SEARCH FOR THE BASIC REGULARITIES OF THE TRANSITION EMISSION OF EUROPIUM(II) ION IN COMPLEX FLUORIDES USING PATTERN-RECOGNITION

The relationship between structures of complex fluorides and spectral structure of Eu(II) ion in complex fluorides (AB(m)F(n)) is investigated by means of pattern recognition methods, such as KNN, ALKNN, BAYES, LLM, SIMCA and PCA. A learning set consisting of 32 f-f transition emission host compounds and 31 d-f transition emission host compounds and a test set consisting of 27 host compounds were characterized by 12 crystal structural parameters. These parameters, i.e. features, were reduced from 12 to 6 by multiple criteria for the classification of these host compounds as f-f transition emission or d-f transition emission. A recognition rate from 79.4 to 96.8% and prediction capabilities from 85.2 to 92.6% were obtained. According to the above results, the spectral structures of Eu(II) ion in seven unknown host lattices were predicted.

ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL BONDING OF EUROPIUM NITRATE COMPLEX WITH AZACROWN (2, 2)

The electronic structure and bond character of europium nitrate complex with azacrown (2, 2)(1, 7, 10, 16-tetraoxa-4, 13-diazacyclooctadecane), [Eu(NO_3)_2(2, 2)] NO_3, have been studied by means of XPS and INDO method. The data of electronic binding energies and charge distribution of atoms in the complex showed that chemical shift of less electronegative nitrogen N1s binding energy was larger than that of more electronegative oxygen O1s binding energy in coordinating atoms, and that charge transfer from N...

A METHOD OF FITTING TO MOSSBAUER SPECTRUM OF EU-151 AND ITS APPLICATION TO EUROPIUM COMPOUNDS

A method of fitting to Mossbauer spectrum of 151Eu has been proposed. The intensities and the positions of all the possible transitions between the sublevels of the ground state and those of the excited state of nucleus with spin I> 3/2 can be considered at one time in fitting to experimental Mossbauer spectra by this method. The method has been used to fit to the experimental Mossbauer spectra of europium orthophosphate crystal and of europium pentaphosphate crystal, and to derive Mossbauer parameters from...

CRITERION ON F-]F TRANSITION EMISSION OF EUROPIUM(II) AND ITS APPLICATION IN COMPLEX FLUORIDES

The criterion on 4f~7(~6P_J)→4f~7 (~8S_(7/2))(i. e. f→f)transition emission of Eu~(2+) ions was established based on chemical band properties and crystal field effects. By means of the criterion, we have predioted, designed and synthesized 40 Eu~(2+)-doped complex fluorides. The sharp emissions of f→f transition of Eu~(2+) ions were observed in these doped compounds. The condition for applying this criterion is briefly discussed.

DYNAMIC PROCESS OF VALENCE CHANGE OF EUROPIUM ION IN EUROPIUM DIFLUORIDE AT HIGH-TEMPERATURE

The dynamic process of the ionic valence changing from Eu~(2+) to Eu~(3+) in EuF_2 at high temperature has been investigated by ESCA, high,temperature X-ray diffraction, high temperature spectrum, high temperature magnetic Isusceptibility and Mssbauer spectrum. It has been shown that the formed Eu~(3+) exists in different compounds when EuF_2 is heated to high temperature in different atmospheres. In air, Eu~(3+) exists in the form of hexagonal EuOF, in nitrogen, in the form of orthogonal EuF_3 and non-hexa...

STUDY ON ION-IMPLANTATION OF EUROPIUM INTO CAF2 SINGLE-CRYSTAL

CaF_2 single crystal is very useful as optical host materials. It has been systematically studied and widely used in thermoluminescence that rare earth ions were doped into CaF_2 single crystal with chemical methods. However, the ion implan-

Investigation of EscA as a chaperone for the Edwardsiella tarda type III secretion system putative translocon component EseC

