地理信息系统在考古研究中的应用类型

本文简单介绍了地理信息系统的基本概念及GIS考古学的国内外研究状况,并结合国家自然科学基金项目“GIS支持的山东沭河上游聚落考古研究”课题和“基于GIS的黄河上游官亭盆地史前文化人地关系研究”课题所完成的工作,初步总结了地理信息系统在考古研究中的应用类型。

干旱区绿洲景观斑块稳定性研究:以三工河流域为例

以天山北坡三工河流域典型的人工绿洲景观为例,初步研究了干旱区绿洲景观斑块尺度绿洲稳定性,并借助遥感、GIS和数理统计方法,主要利用1978-1998年3期遥感影像数据,提出了景观斑块尺度绿洲稳定性的研究方法．结果表明:(1)绿洲斑块的景观控制力是景观动态变化的自然驱动力,控制力最强的斑块类型应为景观的基质;(2)绿洲景观斑块的转换是自然驱动力和人为驱动力共同作用的结果,但主要是人为干扰和驱动的结果,斑块转换的比例越高,则说明斑块类型的稳定性越低,也说明受人为干扰的程度越大;(3)1987年三工河流域控制力

海洋渔业资源地理信息系统应用的时空问题

利用GIS描述海洋渔业资源时空动态变化,建立渔业资源评估模型和预测模型,是当前渔业现代化的重要趋势之一。在回顾海洋渔业地理信息系统(MFGIS)发展的基础上,分析了其应用实例及不足,重点探讨了MFGIS所面临的时空数据获取与标准、时空数据表达、时空动态尺度和时空统计与分析模型四方面的技术内涵,并讨论了解决途径。

Surface modelling of soil pH

In addition to classical methods, namely kriging, Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and splines, which have been frequently used for interpolating the spatial patterns of soil properties, a relatively more accurate surface modelling technique is being developed in recent years, namely high accuracy surface modelling (HASM). It has been used in the numerical tests, DEM construction and the interpolation of climate and ecosystem changes. In this paper, HASM was applied to interpolate soil pH for assessing its feasibility of soil property interpolation in a red soil region of Jiangxi Province, China. Soil pH was measured on 150 samples of topsoil (0-20 cm) for the interpolation and comparing the performance of HASM, kriging. IDW and splines. The mean errors (MEs) of interpolations indicate little bias of interpolation for soil pH by the four techniques. HASM has less mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) than kriging, IDW and splines. HASM is still the most accurate one when we use the mean rank and the standard deviation of the ranks to avoid the outlier effects in assessing the prediction performance of the four methods. Therefore, HASM can be considered as an alternative and accurate method for interpolating soil properties. Further researches of HASM are needed to combine HASM with ancillary variables to improve the interpolation performance and develop a user-friendly algorithm that can be implemented in a GIS package. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

