Electrochemical measurement of hydrogen peroxide in plasma: Evaluation of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and crucian carp (Cyprinus carpio) phagocytes under natural conditions

An electrochemical technique for the real-time detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was employed to describe respiratory burst activity (RBA) of phagocytes in plasma which can be used to evaluate the ability of immune system and disease resistance. The method is based upon the electric current changes, by redox reaction on platinum electrode of extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) released from phagocytes stimulated by the zymosan at 680 mV direct current (d.c.). Compared with the control, activation of respiratory burst by zymosan particles results in a high amperometric response, and a current peak was obtained during the whole monitoring process. The peak current was proved by addition Of Cu2+ and other controls, to be the result of intense release of H2O2 from phagocytes. The peak area was calculated and used to evaluate the quantity of effective H2O2, which represents the quantity of H2O2 beyond the clearance of related enzymes in plasma. According to Faraday's law, the phagocytes' ability of prawns to generate effective H2O2 was evaluated from 1.253 x 10(-14) mol/cell to 6.146 x 10(-14) mol/cell, and carp from 1.689 x 10(-15) Mol/Cell to 7.873 x 10(-1)5 mol/cell. This method is an acute and quick detection of extracellular effective H2O2 in plasma and reflects the capacity of phagocytes under natural conditions, which could be applied for selecting species and parents with high immunity for breeding in aquaculture. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The complete mitochondrial genomes of two species from Sinocyclocheilus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) and a phylogenetic analysis within Cyprininae

We determined the complete mitochondrial DNA sequences for two species of surface- and cave-dwelling-cyprinid fishes, Sinocyclocheilus grahami and S. altishoulderus. Sequence comparison of 13 protein-coding genes shows that the mutation pattern of each single gene is quite similar to those of other vertebrate animal species. Analysis of the ratios of Ka/Ks at these loci between Sinocyclocheilus and two other cyprinid species (Cyprinus carpio and Procypris rabaudi) show that Ka/Ks ratios are differed, consistent with purifying selection and variation in functional constraint among genes. Bayesian analysis and maximum likelihood analysis of the concatenated mitochondrial protein sequences for 14 cyprinid taxa support the monophyly of the family Cyprininae, and further confirm the monophyly of the genus Sinocyclocheilus. The two Sinocyclocheilus species fall within the Cyprinion-Onychostoma lineage, including Cyprinus, Carassius, and Procypris, rather than among the Barbinae, as previously suggested on morphological grounds.

牙鲆一株弹状病毒病原的分离与鉴定

从患病牙鲆中分离鉴定了一株弹状病毒(Paralichthys olivaceus rhabdovirus,PoRV)。用过滤除菌后的患病牙鲆组织匀浆液,接种不同的鱼类细胞,其中有7种鱼类细胞出现明显的病变在对病毒进行挑斑分离后,测定了PoRV的滴度,显示PoRV在敏感鱼类细胞(Grass Carp Ovary,GCO)中的滴度达到106.5TCID50/mL;绘制了PoRV生长曲线;经蔗糖密度梯度离心提纯PoRV,负染及宿主细胞超薄切片的电镜观察,显示PoRV大小约为60nm×200nm。测定了PoRV的

两种鳜病毒的共感染现象及引起感染细胞的超微变化

借助细胞培养和电镜技术,揭示了鳜球形病毒(Siniperca chuatsi spherical virus,SCSV)与鳜弹状病毒(Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus,SCRV)在草鱼鳍细胞(Grass carp fins,GCF)中共感染的现象。在筛选到敏感鱼类细胞系和建立了 鳜病毒体外增殖系统的基础上,取息典型病毒感染出血症的鳜组织,制备组织悬液,接种到GCF细胞中传代培养, 在攻毒后间隔不同时间收集细胞,对攻毒细胞的超薄切片进行电镜观察。揭示两种形态的鳜病毒可在同一个GCF

