems. This fraction was further fractionated into seven subfractions (F1-F7) by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). F1 and F4 were found to be the most effective subfractions in scavenging DPPH radical assay and in the beta-carotene-linoleate assay, respectively. The total phenolic content (TPC) and reducing power (RP) for all of the extracts, fractions, and subfractions (F1-F7) were also determined. The TPC of the 28 extracts ranged from 0.10 to 8.00 gallic acid equivalents (mg/g seaweed dry weight) while the RP ranged from 0.07 to 11.60 ascorbic acid equivalents (mg center dot g(-1) seaweed dry weight). Highly positive relationships between AA and TPC as well as between AA and RP were found for the extracts and fractions, while for the subfractions F1-F7 only weak or no such relations were found. The results obtained from this study indicate that further analysis is needed of those marine algal species that contain the most antioxidant activity in order to identify the active principles.

雨生红球藻诱变育种及突变株的筛选

虾青素是良好的着色剂，具有超强的抗氧化、捕获自由基、抗癌变，抗紫外线辐射、增强免疫等功能，在医疗、水产、食品和化妆品等生产领域有着广泛的市场。雨生红球藻（Haematococcus pluvialis）是一种单细胞的绿藻，在逆境条件下可积累高达4%干重的虾青素，是目前已知的天然虾青素含量最高的生物资源，规模化培养雨生红球藻是获取天然虾青素的最佳途径。 目前实验室研究和规模化培养使用的藻株多为出发株，存在一些缺陷：养殖过程中易被其它微藻、变形虫、原生动物、细菌等污染；只适合低温培养，28℃以上生长受抑制；生长相对较慢，培养周期长；尽管雨生红球藻是已知的天然虾青素含量最高的生物资源，但其含量仍然需要提高以适合规模化生产。因此筛选出温度适应范围广、生长速率快、虾青素含量高的雨生红球藻株一直是努力的方向。 本研究选用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）和叠氮钠(NaN3)以及物理诱变剂紫外线（UV)分别处理雨生红球藻，测定各种诱变剂的致死率，及对红球藻生长和虾青素积累的影响，根据实验结果确定合适的诱变剂量和诱变时间，通过初筛、复筛、再次诱变等分离、筛选出生长速度快、虾青素含量高的单一藻株并进一步利用高压液相色谱等方法进行鉴定。 实验结果表明：浓度为0.2％-1.0％EMS处理4h，雨生红球藻H2的死亡率7%-35%；紫外线照射2min-10min，雨生红球藻H0的死亡率10%-98％；叠氮钠30mg/L－270 mg/L处理24h，雨生红球藻H0的死亡率为20％-100％。各种诱变剂诱变结束后立即观察发现死亡细胞的形态相似但存活细胞相态有所不同，死亡细胞呈浅绿色，轮廓模糊，形状不规则，质壁间隙消失，胞内有白色空泡；EMS处理后存活细胞，呈圆球状，部分失去鞭毛和前端突起，游动缓慢，处理后第二天，细胞即恢复游动和分裂，分裂方式与正常细胞相似。紫外线和叠氮钠处理后存活细胞壁加厚，呈深绿色，圆球状，部分失去鞭毛和突起，严重抑制细胞的游动和分裂，出现不动细胞，培养一段时间后才出现分裂细胞，游动的和不动的存活细胞主要是采用不对称无性繁殖，这与正常细胞的不对称无性繁殖有所不同，正常细胞中不对称无性繁殖的母细胞多为不动细胞。紫外线和叠氮钠处理后部分细胞还产生大量的小孢子（配子？），直径较小1-4m，在母细胞内不停摆动，四、五天后逐渐脱离母细胞。这和以前描述的有性繁殖很相似，但由于没观察到后期孢子配对过程和缺乏小孢子的DNA含量和倍性的有关数据，不能确定观察到的小孢子现象为雨生红球藻的有性繁殖。 各种诱变剂处理后，各组存活藻株的生长和虾青素积累情况同对照组相比发生了变化：EMS实验中0.4％EMS组生长速率提高24％，其它组的细胞生长速率有所降低。各组单细胞虾青素含量和积累速率均高于对照组，其中0.4％和0.8％处理组单细胞内虾青素含量分别提高了76％和90％，积累速率分别提高了69％和115％；紫外线实验中4min、6min和10min组生长速率分别提高20％、17％和35%，各组藻细胞虾青素积累速率有不同程度的提高，其中2min组和10min组虾青素积累速率提高幅度最大分别为32%和31%，单细胞内虾青素含量除10min处理组提高48%，其它各组均有不同幅度的降低；叠氮钠实验中60mg/L、120mg/L和180mg/L组细胞生长速率分别提高了13％、20％和9％，各组藻细胞内虾青素含量和虾青素积累速率得到明显的提高。其中60 mg/L和180 mg/L组单细胞内虾青素含量提高幅度最大，分别提高75%和140%。180mg/L和240mg/L组虾青素积累速率提高幅度最大，分别为280％和250％。 诱变后通过固体平板分离，得到一系列单一藻株，其中0.4%浓度EMS处理雨生红球藻H2 4h后分离到H2-419在生物量上比H2高出20％,但虾青素含量提高幅度不大。用UV对突变株H2-419再次诱变得到较稳定的藻株H2-419-4，培养五个月后与H2相比生物总量提高68%，单细胞内虾青素含量提高28％，经高压液相色谱分析证明H2-419-4类胡萝卜素提取物中主要成分仍然为虾青素，和出发株H2相比色素成分没有发生变化，只是各成分比例有所不同。 还分析研究了其它单一藻株，但或是稳定性较差，或虾青素含量高而生长慢。如雨生红球藻H2经0.02％EMS诱变十天，分离得到的E-L-22和出发株相比虾青素产量提高40％，但生物总量上降低了27％；5min紫外线照射雨生红球藻H0后，分离得到的UV-5-16和UV-5-14在生物总量分别提高7％和36％。叠氮钠200mg/L处理24h分离得到的藻株N-2-42生物总量提高43％，但藻株N-2-43生物总量比出发株降低8％。

