SSC120KW高频发射机改进可行性方案研究

我所SSC120KW高频发射机是HIRFL（Heavy Ion Research Facility, LanZhou）的一个重要组成部分，长期的调机以及运行经验表明：两台发射机存在调机程序复杂运行不稳定、运行维护费用高等缺点。本论文讨论一种改进方案，并且介绍了大功率放大器的设计方法。 该方案采用国产电子管TH537作为功率放大管，槽路电感固定，采用一个可变电容调谐，另一个可变电容调整负载。槽路结构简单，调整方便，同时槽路元件较现在方案少，能节省建造和维护费用。论文中详细介绍了电子管特性的计算，槽路得设计方法，并对中和与消除寄生振荡的方法作了扼要的介绍。

HIRFL束流相位测量系统的研究和改进

兰州重离子研究装置（Heavy Ion Research Facility at LanZhou,HIRFL）是由一台1.7m扇聚焦回旋加速器（SFC）与一台能量常数K=450的分离扇回旋加速器（SSC）组成的加速器系统。束流相位测量系统式束流诊断系统中的一个重要部分，对等时场优化等具有十分重要的作用。HIRFL束流中心相位测量系统于1985年完成了桌面实验，但由于测量精度低，现场抗干扰能力差，一直未能投入使用。 本课题的目的就是找出原系统存在的问题，逐一解决，以便提高其可靠性与测量精度，达到设计要求。 在通过一系列的电子学部分改进和SSC中心相位探针改造之后，于1995年7月第一次测出了SSC中心束流相位。此后，逐步完善改进电子学硬件部分，同时全新设计了系统控制软件，提高了在SFC和SSC上束流相位的测量精度，终于使该系统达到了测量精度为±2.75°~±1.5°的水平。 本论文第一、二章阐述了束流中心相位测量原理和HIRFL束流中心相位测量系统的工作原理，这是本工作的基础和出发点。 在本论文的第三章中，分析了原系统中存在的主要问题。实践使用中可以看出原系统灵敏度低，抗干扰能力差，可靠性差，测量精度低。为了定量判断系统存在的问题，我们设计了自检系统。利用自检系统我们测出原系统测量精度为±6°，且检测出原系统sin，cos正交输出异常。同时测量了原系统多路开关串话量，大多数道与道之间高于最低要求的-40dB，最差只有-20dB，证明存在严重的道间干扰。 本文的第四章中，针对原系统的可靠性差和精度低的两个问题，采取了硬件与软件两方面的各种措施，对系统加以改进。首先，为了提高系统的可靠性，必须提高系统抗干扰能力。为此，我们进行了两个方面的工作，一是根据我们现有条件自行设计了一种新的电缆电子学长度校正方法，大大减少了电缆间相差（小于0.3°），从而有效地提高了系统的抗干扰能力。这种方法不但可以用来校正相同介质电缆，而且可以用来校正不同介质电缆的电子学长度。二是设计了新的信号预选器，其串话量达到约-70dB，并完善了电磁屏蔽，使其完全达到了设计要求。在改进硬件的同时，为了提高可靠性，重新设计了系统控制软件。新的软件测量数据可靠，漏报概率为10-3，操作简便直观，并易于发展。其次，我们工作的重点是提高测量精度。根据自检结果，我们采取了如下措施： （1） 通过对自检数据进行分析，并与理论分析比较，发现问题主要存在于90°移相电路中。而其后的检测证实了这一点。重新调整90°移相电路，并对90°电缆相移进行了精确的校正，从原81.5°校正为90.6°，从而使系统的精度从±6°提高到±4°。 （2） 通过自检数据和理论分析发现鉴相器存在输出增益不平衡，在解决问题之后使系统测量精度达到了±2.75°~±1.5°。 在本文的第五章中，对加速器运行时的中心束流相位测量结果进行了详细分析。结果证明，测量数据可靠，能正确反映出磁场变化情况，测量重复误差达到了±0.5°，从而说明改进后的中心束流相位测量系统性能良好，达到了设计指标。

SFC控制系统软件设计

兰州重离子研究装置（Heavy Ion ReSearch Facility at Lanzhou, HIRFL）是我们研究所得一个大型实验装置，它包括SFC和SSC两个加速器和两条束运线。本论文比较系统地介绍了HIRFL束流诊断系统的改造和SFC分布式控制系统的设计。 在第一章中，简单介绍了国际加速器控制系统的现状和HIRFL控制系统中存在的问题。在第二章一般性地阐述了描述束流品质的各个参数，这些参数的测量原理以及测量这些参数的装置。本论文的第三章详细叙述了HIRFL束流诊断系统的改造方法、过程和结果，结果准确可靠，人机界面非常友好，给调束带来很大的方便。第四章介绍了计算机网络的基本概念，描述了在选用TCP/IP协议的条件下，利用Socket（套接字）实现Windows环境下的实时网络通信的具体过程和步骤，其中参与通信的双方是以客户机和服务器的形式存在的。第五章讲述了SFC分布式控制系统的实现，并在实时网络通信的基础上完成了ECR源扫谱程序和I/O级的网络通信程序。 论文的最后一章，介绍了对HIRFL束运线进行优化控制的一个设想，利用系统辨识的方法可以得到束运线的数学模型，并提供了自适应控制的实现细节，这也是作者对实现HIRFL优化控制的一个愿望。