两株水生呼肠孤病毒部分特性的比较

水生呼肠孤病毒为感染水生动物的一类病原体,隶属于呼肠孤病毒科新建水生呼肠孤病毒属。草鱼呼肠孤病毒(Grass carp reovirus,GCRV)是引起中国南方淡水养殖草鱼暴发性出血病病原,鲅鱼呼肠孤病毒(Threadfin reovirus,TFV)是引起海水养殖鲅鱼病毒病病原。本研究将GCRV与新加坡TFV分离株进行了部分特性比较研究。结果表明,GCRV与TFV均能感染CIK细胞,但对其它鱼类细胞系的敏感性有所差异。此外,凝胶电泳与逆转录聚合酶链式扩增显示,GCRV与TFV核酸属不同的基因型。在多肽

胭脂鱼弹状病毒包涵体在培养细胞中的形成

从患致死性出血综合征的胭脂鱼 ( Myxocyprinusasiaticus Bleeker)分离到一种能产生包涵体的弹状病毒 ,称为胭脂鱼弹状病毒 ( Chinese sucker rhabdovirus,CSRV)。选择草鱼卵巢细胞系 ( Grass carp ovaries,CO)为宿主细胞 ,在接种 CSRV 3、6、9、1 2、1 8h后 ,分别取样、固定、制片、染色 ,用光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察。光镜观察结果显示 ,CSRV包涵体为直径 1～ 1 0μm的球形胞质包涵体 ;在宿主细胞中有多个

家用洗涤剂对鱼生物标志物的影响

将鱼暴露在家用洗涤剂中1周和2周后,通过测定腺苷三磷酸(ATP)酶、谷胱甘肽硫转移 酶(GST)和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)加合物等几种生物标志物,来评价家用洗涤剂对鲫鱼(Carassiu s auratus)的毒性影响.结果表明,暴露1周后,各指标无明显变化;暴露2周后,鳃ATP酶活性降 低,肝GST活性升高,DNA加合物相对标记水平增大;而肾ATP酶活性没有明显改变.两种家用洗 涤剂的暴露结果是一致的.研究结果表明了家用洗涤剂对鱼的毒性和潜在致癌性.

国际鱼类病毒病的流行情况

<正> 由人类活动所造成的污染对鱼病的发生和病原区系的组成都有直接影响。现介绍几种发病严重,死亡率高的病毒性鱼病。一、鲤鱼春季病毒病(Spring viremia of Carp) 已知SVC病毒流行于欧洲的鲤鱼。鲤鱼发病于13～20℃春季水温上升时期,在17℃时发病最盛。当水温超过20℃时则趋于好转。稚鱼和幼鱼不患此病。鲤鱼发病的情况依水温的高

草鱼呼肠孤病毒感染鳍条细胞株出现的变化

<正> 草鱼出血病(Hemorrhage of grass carp)是草鱼种的一种严重疾病,通常在水温25—30％时发病,1980年水生生物研究所病毒组从草鱼肾组织超薄切片(在电镜下)观察到品格状排列的病毒颗粒,并暂名为疱疹病毒。经进一步研究,1982年正式定名为草鱼呼肠孤病毒(Reovirus of grass carp)。此病毒属双股RNA类型。把病毒接种到草鱼鳍条细胞株,在28℃、72小时以后能清晰的看到细胞病变(CPE)。病变初期,细胞受刺激后无限制地加速生长,致使细胞间隔不清,出现一些颗粒状物

淡水鱼类寄生球虫巴罗科一新种(真球虫目:巴罗科)

<正> 1984年10月,作者在湖北省黄冈县团风镇一鲫鱼Carassicus auratus肝脏中发现一种球虫,经鉴定属于巴罗科Barrouxiidae、古西虫属Goussia。这不仅是科学上的新种,也是巴罗科、古西虫属的种类在我国的首次发现。 模式标本保存于中国科学院水生生物研究所鱼病学研究室。文内量度以μm为单

