67 resultados para 100708 Nanomaterials


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Boron-doped (B-doped) silicon nanowires (SiNWS) have been prepared and characterized by Raman scattering and photoluminescence (PL). B-doped SiNWS were grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), using diborane (B2H6) as the dopant gas. Raman spectra show a band at 480cm(-1),which is attributed to amorphous silicon. Photoluminescence at room temperature exhibits three distinct emission peaks at 1.34ev, 1.42ev, 1.47ev. Possible reason for these is suggested.

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The perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory and density-gradient theory are used to construct an equation of state (EOS) applicable for the phase behaviors of carbon dioxide aqueous solutions. With the molecular parameters and influence parameters respectively regressed from bulk properties and surface tensions of pure fluids as input, both the bulk and interfacial properties of carbon dioxide aqueous solutions are satisfactorily correlated by adjusting the binary interaction parameter (k(ij)). Our results show that the constructed EOS is able to describe the interfacial properties of carbon dioxide aqueous solutions in a wide temperature range, and illustrate the influences of temperature, pressure, and densities in each phase on the interfacial properties.

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Large-scale uniform Ag microtubes with high length diameter ratios have been first successfully synthesized by a facile approach, using low-cost super fine glass fibers as templates. The samples were characterized by SEM and XRD. The investigations showed that calcining or adding of PEG-1000 and alcohol could greatly improve the mechanical strength of the sample. Especially the products exhibited favorable catalytic properties during the degradation of Rhodamine B by NaBH4. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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The novel hexagon SnO2 nanosheets are successfully synthesized in ethanol/water solution by hydrothermal process. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared ray (IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). By changing the reaction conditions, the size and the morphology can be controlled. Comparison experiments show that when the temperature increased from 140 degrees C to 180 degrees C, the edge length of the hexagon nanoparticles increases from 300-450 nm to 700-900 nm. On the other hand, by adjusting the ratios of water to ethanol from 2 to 0.5, SnO2 nanoparticles with different morphologies of triangle and sphere are obtained. When the concentration of NaOH is increased from 0.15 M to 0.30 M, a hollow ring structure can be obtained. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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功能化的贵金属纳米材料的设计和可控制备在材料科学研究领域引起了人们广泛的关注。贵金属纳米材料的光学、电学、磁学和催化等物理和化学性质不但与其大小有关,而且还与其形貌息息相关。因此寻求简单而有效的低温溶液合成途径以实现对贵金属纳米材料的尺寸和形貌控制尤为重要。本论文的主要研究内容可以归纳如下: (1)在水溶液中利用种子生长方法分别制备了核壳Au-Pd/Pt三金属复合纳米粒子和三层的核壳AuAg复合纳米粒子。这些纳米粒子的尺寸和组成可以通过改变金种子的加入量来加以调控。 (2)通过种子生长和取代沉积相结合的方法制备了具有金核铂/银双金属壳的铃铛状纳米粒子。通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和X-射线光电子能谱对所得纳米粒子的尺寸、结构和组成进行了表征。 (3)以二肽甘氨酰甘氨酸作为模板合成了具有[111]取向的单晶银纳米片。通过改变实验条件探讨了片状银纳米结构的形成机理。片状银纳米结构的产率可达到80%,反应物之间的摩尔比对产物的尺寸和形貌有至关重要的作用。 (4)将K3[Fe(CN)6]和Na2S2O3的混合溶液进行水热处理,得到了具有立方体形貌的FeIIIFeIII(CN)6(柏林绿)微晶。实验结果显示K3[Fe(CN)6]和Na2S2O3的摩尔比及其浓度对所得产物的尺寸、形貌和组成有决定性的作用。 (5)在室温下通过混合3, 3', 5, 5'-四甲基联苯胺和氯铂酸,成功合成了有机-无机杂化的纳米纤维。纳米纤维的尺寸和形状可以通过改变反应物的比和浓度加以控制。基于不同的实验结果,提出了纳米纤维的可能形成机理。

