Si-based resonant-cavity-enhanced photodetector

Resonant-cavity-enhanced (RCE) photodetectors have been demonstrated to be able to improve the bandwidth-efficiency product. We report one top-illumination and one bottom-illumination SiGe/Si multiple quantum-well (MQW) RCE photodetectors fabricated on a separation-by-implanted-oxygen (SIMOX) wafer operating near 1300nm, The buried oxide layer in SIMOX is used as a mirror to form a vertical cavity with the silicon dioxide/silicon Bragg reflector deposited on the top surface. A peak responsivity with a reverse bias of 5V is measured 10.2mA/W at 1285nm, and a full-width at half maximum of 25nm for the top-illumination RCE photodetector, and 19mA/W at 1305nm, and a full-width at half maximum of 14nm for the bottom-illumination one. The external quantum efficiency of the bottom-illumination RCE photodetector is up to 2.9% at 1305nm with a reverse bias of 25V. The responsivity of the bottom-illumination RCE photodetector is improved by two-fold compared with that of the top-illumination one.

Design, simulation and testing of large area silicon drift detectors and detector array for X-ray spectroscopy

Large area (25 mm(2)) silicon drift detectors and detector arrays (5x5) have been designed, simulated, and fabricated for X-ray spectroscopy. On the anode side, the hexagonal drift detector was designed with self-biasing spiral cathode rings (p(+)) of fixed resistance between rings and with a grounded guard anode to separate surface current from the anode current. Two designs have been used for the P-side: symmetric self-biasing spiral cathode rings (p(+)) and a uniform backside p(+) implant. Only 3 to 5 electrodes are needed to bias the detector plus an anode for signal collection. With graded electrical potential, a sub-nanoamper anode current, and a very small anode capacitance, an initial FWHM of 1.3 keV, without optimization of all parameters, has been obtained for 5.9 keV Fe-55 X-ray at RT using a uniform backside detector.

The content calculation of hexagonal phase inclusions in cubic GaN films on GaAs(001) substrates grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Cubic GaN(c-GaN) films are grown on GaAs(001) substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Two GaN samples were grown with different buffer layer, the deposition time of each was 1 and 3 min, respectively. 4-circle X-ray double crystal diffraction (XRDCD) was used to study the secondary crystallographic phases presented in the c-GaN films. The phase composition of the epilayers was determined by X-ray reciprocal space mapping. The intensities of the c-GaN(002) and h-GaN(10 (1) over bar 1) planes detected in the mapping were investigated by omega scans. The content of the hexagonal phase inclusions in the c-GaN films was calculated to about 1.6 and 7.9%, respectively. The thicker buffer layer is not preferable for growing high quality pure c-GaN films. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

All-Optical Clock Recovery for 20 Gb/s Using an Amplified Feedback DFB Laser

We report all optical clock recovery based on a monolithic integrated four-section amplified feedback semiconductor laser (AFL), with the different sections integrated based on the quantum well intermixing (QWI) technique. The beat frequency of an AFL is continuously tunable in the range of 19.8-26.3 GHz with an extinction ratio above 8 dB, and the 3-dB linewidth is close to 3 MHz. All-optical clock recovery for 20 Gb/s was demonstrated experimentally using the AFL, with a time jitter of 123.9 fs. Degraded signal clock recovery was also successfully demonstrated using both the dispersion and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) degraded signals separately.

Intersubband absorption energy shifts in 3-level system for asymmetric quantum well terahertz emitters

Intersubband absorption energy shifts in 3-level system stemming from depolarization and excitonlike effects are investigated. Analytically, the expressions we derive present good explanations to the conventional 2-level results and bare potential transition energy results; and numerical results show that they are more exact than the previous studies to describe the 3-level system depolarization and excitonlike shift (DES) character especially for higher carrier density (more than 8 x 10(11) cm(-2)). One interesting detail we find is that the "large blue" DES becomes "slight redshift" in the low doping limit (less than 1.9 x 10(11) cm(-2)), which may be neglected by the previous studies of intersubband transitions. Temperature character of DES in the step well structure is also numerically studied. Finally the above are applied to calculate asymmetric step quantum well structures. The two main functional aspects of terahertz (THz) emitters are discussed and several basic optimizing conditions are considered. By adjusting the well geometry parameters and material composition systematically, some optimized structures which satisfy all of the six conditions are recommended in tables. These optimizations may provide useful references to the design of 3-level-based optically pumping THz emitters.