STUDY ON THE SPATIAL PATTERNS OF LAND-USE CHANGE AND ANALYSES OF DRIVING FORCES IN NORTHEASTERN CHINA DURING 1990-2000

Land-use change is an important aspect of global environment change. It is, in a sense, the direct result of human activities influencing our physical environment. Supported by the dynamic serving system of national resources, including both the environment database and GIS technology, this paper analyzed the land-use change in northeastern China in the past ten years (1990 - 2000). It divides northeastern China into five land-use zones based on the dynamic degree (DD) of land-use: woodland/grassland - arable land conversion zone, dry land - paddy field conversion zone, urban expansion zone, interlocked zone of farming and pasturing, and reclamation and abandoned zone. In the past ten years, land-use change of northeastern China can be generalized as follows: increase of cropland area was obvious, paddy field and dry land increased by 74. 9 and 276. 0 thousand ha respectively; urban area expanded rapidly, area of town and rural residence increased by 76. 8 thousand ha; area of forest and grassland decreased sharply with the amount of 1399. 0 and 1521. 3 thousand ha respectively; area of water body and unused land increased by 148. 4 and 513. 9 thousand ha respectively. Besides a comprehensive analysis of the spatial patterns of land use, this paper also discusses the driving forces in each land-use dynamic zones. The study shows that some key biophysical factors affect conspicuously the conversion of different land- use types. In this paper, the relationships between land- use conversion and DEM, accnmlated temperature(>= 10 degrees C) and precipitation were analysed and represented. We conclude that the land- use changes in northeast China resulted from the change of macro social and economic factors and local physical elements. Rapid population growth and management changes, in some sense, can explain the shaping of woodland/grassland - cropland conversion zone. The conversion from dry land to paddy field in the dry land - paddy field conversion zone, apart from the physical elements change promoting the expansion of paddy field, results from two reasons: one is that the implementation of market-economy in China has given farmers the right to decide what they plant and how they plant their crops, the other factor is originated partially from the change of dietary habit with the social and economic development. The conversion from paddy field to dry land is caused primarily by the shortfall of irrigation water, which in turn is caused by poor water allocation managed by local governments. The shaping of the reclamation and abandoned zone is partially due to the lack of environment protection consciousness among pioneer settlers. The reason for the conversion from grassland to cropland is the relatively higher profits of fanning than that of pasturing in the interlocked zone of farming and pasturing. In northeastern China, the rapid expansion of built-up areas results from two factors: the first is its small number of towns; the second comes from the huge potential for expansion of existing towns and cities. It is noticeable that urban expansion in the northeastern China is characterized by gentle topographic relief and low population density. Physiognomy, transportation and economy exert great influences on the urban expansion.

Application of rough set-based analysis to extract spatial relationship indicator rules: An example of land use in Pearl River Delta

Spatial relations, reflecting the complex association between geographical phenomena and environments, are very important in the solution of geographical issues. Different spatial relations can be expressed by indicators which are useful for the analysis of geographical issues. Urbanization, an important geographical issue, is considered in this paper. The spatial relationship indicators concerning urbanization are expressed with a decision table. Thereafter, the spatial relationship indicator rules are extracted based on the application of rough set theory. The extraction process of spatial relationship indicator rules is illustrated with data from the urban and rural areas of Shenzhen and Hong Kong, located in the Pearl River Delta. Land use vector data of 1995 and 2000 are used. The extracted spatial relationship indicator rules of 1995 are used to identify the urban and rural areas in Zhongshan, Zhuhai and Macao. The identification accuracy is approximately 96.3%. Similar procedures are used to extract the spatial relationship indicator rules of 2000 for the urban and rural areas in Zhongshan, Zhuhai and Macao. An identification accuracy of about 83.6% is obtained.

Analysis of arable land loss and its impact on rural sustainability in Southern Jiangsu Province of China

Rapid urbanization and industrialization in southern Jiangsu Province have consumed a huge amount of arable land. Through comparative analysis of land cover maps derived from TM images in 1990, 2000 and 2006, we identified the trend of arable land loss. It is found that most arable land is lost to urbanization and rural settlements development. Urban settlements, rural settlements, and industrial park-mine-transport land increased, respectively, by 87 997 ha (174.65%), 81 041 ha (104.52%), and 12 692 ha (397.99%) from 1990 to 2006. Most of the source (e.g., change from) land covers are rice paddy fields and dryland. These two covers contributed to newly urbanized areas by 37.12% and 73.52% during 1990-2000, and 46.39% and 38.86% during 2000-2006. However, the loss of arable land is weakly correlated with ecological service value, per capita net income of farmers, but positively with grain yield for some counties. Most areas in the study site have a low arable land depletion rate and a high potential for sustainable development. More attention should be directed at those counties that have a high depletion rate but a low potential for sustainable development. Rural settlements should be controlled and rationalized through legislative measures to achieve harmonious development between urban and rural areas, and sustainable development for rural areas with a minimal impact on the ecoenvironment. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