Structural and up-conversion luminescence properties in Tm (3+)/Yb3+-codoped heavy metal oxide-halide glasses

Tm3+/Yb3+-codoped heavy metal oxide-halide glasses have been synthesized by conventional melting and quenching method. Structural properties were obtained based on the Raman spectra, indicating that halide ion has an important influence on the phonon density and maximum phonon energy of host glasses. Intense blue and weak red emissions centered at 477 and 650 nm, corresponding to the transitions (1)G(4) -> H-3(6) and (1)G(4) -> H-3(4), respectively, were observed at room temperature. The possible up-conversion mechanisms are discussed and estimated. With increasing halide content, the up-conversion luminescence intensity and blue luminescence lifetimes of Tm3+ ion increase notably. Our results show that with the substitution of halide ion for oxygen ion, the decrease of phonon density and maximum phonon energy of host glasses both contribute to the enhanced up-conversion emissions. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Luminescence behavior of Yb(3+)heavy-doped yttrium lanthanum oxide transparent ceramics

Yb3+ heavy-doped yttrium lanthanum oxide transparent ceramics were fabricated and their spectroscopic properties were investigated. The absorption bands of (YbxY0.9-xLa0.1)(2)O-3 (x = 0.05-0.15) ceramics are broad at wavelength of 900-1000 nm. The absorption cross-sections centered at 974 nm and the emission cross-sections at 1031 nm of Yb3+ ion are 0.89-1.12 x 10(-20) cm(2) and 1.05 x 10(-20) cm(2) respectively. The up-conversion luminescence intensity of Yb3+-doped yttrium lanthanum oxide ceramics increased firstly, then decreased with the increase of Yb3+ ion content. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mobilization potential of heavy metals: A comparison between river and lake sediments

Toxic metals introduced into aquatic environments by human activities accumulation in sediments. A common notion is that the association of metals with acid volatile sulfides (AVS) affords a mechanism for partitioning metals from water to solid phase, thereby reducing biological availability. However, variation in environmental conditions can mobilize the sediment-bound metal and result in adverse environmental impacts. The AVS levels and the effect of AVS on the fate of Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni in sediments in the the Changjiang River, a suboxic river with sandy bottom sediment and the Donghu Lake, a anoxic lake with muddy sediment in China, were compared through aeration, static adsorption and release experiments in laboratory. Sips isotherm equation, kinetic equation and grade ion exchange theory were used to describe the heavy metal adsorb and release process. The results showed that AVS level in the lake sediment are higher than that of the river. Heavy metals in the overlying water can transfer to sediments incessantly as long as the sediment remains undisturbed. The metal release process is mainly related to AVS oxidation in lake sediment while also related to Org-C and Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide oxidation in river sediment. The effect of sulfides on Zn and Ni is high, followed by Cd, and Cu is easy bound to Org-C. AVS plays a major role in controlling metals activity in lake sediment and its presence increase the adsorption capacity both of the lake and river sediments.

Spin states in semiconductor quantum dot with a single magnetic ion

We investigate theoretically CdTe quantum dots containing a single Mn2+ impurity, including the sp-d exchange interaction between carriers and the magnetic ion and the short-range exchange interaction between electron and hole. We find anticrossing behaviors in the energy spectrum of the electron-hole (e-h) pair that arise from the interplay between exchange interactions and the magnetic field. In addition to the s-d exchange interaction, we find that other mechanisms inducing the anticrossings become important in the strong heavy hole-light hole (hh-lh) mixing regime. The transition strengths between the states with spin projection of Mn2+ ion S-z not equal -5/2 (S-z = -5/2) decrease (increase) with increasing magnetic fields due to the alignment of the Mn2+ spin. The spin splitting of the e-h pair states depends sensitively on the external magnetic and electric field, which reveals useful information about the spin orientation and position of the magnetic ion. Meanwhile, the manipulation of the position of the magnetic ion offers us a way to control the spin splitting of the carriers. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Formation and Properties of a Novel Heavy-Metal Chalcogenide Glass Doped with a High Dysprosium Concentration

A novel heavy-metal chalcogenide glass doped with a high dysprosium ion (Dy(3+)) concentration was prepared by the well-established melt-quenching technique from high-purity elements. The results show that when Cadmium (Cd) is introduced into chalcogenide glass, the concentration of Dy(3+) ions doped in GeGaCdS glasses is markedly increased, the thermodynamic performance improves, and the difference between T(g) and T(x) is >120 degrees C. The Vickers microhardness is also modified greatly, about 245 kgf/mm(2). The optical spectra indicate that all absorption and emission bands of Dy(3+) are clearly observed and red-shifted with increasing Dy(3+) concentration.