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稀土纳米材料因其独特的光、电、磁和催化等性能,在纳米器件和功能材料等诸多领域具有重要的应用价值。大量研究表明,纳米材料的物理和化学性质与其尺寸、成分、形貌和晶型密切相关。稀土纳米材料的合成方法有许多,然而,要真正实现这类材料的简单可控合成仍然是个艰难的课题。超声化学法由于具有操作简单、合成周期短、反应温度低、成本低廉并且产物均匀、粒径分布窄和纯度高等突出优点,已经在无机纳米材料制备领域中显示出独特的魅力。因此,本论文的工作是运用超声化学法合成有广泛应用前景的稀土纳米材料,对产物的形貌和粒径进行有效的调控,研究和分析其形成机理,并进一步考察其形貌、结构与性能之间的相互关系。 在本论文中,我们研究的体系集中在稀土磷酸盐、稀土氟化物和稀土钒酸盐三类纳米材料。 采用超声化学法得到的CePO4:Tb和CePO4:Tb/LaPO4(核/壳)纳米棒结晶完好,具有CePO4体材料的六方相结构。CePO4:Tb纳米棒直径为10-30 nm,长度为200 nm,CePO4:Tb/LaPO4(核/壳)纳米棒的LaPO4壳的厚度为2-10 nm。CePO4:Tb和CePO4:Tb/LaPO4(核/壳)纳米棒均具有Ce3+ (5d - 4f)和Tb3+ 5D4-7FJ(J = 6-3)的特征发射。与CePO4:Tb纳米棒核相比,CePO4:Tb/LaPO4(核/壳)纳米棒的光谱强度及荧光寿命均有较大的提高,这是由于形成核/壳结构后发光中心镧系金属离子与表面淬灭中心的距离增大,减少了能量传递过程中非辐射复合的路径,使能量淬灭受到抑制。 采用简单、快速、无模板辅助的超声化学法合成了稀土氟化物,并对产物的形貌和粒径进行了有效的调控。通过应用不同氟源(KBF4、NaF和NH4F)选择性合成了具有不同形貌的CeF3纳米材料,如片状、棒状和颗粒状。对具有不同形貌的CeF3样品进行了UV-Vis吸收光谱和荧光光谱测试和比较。研究结果表明不同形貌的样品,它们的光学性质存在很大差异,这说明纳米材料的光学性质与其形貌、粒径、晶体结构等因素有密切的关系。得到的EuF3单晶纳米材料具有三维花状形貌。这些纳米花的外形为球状,平均直径为0.9 μm-1.0 μm,每个花瓣的厚度约为0.14 μm。在其他实验条件不变的情况下,采用搅拌法而不经过超声辐射的对比实验只能得到二维纳米片,这表明超声辐射对花状EuF3的形成起到了至关重要的作用。基于不同反应时间的实验结果,我们提出了这种三维花状EuF3纳米材料可能的形成机理。 采用超声化学法选择性地合成了介孔及棒状CeVO4和纺锤状的YVO4:Eu3+ 纳米材料。CeVO4纳米棒的平均直径为5 nm,长度为150 nm。介孔CeVO4材料的比表面积较高(122 m2•g-1),孔径分布窄,其催化性能有望得到提高。纺锤状的YVO4:Eu3+ 纳米粒子具有四方相锆石结构,其直径为90-150 nm,长度为250-300 nm。超声辐射对样品的形貌起着关键作用,在其他反应条件不变,未采用超声辐射的情况下只能得到团聚严重的纳米颗粒。荧光测试表明,纺锤状YVO4:Eu样品表现为Eu3+ 5D0-7FJ(J = 1- 4)的特征跃迁,以5D0-7F2电偶极跃迁(614nm)为最强峰,属于红光发射。