黑白仰鼻猴（Rhinopithecus bieti）西藏种群栖息地变化研究

黑白仰鼻猴（Rhinopithecus bieti）目前分布在金沙江和澜沧江之间横断山脉的一个狭小的区域范围内（26o14’N-29o20’N，99o15’E-99o37’E），海拔2 600 m（南部） - 4 200 m（北部）之间；目前大约有15 群，数量估计约1700 个体。是我国特有的灵长类之一，为国家Ⅰ级保护动物，在IUCN（世界自然保护联盟）2007 受威胁物种红皮书中被列为濒危物种并处于小种群、高度片断化状态（ENC 2a）。西藏是黑白仰鼻猴分布的北端，约有300 个体。基于前人的野外调查和报道确认，暗针叶林和针阔叶混交林是其适宜栖息地，人们在低海拔和高海拔砍伐或者火烧暗针叶林和针阔叶混交林的产物－农田和夏季牧场正在逐渐侵蚀着其适宜栖息地。尽管当地藏族村民信奉佛教，禁止猎杀任何野生动物，但是近些年来，黑白仰鼻猴栖息地不断丧失，这与牧场和农田扩张、当地人们薪柴采集等活动有关。黑白仰鼻猴西藏种群主要在原始暗针叶林和和针阔叶混交林里活动。为了评估该物种的栖息地现状和变化情况，我们通过野外调查工作，应用GIS 和RS 技术，分别解译了1986 年、1992 年、1997 年、2001 年和2006 年的Landsat TM/ETM+ 冬季卫星影像，并对解译结果进行了计算和分析，得到了以下西藏种群栖息地的主要结果： 1）现有暗针叶林（包括原始针叶林和针阔混交林）面积是30 500 hm2 ，夏季牧场面积是13 100 hm2 ，农田面积是6 400 hm2 ；2）在过去20 年间（1986-2006 年），暗针叶林面积减少了14.6％（5 200 hm2 ），夏季牧场面积增加了47.2％（4 200 hm2 ），农田面积增加了14.3％（800 hm2 ）；3）在过去20 年间，暗针叶林的斑块数量增加了68.4％，平均斑块面积下降了49.3％（从1986 年的15.1 hm2 下降到2006 年的7.6 hm2 ），最大的斑块指数下降了54.9％；景观丰富度并没有变化，但Shannon 多样性指数和Shannon 均匀度指数分别增加了2.7％。这都表明栖息地丧失和破碎化程度越来越严重。在上述结果的基础上，我们进一步对栖息地变化的主要原因进行了初步分析和探讨。通过暗针叶林面积、夏季牧场面积和农田面积和当地各乡村的家庭户数、人口数量、平均家庭人口数和牲畜存栏数等统计数据的Spearman秩相关分析表明，暗针叶林面积变化分别与当地的人口数量、家庭户数和平均家庭人口数呈显著负相关，与牲畜存栏数呈负相关；而夏季牧场面积和农田面积都分别与人口数量、家庭户数和平均家庭人口数呈显著正相关，与牲畜存栏数呈正相关。这意味着在目前当地传统生产方式基本未发生改变的情况下，因人口数量增加所带来的生产等活动强度的增加是黑白仰鼻猴栖息地丧失与破碎化加剧的主要原因（R2 = 0.972）；当地人类经济活动的增加，如牧场和农田扩张，牲畜存栏数增加以及薪材采集和木质建筑等导致了栖息地丧失、退化和破碎化。但另一方面，当地一妻多夫的婚配制度（仅在西藏部分地区仍有保留）对黑白仰鼻猴的栖息地保护有积极的作用，因为大家庭（家庭人口数）的人均资源消耗，如薪柴需求、房屋数量、牧场和农田等，都比小家庭低。在过去20 年中（1983-2003 年），当地家庭户数的增加比人口数量增加要慢，这对黑白仰鼻猴的栖息地保护起到了一定的积极作用。因此，西藏种群作为单独的遗传亚种群，其保护工作任重而道远。