辽东山区次生林生态系统主要树种幼苗对光环境的响应

辽东山区森林是辽宁省重要的水源涵养基地与用材林资源，在维系区域内生态环境和林产品的可持续供应方面占据十分重要的战略位置。该区的天然林已基本绝迹，因此该区的森林生态恢复具有重要意义。 已有研究表明，影响辽东山区森林更新演替最主要的环境因素是光环境。核桃楸（Juglans mandshurica）、水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）、黄菠萝（Phellodendron amurense）和红松(Pinus koraiensis)是阔叶红松林的优势树种；这些树种幼苗对光环境的适应性差异，在群落演替和森林生态恢复中发挥重要作用。 本论文采用人为控制遮光试验测定了核桃楸、水曲柳和黄菠萝幼苗对光环境的响应，同时，采用自然光环境试验和人为控制遮光试验相结合的手段测定了红松幼苗对光环境的适应性。人为控制遮光试验设置的光环境类似于自然中的典型林窗、林缘和林下的光环境；在人为控制遮光试验中，研究材料于2007年4月末栽植于4个不同光环境（全光、全光的60%、30%和15%，分别记为FI、II、LI和WI处理）下，在2007年7~9月测定了树种幼苗的光合生理、叶片特征、生长和冠层形态特征等方面的变化，结果表明： 1）不同光环境处理区内的光合有效辐射（PAR）具有显著差异，形成一定的光强梯度，而气温，相对湿度和土壤含水量差异并不显著。全光处理区内的日平均PAR为842.4μmol∙m-2∙s-1，最大PAR为1884.1μmol∙m-2∙s-1，显著高于其它处理区。 2）生长在高光强下4个树种幼苗的叶片有较高的光合能力（Amax），随生长光强的下降，Amax显著下降；光补偿点（LCP）和光饱和点（LSP）也表现出随着生长光强的下降而降低的趋势。核桃楸和水曲柳净光合速率Pn的日变化最大值约为16μmol∙m-2∙s-1，黄菠萝的约为13μmol∙m-2∙s-1，这与温带阔叶树种叶片的最大净光合速率Pn在10~15μmol∙m-2∙s-1范围内的结论相符；3个苗龄红松针叶的Pn日变化均呈单峰型，没有光合“午休”现象，峰值出现在11:00~13:00期间。 3）4个树种幼苗的比叶重（LMA）和单位叶面积鲜重（LFA）均随着光环境的降低而下降；三个阔叶树种幼苗的叶长L、叶宽W、叶周长C和单叶面积A均具有随着光强的降低而呈增大的趋势，表明叶片通过调节叶片的形态来适应多变的光环境。 4）不同光环境对阔叶树种幼苗的植株冠形和生长有显著影响，而红松幼苗植株冠形和生长的变化无明显的规律性。 综上，本研究得出以下结论：○1.通过可塑性分析和模糊隶属函数分析，核桃楸和黄菠萝较水曲柳能适应更宽的光强幅度；同时，核桃楸和黄菠萝较水曲柳的需光性更强，核桃楸和黄菠萝的需光性差异不大。○2.与3年、5年生红松相比，7年生红松对光强的适应幅度最小；同时，7年生红松的需光性强于3年和5年生红松。○3.本研究结果支持前人的观点：红松在幼年阶段能耐一定程度的遮光，在全光的20%~60%光条件下生长较好，随着年龄的增大，红松的需光性增加。

沈阳城市森林适宜树种选择研究

本文以沈阳典型城市森林为实验区，利用LI-6400光合分析系统，在春夏秋三季的典型观测日，对生长在同一环境、具有相似生长状况的42个主要树种的光合、蒸腾速率日变化进行了观测；分析了各树种不同观测日的光合、蒸腾特征；计算并分析了各树种的单位叶面积日光合、蒸腾总量以及固碳释氧、释水吸热的环境效益；在此基础上，以层次分析法构建了以适生性为基础，以固碳释氧、降温增湿的环境效益为核心，兼顾观赏性的沈阳城市森林树种综合评价体系，并对42个主要树种进行了综合评价。同时还采用以心理-物理学为理论基础的美景度评估法，结合公众与专家意见，以96个样地为对象，对城市森林的景观美学进行了系统的研究，并以此为依据，结合适宜树种，挑选出沈阳城市森林适宜类型。 结果表明乔木树种的光合、蒸腾日变化曲线多呈双峰型；灌木树种的光合日变化曲线也多呈双峰型，但蒸腾日变化曲线为单峰型和双峰型的则各占一半。树木的最高光合速率多出现于春夏两季的9:00-13:00；最高蒸腾速率多出现于夏秋两季的10:00～14:30。 乔木树种间单位叶面积固碳释氧、降温增湿能力差异大于灌木。日光合总量、蒸腾总量平均值分别与光合、蒸腾速率最高值呈线性相关。单位叶面积固碳释氧能力最强的乔木为旱柳、银中杨，最弱的为油松；最强的灌木为接骨木、五叶地锦，最弱为朝鲜黄杨。单位叶面积降温增湿能力最强的乔木为国槐、旱柳，最弱的为油松；最强的灌木为接骨木、蔷薇，最弱的为茶条槭。 主要树种的综合评价结果表明，乔木中综合评价指数最高的为刺槐、榆树、小叶朴；综合评价指数最低的为华山松。灌木中最高的为黄刺玫、水蜡、接骨木；最低的为朝鲜黄杨。 城市森林景观美学评价研究表明，城市森林景观质量与空间感、乔灌木多样性呈正相关，与自然程度、质感、乔木密度呈负相关。

Generation of 10 GHz, 1.9 ps optical pulse train using semiconductor optical amplifier and silica-based highly nonlinear fiber

We propose a simple approach to generate a high quality 10 GHz 1.9 ps optical pulse train using a semiconductor optical amplifier and silica-based highly nonlinear fiber. An optical pulse generator based on our proposed scheme is easy to set up with commercially available optical components. A 10 GHz, 1.9 ps optical pulse train is obtained with timing jitter as low as 60 fs over the frequency range 10 Hz-1 MHz. With a wavelength tunable CW laser, a wide wavelength tunable span can be achieved over the entire C band. The proposed optical pulse generator also can operate at different repetition rates from 3 to 10 GHz.

Fluorescence Hydrogen Peroxide Probe Based on a Microstructured Polymer Optical Fiber Modified with a Titanium Dioxide Film

A highly sensitive microstructured polymer optical fiber (MPOF) probe for hydrogen peroxide was made by forming a rhodamine 6G-doped titanium dioxide film on the side walls of array holes in an MPOF. It was found that hydrogen peroxide only has a response to the MPOF probe in a certain concentration of potassium iodide in sulfuric acid solution. The calibration graph of fluorescence intensity versus hydrogen peroxide concentration is linear in the range of 1.6 x 10(-7) mol/L to 9.6 x 10(-5) mol/L. The method, with high sensitivity and a wide linear range, has been applied to the determination of trace amounts of hydrogen peroxide in a few real samples, such as rain water and contact lens disinfectant, with satisfactory results.