褐藻胶的化学结构与吸附二价金属离子功能关系的研究

本文在测定由中国产海带（Laminaria japonica）、海蒿子（Sargassum pallidum）、海黍子（S.kjellmanianum)和鼠尾藻（s.thunbergii）提取的无损褐藻胶的糖醛酸组成和嵌段结构的基础上，较系统地研究了褐藻酸及其钠盐钙盐对二价金属离子的静态交换平衡特性与褐藻胶结构的关系，初步制成了具有离子交换性能的粒状褐藻酸钙树脂，开对干燥过的褐藻酸、褐藻酸钠和褐藻酸钙在水溶液中的吸附机理进行了探讨和比较。其结果如下：1. 海带、海蒿子、海黍子和鼠尾藻提取的褐藻胶具有不同的组成和嵌段结构，其M/G比值分别为1.86、1.50、1.22和1.27。文中引入结构参数η不胜数= (F_MG))/(F_M * F_G)，η值分别为0.62、0.13、0.36和0.41。后三种马尾藻褐藻胶与海带的结构和性质有差异，而海黍子和鼠尾藻胶在结构与性质方面比较接近。2. 褐藻胶的结构对吸附二坐金属离子具有很大影响，褐藻酸钠Cd-Sr交换反应的分离因子随着M/G比值的增大而增大；褐藻酸钙对Cu~(2+)离子的交换容量随着MG-嵌段比例（或η值）的增大而增大；褐藻酸对Sr~(2+)、Ba~(2+)、Cd~(2+)混合离子的总交换量随着M-嵌段比例的增大而增大。3. 干燥进的褐藻酸、褐藻酸钙以及褐藻酸钠在水溶液中具有不同的吸附机理。褐藻酸钠在溶液中，主要是二价离子诱导G-分子链协同聚合——“蛋箱模型”~(26)，褐藻酸吸附Cu~(2+)、Sr~(2+)时，除了离子交换外，还有使分子链聚合的螯合作作，分子链上未交换的 -COOH可能参与Sr~(2+)的配位，而Cu~(2+)无此现象。褐藻酸钙吸附Cu~(2+)时，可能有部分Cu~(2+)离子进入“蛋箱”内部替代Ca~(2+)离子而重新配位，但“蛋箱”的骨架不变，而吸附Sr~(2+)时，则表现出与离子交换剂截然不同的分子吸附行为。4. 不溶性的褐藻酸和褐藻酸钙具有较高的吸附选择性，尤其是粒状褐藻酸钙树脂的选择性高、稳定性好，可能应用于贵金属的回收、分离与废水处理等。

Ocean urea fertilization for carbon credits poses high ecological risks

The proposed plan for enrichment of the Sulu Sea, Philippines, a region of rich marine biodiversity, with thousands of tonnes of urea in order to stimulate algal blooms and sequester carbon is flawed for multiple reasons. Urea is preferentially used as a nitrogen source by some cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, many of which are neutrally or positively buoyant. Biological pumps to the deep sea are classically leaky, and the inefficient burial of new biomass makes the estimation of a net loss of carbon from the atmosphere questionable at best. The potential for growth of toxic dinoflagellates is also high, as many grow well on urea and some even increase their toxicity when grown on urea. Many toxic dinoflagellates form cysts which can settle to the sediment and germinate in subsequent years, forming new blooms even without further fertilization. If large-scale blooms do occur, it is likely that they will contribute to hypoxia in the bottom waters upon decomposition. Lastly, urea production requires fossil fuel usage, further limiting the potential for net carbon sequestration. The environmental and economic impacts are potentially great and need to be rigorously assessed. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

基于稳定碳同位素技术研究青藏高原东部高寒区植被的光合型

通过对青藏高原东部玛多县境内高寒地区20个科、38个属、62种植物叶片的稳定性碳同位素的测定,来确定植物群落的光合型.结果表明,所测定的62种植物的稳定性碳同位素比值(δ13C)介于-28.6‰和-25.2‰之间,说明这62种植物均属于C3植物,没有C4植物或CAM植物.植物这种光合型的分布与该研究区的环境因素有密切关系,低温是该区没有C4植物分布的关键因素,同时光合型的分布也反映了植物对独特地理环境的适应.

数量性状水平上甘、青两省春小麦品种间的遗传多样性现状及演变趋势

在数量性状水平上，调查了43个春小麦品种的19个数量性状，利用主成分分析法计算品种间的欧氏平方遗传距离，并在此基础上用最小方差法做了聚类分析。发现43个品种间在数量性状水平上的遗传距离变异范围很大（0.926～67.942），平均遗传距离为18.000，说明供试品种的19个考察性状上存在较大的表型变异。从聚类结果来看，地方品种基本上被聚在一起，说明地方品种同引进品种和育成品种至少在表型上存在较大差异。从20世纪40年代以来，在数量水平上甘、青两省春小麦地方品种间的遗传多样性水平最高（GD＝31.389)，其次是20世纪50年代引进品种（GD＝26.308)，而育成品种间的遗传多样性水平最低，总体上呈下降趋势。说明随着育种进程的深入，作为育种目标追求的经济性状趋于一致，其变异集中在一个狭小的范围之内，品种间的遗传多样性下降。

高原鼠兔的季节性繁殖

A nnual changes of the rep roduct ive act ivity in adult male p lateau p ika (Ochotona curzoniae) , a small endemic mammal in Q inghai2T ibet P lateau, w ere invest igated from J anuary to December, 1991. A ll of the animals w ere k illed and decap itated during the nigh t (23:00～ 24:00) and the p lasma, p ineal glands, testes ep ididym is, sem inal vesicles, deferent ducts were co llected and used for biochemical, and histo logical studies. Significant changes associated with seasonal cycles were found. (1) In February～ early April, the restoration phase, the weights of testes, epididym ides and deferent ducts were increased; the process of sperm atogenesis was strengthened and testo sterone level in plasma was increased, but the pineal weight and its melatonin content were decreased. (2) During the middle of April～ late May, the sexually active phase, a significant elevation of gonadal activity was observed. In this period, gonadalw eights were increased, spermatogenesis was completed, pineal weights were decreased and melatonin contents were fluctuated at alow level. These results suggested the increasing in sexual activity as well as in the ability of testo sterone secretion. (3) A striking reduction of test icular activity appears in June～A ugust. In this inhibition phase, gonada lweight, process of sperm atogenesis, plasma testo sterone level were decreased while the pineal weight and pineal melatonin content were increased. (4) During Sep tember～ J anuary, the sexually quiescent phase, declining in weights of testes and epididymides, arrest of spermatogenesis, decreasing of plasma testo sterone concent ration, fluctuating in pineal weights and increasing in pinealmelatonin level were observed. Our findings indicated that the male pikas under natural conditions exhibited an annual rep roductive cycle. A possible relationship between pineal activity and reproductive function was also suggested.