Detection of Copper Ion with Laser-Induced Fluorescence in A Capillary Electrophoresis Microchip

A capillary electrophoresis microchip coupled with a confocal laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector was successfully constructed for the analysis of trace amounts of heavy metals in environmental sources. A new fluorescence dye, RBPhOH, synthesized from rhodamine B, was utilized in a glass microchip to selectively determine copper with high sensitivity. A series of factors including running buffer concentration, detection voltage, and sample loading time were optimized for maximum LIF detector response and, hence, method sensitivity.

The influence of fractionation on cell survival and premature differentiation after carbon ion irradiation

Carbon ion radiotherapy/Fractionated irradiation/R-BE/Premature terminal differentiation. To investigate the influence of fractionation on cell survival and radiation induced premature differentiation as markers for early and late effects after X-rays and carbon irradiation. Normal human fibroblasts NHDF, AG1522B and WI-38 were irradiated With 250 kV X-rays, or 266 MeV/u, 195 MeV/u and I I MeV/u carbon ions. Cytotoxicity was measured by a clonogenic survival assay or by determination of the differentiation pattern. Experiments with high-energy carbon ions show that fractionation induced repair effects are similar to photon irradiation. The RBE10 values for clonogenic survival are 1.3 and 1.6 for irradiation in one or two fractions for NHDF cells and around 1.2 for AG1522B cells regardless of the fractionation scheme. The RBE for a doubling of post mitotic fibroblasts (PMF) in the population is I for both single and two fractionated irradiation of NHDF cells. Using I I MeV/u carbon ions, no repair effect can be seen in WI-38 cells. The RBE10 for clonogenic survival is 3.2 for single irradiation and 4.9 for two fractionated irradiations. The RBE for a doubling of PMF is 3.1 and 5.0 for single and two fractionated irradiations, respectively. For both cell lines the effects of high-energy carbon ions representing the irradiation of the skin and the normal tissue in the entrance channel are similar to the effects of X-rays. The fractionation effects are maintained. For the lower energy, which is representative for the irradiation of the tumor region. RBE is enhanced for clonogenic survival as well as for premature terminal differentiation. Fractionation effects are not detectable. Consequently, the therapeutic ratio is significantly enhanced by fractionated irradiation with carbon ions.

Outline of the progress in the study of radioactive nuclear physics and super-heavy nuclei

We briefly introduce the current status and progress in the field of radioactive ion beam physics and the study of super-heavy nuclei. Some important problems and research directions are outlined, such as the sub-barrier fusion reaction, the direct reaction at Fermi energy and high energies, the property of nuclei at drip-lines, new magic numbers and new collective motion modes for unstable nuclei and the synthesis and study of the super-heavy nuclei.

Studies on advantages of heavy ions in radiotherapy compared with gamma-rays

Hepatoma and melanoma cells were exposed to C-12(6+) beams generated by HIRFL facility and gamma-rays and the cell response was studied by colony assays as well as the analysis of RBE of carbon ions was evolved. The survival curves of cells irradiated by heavy ions were different from those of cells irradiated by gamma-rays. And two kinds of cell showed the obvious discrepancy in response to the photon and ion irradiation. The results showed that heavy ions have special physical properties and mighty potency to kill cell in both single and fractional irradiation meanwhile it can kill tumor cells with high radioresistance more efficiently. When involved in clinical therapy, heavy ions will enhance the therapy efficiency and decrease the suffering of patients because it can impair the repair for sublethal damage of cells which can lead to fewer irradiation fractions.

Temperature annealing of tracks induced by ion irradiation of graphite

Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) samples were irradiated by Xe ions of initial kinetic energy of 3 MeV/u. The irradiations were performed at temperatures of 500 and 800 K. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images show that the tracks occasionally have elongated structures under high-temperature irradiation. The track creation yield at 800 K is by three orders of magnitude smaller compared to that obtained during room-temperature irradiation. STM and Raman spectra show that amorphization occurs in graphite samples irradiated at 500 K to higher fluences, but not at 800 K. The obtained experimental results clearly reveal that the irradiation under high temperature causes track annealing.

Chitosan(Chitin)/Cellulose Composite Biosorbents Prepared Using Ionic Liquid for Heavy Metal Ions Adsorption

Chitosan(chitin)/cellulose composites as biodegradable biosorbents were prepared under an environment-friendly preparation processes using ionic liquids. Infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectra indicated the stronger intermolecular hydrogen bond between chitosan and cellulose, and the hydroxyl and amine groups were believed to be the metal ion binding sites. Among the prepared biosorbents, freeze-dried composite had higher adsorption capacity and better stability. The capacity of adsorption was found to be Cu(II) (0.417 mmol/g) > Zn(II) (0.303 mmol/g) > Cr(VI) (0.251 mmol/g) > Ni(II) (0.225 mmol/g) > Ph(II) (0.127 mmol/g) at the same initial concentration 5 mmol L-1. In contrast to some other chitosan-type biosorbents, preparation and component of the biosorbent were obviously more environment friendly. Moreover, adsorption capacity of chitosan in the blending biosorbent could be fully shown.