A nonlinear model for assessing multiple probabilistic risks: A case study in South five-island of Changdao National Nature Reserve in China

Several methods for estimating the potential impacts caused by multiple probabilistic risks have been suggested. These existing methods mostly rely on the weight sum algorithm to address the need for integrated risk assessment. This paper develops a nonlinear model to perform such an assessment. The joint probability algorithm has been applied to the model development. An application of the developed model in South five-island of Changdao National Nature Reserve, China, combining remote sensing data and a GIS technique, provides a reasonable risk assessment. Based on the case study, we discuss the feasibility of the model. We propose that the model has the potential for use in identifying the regional primary stressor, investigating the most vulnerable habitat, and assessing the integrated impact of multiple stressors. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Modern changes of tidal troughs among the radial sand ridges in northern Jiangsu coastal zone

Using satellite images taken on different dates, GIS analysis of aerial photos, bathymetric maps and other field survey data, tidal troughs and major sand ridges in the northern Jiangsu coastal area were contrasted. The results show that there have been three types of movement or migration of tidal trough in this area: (1) Periodic and restricted, this type of trough usually developed along the beaches with immobile gully head as a result of the artificial dams and the swing range increased from gully head to the low reaches, so they have been obviously impacted by human activity and have longer swing periods; (2) Periodic and actively, this kind of trough, which swung with a fast rate and moved periodically on sand ridges, were mainly controlled by the swings of the host tidal troughs and hydrodynamic forces upon tidal sand ridge and influenced slightly by human constructions; (3) Steadily and slowly, they are the main tidal troughs with large scale and a steady orientation in this area and have slow lateral movement. The differences in migration mode of tidal trough shift result in different rates of migration and impact upon tidal sand ridges. Lateral accumulation on current tidal trough and deposition on abandoned tidal troughs are the two types of sedimentation of the tidal sand ridges formation. The whole radial sand ridge was generally prone to division and retreat although sand ridges fluctuated by the analysis of changes in talwegs of tidal troughs and shorelines of sand ridges.

古龙咀周围海区沉积物粒度特征及海底地形变化

对古龙咀周围浅海区沉积物的粒度进行了测试与分析，结合相关的地质水文资料，探讨了海岸形态对沉积物粒度的影响。研究区表层沉积物平均粒径在海湾浅海区呈带状由岸向海变细，中等水深和岬角处分布着细粒区，向外海粒径相对变粗；除险岛湾砂质区外，分选差；偏态多数为正偏或近正态；整体峰形极窄，峰型多样。底质类型以粘土质粉砂和砂质粉砂为主，由东北经古龙咀岬角向西南形成S形粘土质粉砂分布带，险岛湾地区沉积物呈带状由砂逐渐过渡到粉砂。潮汐和波浪是本区沉积物输运的主要水动力，岬角的存在影响了沉积物粒度的分布。粒度趋势分析表明沉积物整体有向岬角汇聚的输运趋势。 对收集到基于1954年、1969年、1982年测量绘成的地形图水深数据进行数字化，结合2005年测量的水深数据，分别建立各时期DEM图，在此基础上分析研究区的地形特征。四个时期海底DEM呈现出大体一致的趋势，在险岛湾及白沙口海湾内为浅水区，水深值在-1～-4 m之间，深水区主要分布在南黄岛南端至古龙咀连线以南区域，呈扇形展布，水深由南黄岛两侧向中间逐渐加深，水深值在-10～ -17 m之间。从整体上看，研究区海底地形呈NW-SE方向逐渐加深。 将数字化后的水深数据统一校正到1956黄海高程系，分别建立DEM，运用GIS的栅格计算分析得出冲淤变化图。相关结果表明：1954～1969年研究区整体近岸为冲（险岛湾除外），离岸海域为淤；1969～1982年研究区总体处于弱淤积状态；1982-2005研究区海域近岸为淤，外海以弱冲刷状态为主。