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溶剂萃取由于具有处理量大、操作简单、易于连续化等优点,被广泛应用于湿法冶金工业。而溶剂萃取过程通常都伴随着有机相微乳体系的形成、变化、甚至完全破乳的过程以及萃合物分子聚集状态的不断变化,因此可以认为,液-液萃取体系提供了一系列可调控的微乳体系。相对于液液萃取在金属分离方面的广泛应用,液液萃取过程中形成的微乳体系在材料制备方面的应用研究还处于起始阶段。本论文在广泛调研文献资料的基础上,开展了利用硫代有机膦萃取剂Cyanex 301萃取体系制备纳米硫化物的研究,取得了一些有意义的结果。该工作的开展将对促进溶剂萃取分离与纳米材料制备一体化研究起到一定的作用,并为寻找简便易行且适用于大规模生产的纳米材料制备新方法提供思路。主要内容如下: 1. 通过两相热法,利用Cyanex 301-AgNO3两相萃取体系制备了尺寸均匀、分散性好的Ag2S纳米粒子。并且发现了与通常纳米材料制备过程不一样的现象,即Ag2S产物的粒径随着反应温度的升高逐渐增大,这与通常观察到的产物颗粒随反应温度升高而变小的现象完全不同。通过红外谱图分析,确定了反应机理,并提出了影响产物粒径的可能机制,认为产物粒径的变化是Cyanex 301作为硫源与作为表面修饰剂相互竞争的结果。 2. 通过两步法合成了四面体、类六角锥和六角片型的Ag2S/CdS纳米复合材料。Ag2S纳米粒子在产物的形成中起到了晶种与模板导向作用,溶剂对产物的形貌也起到诱导作用。 3. 利用两相热法,一步合成了CuS微米花和微米球自组装结构,产物的形貌随水相金属离子浓度的改变而发生变化。

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具有功能化性质无机材料的设计和可控制备己经成为目前材料科学研究领域的一大热点。本论文在此领域的主要研究内容可以归纳如下:(1).有机模板调控无机晶体取向生长利用有机模板在室温下得到了具有钙钛矿结构的高质量(100)取向的立方NH4MnF3和KMnF2以及101)取向的正交NaMnF3晶体。我们发现成核离子浓度、溶液中的Mn'"和F"离子之比以及溶液的pH值对有机模板下生长的晶体的形貌和取向有着复杂的影响。有机模板与成核离子之间的晶格匹配和静电相互作用是调控晶体取向生长的主要因素。(2)核壳结构复合金属纳米粒子薄膜的制备和应用利用种子生长方法制备了粒径、组成和表面性质可控的单分散Au-Pt(Au-PdAu.Ag)纳米粒子并且首次构筑了其高质量的粗糙度可控的纳米结构薄膜。研究结果表明我们所得到的纳米结构薄膜具有高的催化活性和相当好的表面增强拉曼散射效果。(3)空心复合金属纳米结构的制备和应用利用胶体模板方法首次制备了复合金属(At/Pt,All/Pd,ALI/Ag)的空心纳米结构。这些复合金属的空心纳米结构表现了其相应单金属无法比拟的高催化活性。此外,我们也利用消耗种子模板的方法制备了单金属(Au,Pt;Pd)的空心纳米结构。(4)复合金属纳米壳的制备和应用我们采用粒子聚集和自组装相结合的方法构筑了厚度和粗糙度可控的复合ALI/Ag纳米壳。有趣的是,这些复合All/Ag纳米壳在气液界面能够自动发生聚集形成树枝状聚集体。这些聚集体可以被无破坏的转移到固体基底上并且表现出了非常好的表面增强拉曼散射效果。