Edwardsiella tarda is an important Gram-negative enteric pathogen affecting both animals and humans. It possesses a type III secretion system (T3SS) essential for pathogenesis. EseB, EseC and EseD have been shown to form a translocon complex after secretion, while EscC functions as a T3SS chaperone for EseB and EseD. In this paper we identify EscA, a protein required for accumulation and proper secretion of another translocon component, EseC. The escA gene is located upstream of eseC and the EscA protein has the characteristics of T3SS chaperones. Cell fractionation experiments indicated that EscA is located in the cytoplasm and on the cytoplasmic membrane. Mutation with in-frame deletion of escA greatly decreased the secretion of EseC, while complementation of escA restored the wild-type secretion phenotype. The stabilization and accumulation of EseC in the cytoplasm were also affected in the absence of EscA. Mutation of escA did not affect the transcription of eseC but reduced the accumulation level of EseC as measured by using an EseC-LacZ fusion protein in Ed. tarda. Co-purification and co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated a specific interaction between EscA and EseC. Further analysis showed that residues 31-137 of EseC are required for EseC-EscA interaction, Mutation of EseC residues 31-137 reduced the secretion and accumulation of EseC in Ed. tarda. Finally, infection experiments showed that mutations of EscA and residues 31-137 of EseC increased the LD50 by approximately 10-fold in blue gourami fish. These results indicated that EscA functions as a specific chaperone for EseC and contributes to the virulence of Ed. tarda.

EscC is a chaperone for the Edwardsiella tarda type III secretion system putative translocon components EseB and EseD

Edwardsiella tarda is a Gram-negative enteric pathogen that causes disease in both humans and animals. Recently, a type III secretion system (T3SS) has been found to contribute to Ed. tarda pathogenesis. EseB, EseC and EseD were shown to be secreted by the T3SS and to be the major components of the extracellular proteins (ECPs). Based on sequence similarity, they have been proposed to function as the 'translocon' of the T3SS needle structure. In this study, it was shown that EseB, EseC and EseD formed a protein complex after secretion, which is consistent with their possible roles as translocon components. The secretion of EseB and EseD was dependent on EscC (previously named Orf2). EscC has the characteristics of a chaperone; it is a small protein (13 kDa), located next to the translocators in the T3SS gene cluster, and has a coiled-coil structure at the N-terminal region as predicted by COILS. An in-frame deletion of escC abolished the secretion of EseB and EseD, and complementation of Delta escC restored the export of EseB and EseD into the culture supernatant. Further studies showed that EscC is not a secreted protein and is located on the membrane and in the cytoplasm. Mutation of escC did not affect the transcription of eseB but reduced the amount of EseB as measured by using an EseB-LacZ fusion protein in Ed. tarda. Co-purification studies demonstrated that EscC formed complexes with EseB and EseD. The results suggest that EscC functions as a T3SS chaperone for the putative translocon components EseB and EseD in Ed. tarda.