草鱼出血病病毒形态结构及其理化特性的研究

<正> 草鱼出血病(Hemorrhage of grass carp)是草鱼种饲养阶段危害最严重的疾病。我所鱼病室病毒组于1978年报导了其病原研究,认为是由一种病毒所引起。1980年又报道了病原的电镜观察,在人工感染致病的草鱼肾组织的超薄切片中看到病毒颗粒,并暂名为草鱼疱疹病毒(Herpesvirus of grass carp)。为了进一步了解该病毒的特性及形态结构,近年来,我们提纯了病毒,作了一些理化特性测定和电镜观察,现将结果简报如下。

Seasonal variations in stable isotope ratios of two biomanipulation fishes and seston in a large pen culture in hypereutrophic Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu

This paper reports on seasonal changes in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of seston and muscle tissue of silver carp and bighead carp during 2004 and 2005, focusing primarily on the carbon sources and trophic relationships among phytoplankton, zooplankton and silver carp and bighead carp in a large fish pen of Meiliang Bay (Lake Taihu, China). delta C-13 showed a minimal value in March 2005 and a maximal value in August 2005 in seston both inside and outside the pen, whereas delta N-15 of seston showed the minimum in winter and the maximum during algal blooms. A positive correlation between delta C-13 of silver carp and that of seston suggested that temporal variation Of delta C-13 in seston was preserved in fish via the food chain. The differences of delta C-13 among seston, zooplankton and muscle tissue of silver carp and bighead carp ranged only 0.2-1.7%, indicating that plankton production was the primary food source of filter-feeding fishes. According to a mass balance model, we estimated that the contributions of zooplankton to the diets of silver carp and bighead carp were 45.7% and 54.3%, respectively, based on the delta N-15 values of zooplankton and planktivorous fishes. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Impacts of two biomanipulation fishes stocked in a large pen on the plankton abundance and water quality during a period of phytoplankton seasonal succession

Silver and bighead carp were stocked in a large pen to control the nuisance cyanobacterial blooms in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu. Plankton abundance and water quality were investigated about once a week from 9 May to 7 July in 2005. Biomass of both total crustacean zooplankton and cladocerans was significantly suppressed by the predation of pen-cultured fishes. There was a significant negative correlation between the N:P weight ratio and phytoplankton biomass. The size-selective predation by the two carps had no effect on the biomass of green alga Ulothrix sp. It may be attributed to the low fish stocking density (less than 40 g m(-3)) before June. When Microcystis dominated in the water of fish pen, the pen-cultured carps effectively suppressed the biomass of Microcystis, as indicated by the significant decline of chlorophyll a in the >38 mu m fractions of the fish pen. Based on the results of our experiment and previous other studies, we conclude that silver and bighead carp are two efficient biomanipulation tools to control cyanobacterial (Microcystis) blooms in the tropical/subtropical eutrophic waters. Moreover, we should maintain an enough stocking density for an effective control of phytoplankton biomass. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved

Subcellular localization and inductive expression of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase PKR from Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR) belongs to the eIF2 alpha kinase family and plays a critical role in interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral response. Recently, in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), a PKR gene has been identified. In this study, we showed that PoPKR localized to the cytoplasm, and the dsRNA-binding motifs (dsRBMs) played a determinative role in protein localization. In cultured FEC cells, PoPKR was detected at a low level of constitutive expression but was highly induced after treatment with UV-inactivated grass carp hemorrhagic virus, active SMRV and Poly I:C although with different expression kinetics. In flounder, PoPKR was ubiquitously distributed in all tested tissues, and SMRV infection resulted in significant upregulation at mRNA and protein levels. In order to reveal the role of PoPKR in host antiviral response, its expression upon exposure to various inducers was characterized and further compared with that of PoHRI, which is another eIF2 alpha kinase of flounder. Interestingly, expression comparison revealed that all inducers stimulated upregulation of PoHRI in cultured flounder embryonic cells and fish, with a similar kinetics to PoPKR but to a less extent. These results suggest that, during antiviral immune response, both flounder eIF2 alpha kinases might play similar roles and that PoPKR is the predominant kinase. (C) 2009 National Natural Science Foundation of China and Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited and Science in China Press. All rights reserved.