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利用Brust的两相法制备了一系列Au纳米粒子,重点选择了三种代表性的硫醇配体:包括电活性的4-二茂铁苯硫酚配体,刚性的琉基一三苯基甲烷配体和树枝状硫醇配体。摸索了实验条件对Au纳米粒子粒径的影响。其中重点研究了电活性配体4-二茂铁苯硫酚包覆的Au纳米粒子的电化学性质,它受表面波控制。制备了梭酸配体包覆的水溶性的Au纳米粒子,讨论了梭酸配体在Au纳米粒子表面构向的不同对电解质诱导的Au纳米粒子聚沉的影响。利用双硫醇与4-二茂铁苯硫酚包覆的Au纳米粒子发生配体交换后,将这种电活性的Au纳米粒子组装在金电极表面。XPS结果证明了这个组装的过程,研究了这种电活性Au纳米粒子在电极表面的电化学行为,包括式量电位,峰峰电位差,覆盖度等等。重点讨论了这种组装在电极表面的Au纳米粒子的式量电位发生负移的原因。制备了水溶性的3一琉基甘油包覆的Au纳米粒子,利用微分脉冲伏安(DPv)技术发现了这种Au纳米粒子在水溶液中的量子化充放电现象。3一琉基甘油在Au纳米粒子表面的特殊结构,即大量存在的分子间氢键,避免了水分子渗入硫醇配体层带来的高介电常数的干扰,试验得到了这种Au纳米粒子的电容值,与经典的导电同心球模型计算的理论值接近。利用水溶性的Au纳米粒子为催化剂,催化一个经典的胶体催化的氧化还原反应:铁氰化钾与硫代硫酸钠之间的反应。其催化反应机理为:胶体金作为电子转移媒介体,铁氰根离子和硫代硫酸根离子在胶体金表面交换电子,促进氧化还原反应的进行.利用该氧化还原反应的速度,计算了电子在金纳米粒子表面的三维自组装膜中的电子转移速度。制备了一种空心CdTe@Au核一壳结构的复合纳米材料。与传统方法制备的实心CdTe@Au相比,这种空心的纳米材料仍然保留了cdTe的荧光性能.这种空心材料增加了CdTe导带电子和Au之间的电子传递距离,减弱了Au对CdTe发光的淬灭。这种可发光的空心的半导体一金属核一壳纳米材料,有望在光催化,太阳能电池,表面增强拉曼检测,生物标记等诸多领域获得应用.

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The size and shape Evolution of self-assembled InAs quantum dots (QDs) influenced by 2.0-ML InAs seed layer has been systematically investigated for 2.0, 2.5, and 2.9-ML deposition on GaAs(1 0 0) substrate. Based on comparisons with the evolution of InAs islands on single layer samples at late growth stage, the bimodal size distribution of InAs islands at 2.5-ML InAs coverage and the formation of larger InAs quantum dots at 2.9-ML deposition have been observed on the second InAs layer. The further cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy measurement indicates the larger InAs QDs: at 2.9-ML deposition on the second layer are free of dislocation. In addition, the interpretations for the size and shape evolution of InAs/GaAs QDs on the second layer will be presented. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All lights reserved.

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We report the electrochemical growth of gold nanowires with controlled dimensions and crystallinity. By systematically varying the deposition conditions, both polycrystalline and single-crystalline wires with diameters between 20 and 100 nm are successfully synthesized in etched ion-track membranes. The nanowires are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunnelling microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The influence of the deposition parameters, especially those of the electrolyte, on the nanowire structure is investigated. Gold sulfite electrolytes lead to polycrystalline structure at the temperatures and voltages employed. In contrast, gold cyanide solution favours the growth of single crystals at temperatures between 50 and 65 degrees C under both direct current and reverse pulse current deposition conditions. The single-crystalline wires possess a [110] preferred orientation.

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Polypyrrole nanostructure arrays, including simultaneously large quantities of nanowires and small quantities of partially filled nanotubules have been electrochemically synthesized in home-made etched ion-track polycarbonate (PC) templates. Diameter of the prepared nanostructures varies from 45 to 320 nm with their lengths up to 30 microns. Morphological studies of these nanostructures were performed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Raman spectroscopy. While optical absorption properties were studied by ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrophotometry (UV-vis-NIR). It has been observed that the absorption maximum of polypyrrole shifts to the longer wavelength side as the diameter of these nanostructures (nanowires and nanotubules) increases. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.