迟缓爱德华氏菌III型分泌系统(T3SS)输送器蛋白及分子伴侣的研究

迟缓爱德华氏菌（Edwardsiella tarda）是重要的革兰氏阴性致病菌，可以感染包括人类在内的多种动物。由迟缓爱德华氏菌引发的爱德华氏菌病已经在许多水产养殖动物中被发现，每年给淡水和海水水产养殖业带来巨大的损失。目前为止对于迟缓爱德华氏菌病的防治以化学治疗为主，疫苗的研究还在进行中。III型分泌系统（T3SS）是E. tarda重要的致病因子，虽然T3SS基因簇的结构及部分基因的功能得到了初步研究，但其作用机制还未得到阐明。本研究着重开展了迟缓爱德华氏菌T3SS输送器蛋白EseC的分子伴侣的鉴定及功能研究，并对输送器蛋白及其免疫功能进行了初步探讨，希望进一步地了解T3SS在E. tarda致病中的功能及其在疫苗研制中的作用。 一、迟缓爱德华氏菌III型分泌系统（T3SS）输送器蛋白EseC分子伴侣的鉴定和功能研究 以前的工作表明，EseB、EseC和EseD蛋白是E. tarda T3SS输送器蛋白的组成成分，在分泌到细菌细胞外后可以组成输送器装置。分子伴侣对于输送器蛋白的稳定和分泌具有重要的作用，EscC已经被鉴定为EseB和EseD的分子伴侣，而EseC的分子伴侣还没有得到鉴定。在本实验中，我们以EseC作为研究对象，主要开展了EseC分子伴侣鉴定的研究。 生物信息学分析表明，在E. tarda T3SS基因簇上的escA基因与eseC相邻，其编码的蛋白形成一个大的螺旋结构，为分子量较小（17.5kD）的酸性蛋白（pI 4.79），并与已鉴定的分子伴侣具有序列的同源性，这些符合细菌T3SS分子伴侣的特征。研究发现，EscA蛋白分布在细菌的细胞质和细胞膜上。在escA基因缺失后，大大降低了EseC分泌到细菌细胞外的量，同时EseC蛋白在细菌细胞质中的积聚量也减少，当escA基因缺失突变株得到escA基因互补后，EseC的分泌和在细胞质内的积聚恢复到了野生型菌株水平。氯霉素阻断蛋白质合成的实验发现，当细菌不表达EscA的情况下，EseC蛋白逐渐降解，说明了EscA可以影响EseC在胞质中的稳定。蛋白体外结合试验和免疫共沉淀实验发现，EseC和EscA在体外可以结合，在细菌细胞质中也可以相互结合，表明EseC和EscA可以相互作用。上述结果表明，EscA是EseC的分子伴侣。 在确定了EscA是EseC的分子伴侣之后，我们进一步确定EscA对EseC表达的影响，以及两者相互作用的结构域。通过检测转录水平和翻译水平的EseC-LacZ融合蛋白表达情况，发现在EscA缺失的情况下，EseC的转录水平没有变化，而翻译水平下降，表明EscA对EseC的影响在转录后水平。通过构建含有部分结构域缺失的escA或eseC的体外共表达体系，并进行Western blot分析，确定了EseC的31-137氨基酸序列为与EscA结合的区域，而在EscA中并没有找到与EseC结合的区域。EseC的31-137氨基酸片段缺失后，EseC的分泌和在E. tarda细菌细胞中的积聚下降，其下降幅度与escA突变株相当，进一步表明EseC的31-137氨基酸为与EscA相互作用的区域。最后人工感染实验表明，分子伴侣EscA及其与EseC的相互作用对E. tarda的致病力有影响。 二、迟缓爱德华氏菌T3SS输送器蛋白的研究 一些研究表明，T3SS在细菌与宿主相互作用的过程中表达，在体外诱导的条件下也可表达。为了确定E. tarda T3SS体外诱导表达的条件，我们检测了不同培养温度、pH条件下，E. tarda T3SS输送器蛋白表达的情况。研究表明，37°C条件下，E. tarda生长快，T3SS的输送器蛋白表达较低；28°C条件下，T3SS的输送器蛋白表达最高，而在20°C条件下，没有检测到T3SS输送器蛋白的表达。在28°C和37°C的培养条件下，中性和碱性相对酸性来说适合细菌的生长和T3SS输送器蛋白的表达。我们分析了E. tarda野生型和输送器蛋白突变株中的输送器蛋白的细胞分布，并据此推测输送器形成的机制。单一输送器蛋白的缺失不影响其它两个输送器蛋白的积聚，而输送器蛋白的分泌之间存在一定的相互影响。 通过检测输送器蛋白突变株ΔeseB, ΔeseC, ΔeseD生长、泳动、自凝聚和溶血能力的变化，发现在输送器蛋白基因缺失后，体外培养的E. tarda的生长速度变慢，泳动、自凝聚和溶血能力也变弱，说明了输送器蛋白在细菌的生长和功能行使中的重要作用。 为了检测输送器蛋白的免疫保护效果，我们克隆了eseD基因，将其在表达菌株BL21(DE3)中进行表达，并将重组表达的EseD蛋白经Ni-NTA树脂进行纯化。以EseD纯化蛋白作为蛋白抗原对大菱鲆进行注射，EseD蛋白表现出了对鱼类的免疫原性，其抗体效价在第7周达到了最高，为1：5120。攻毒实验表明该蛋白对于保护大菱鲆免疫E. tarda的感染具有帮助作用，在105cfu攻毒浓度下大菱鲆的相对存活率(RPS)为62.5%。结果说明EseD蛋白可以作为蛋白抗原疫苗的候选，并能够在保护鱼类免疫爱德华氏菌病中发挥作用。