270年以来大气汞的沉降——自然释汞源与人为释汞源之冰芯记录

水生生态系统的汞污染及其引发的甲基汞在生物体内聚集是全球重要的环境问题。汞污染的主要机理是大气汞的迁，研究冰川中总汞的质量浓度，能很好地揭示大气汞沉降的历史记录。对怀俄明州(Wyoming)弗里蒙特冰川上游the UpperFremont Glacier，UFG)冰芯的研究，显示了近270年自然源与人为源的大气汞释放。

Rapid identification of pathogenic bacteria by capillary electrophoretic analysis of rRNA genes

Molecular diagnosis is playing an increasingly important role in the rapid detection and identification of pathogenic organisms in clinical samples. The genetic variation of ribosomal genes in bacteria offers an alternative to culturing for the detection and identification of these organisms. Here 16S rRNA and 16S-23S rRNA spacer region genes were chosen as the amplified targets for single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) capillary electrophoresis analysis and bacterial identification. The multiple fluorescence based SSCP method for the 16S rRNA gene and the RFLP method for the 16S-23S rRNA spacer region gene were developed and applied to the identification of pathogenic bacteria in clinical samples, in which home-made short-chained linear polyacrylamide (LPA) was used as a sieving matrix; a higher sieving capability and shorter analysis time were achieved than with a commercial sieving matrix because of the simplified template preparation procedure. A set of 270 pathogenic bacteria representing 34 species in 14 genera were analyzed, and a total of 34 unique SSCP patterns representing 34 different pathogenic bacterial species were determined. Based on the use of machine code to represent peak patterns developed in this paper, the identification of bacterial species becomes much easier.