基于Geodatabase和Arcengine的海岛空间数据库的设计与实现

本文对山东省海岛进行了研究，认识了山东省不同地区海岛的自然环境、资源和开发利用的总体状况。通过对大量的海岛调查资料的整理、分析，提出了利用Geodatabase数据模型构建山东省海岛空间数据库来组织和存储海岛数据的方案，采用GIS软件平台ArcEngine和程序开发语言研发山东省海岛管理信息系统。 山东省是我国海岛资源比较丰富的省份。从整体来看，山东省海岛地理位置优越，气候条件好，海岛类型分为基岩岛、沙岛和人工岛，其中大部分海岛为基岩岛，沙岛主要分布在黄河三角洲北侧的滨州和潍坊昌邑。山东省海岛拥有丰富的渔业资源、水产资源、旅游资源、土地资源、港口资源、地下卤水资源、贝壳砂资源等，依据这些资源优势，海岛的开发也集中在养殖业开发、旅游开发、港口资源开发等。 Geodatabase数据模型能够有效地定义、组织空间数据，ArcSDE技术提供了空间数据存储在商业关系型数据库的通道，Geodatabase数据模型和ArcSDE技术使得使用同一大型的关系型数据库统一存储空间数据和属性数据成为可能。本文采用Geodatabase数据模型、ArcSDE技术、SQL Server数据库，设计了海岛数据的统一存储和管理模型，通过数据处理和入库建立了山东省海岛空间数据库。 本文还基于GIS软件平台ArcEngine组件和程序开发语言VB.NET完成了山东省海岛管理信息系统的开发。该系统实现了海岛数据的访问和加载、海岛地图的显示和操作、海岛数据的多种方式的查询显示、地图的几何量算功能以及海岛专题资料的集成与综合分析，同时系统也提供数据图层的标注、图层颜色的设置，图层的移动、删除功能。这些功能的实现对山东省海岛的开发、管理提供了有用的平台，为决策部门提供服务。

南黄海辐射沙洲海区悬沙及沙洲演变的遥感研究

本文利用南黄海辐射沙洲附近海域现场测量的悬浮体和光谱数据、遥感影像、沙洲陆侧岸滩剖面实测资料、苏北近岸海图水深数据，综合分析了本区文献资料，借助遥感影像处理和GIS技术较为深入地研究南黄海辐射沙洲附近海域悬浮泥沙的时空分布规律、沙洲陆侧岸滩剖面的近期变化以及沙洲区潮沟的变迁。研究结果表明： 1) 南黄海辐射沙洲附近海域2003年春季（3-4月）悬浮体浓度要高于2003年秋季（9月），两个季节都是底层悬浮体浓度大于表层；长江口-老黄河口之间的近岸区是本区悬浮体浓度最高的区域；陆源物质为主的无机组分是悬浮体的主体成分，特别是在近岸浅水区和接近海底的底层水中；春秋两季的表层和底层悬浮体平均粒径都是沙洲区内粒度较粗，沙洲外缘粒度相对偏细。2) 基于悬浮泥沙水体光谱特性以及实测光谱反射率与水体中的悬浮泥沙浓度之间的关系，建立了表层悬浮泥沙浓度遥感反演模型，并以此为基础定量反演了南黄海辐射沙洲附近海域2003年四个季节的表层悬沙浓度。3) 近岸沙洲岸滩剖面实测数据分析表明，条子泥陆侧岸滩剖面的季节变化特点是春夏季以侵蚀为主，秋冬季以淤积为主；东沙沙脊两侧边缘以侵蚀为主，而沙脊中央则以淤积为主。4) 研究了辐射沙洲区内大型潮沟及岸滩小型潮沟的变迁规律，并揭示了潮沟变迁与沙洲演化的关系。5) 辐射沙洲的演变趋势整体上处于萎缩和破碎状态。