303 resultados para NaCl 7.5%


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A pre-column derivatization method for the sensitive determination of amino acids and peptides using the tagging reagent 1,2-benzo-3,4dihydrocarbazole-9-ethyl chloroformate (BCEOC) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection has been developed. Identification of derivatives was carried out by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). The chromophore of 2-(9-carbazole)-ethyl chloroformate (CEOC) reagent was replaced by 1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole functional group, which resulted in a sensitive fluorescence derivatizing reagent BCEOC. BCEOC can easily and quickly label peptides and amino acids. Derivatives are stable enough to be efficiently analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The derivatives showed an intense protonated molecular ion corresponding m/z (M + H)(+) under electrospray ionization (ESI) positive-ion mode with an exception being Tyr detected at negative mode. The collision-induced dissociation of protonated molecular ion formed a product at m/z 246.2 corresponding to the cleavage of C-O bond of BCEOC molecule. Studies on derivatization demonstrate excellent derivative yields over the pH 9.0-10.0. Maximal yields close to 100% are observed with a 3-4-fold molar reagent excess. Derivatives exhibit strong fluorescence and extracted detzvatization solution with n-hexane/ethyl acetate (10:1, v/v) allows for the direct injection with no significant interference from the major fluorescent reagent degradation by-products, such as 1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-ethanol (BDC-OH) (a major by-product), mono- 1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-ethyl carbonate (BCEOC-OH) and bis-(1,2-benzo-3,4-dihydrocarbazole-9-ethyl) carbonate (BCEOC)(2). In addition, the detection responses for BCEOC derivatives are compared to those obtained with previously synthesized 2-(9-carbazole)-ethyl chloroformate (CEOC) in our laboratory. The ratios AC(BCEOC)/AC(CEOC) = 2.05-6.51 for fluorescence responses are observed (here, AC is relative fluorescence response). Separation of the derivatized peptides and amino acids had been optimized on Hypersil BDS C-18 column. Detection limits were calculated from 1.0 pmol injection at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, and were 6.3 (Lys)-177.6 (His) fmol. The mean interday accuracy ranged from 92 to 106% for fluorescence detection with mean %CV < 7.5. The mean interday precision for all standards was < 10% of the expected concentration. Excellent linear responses were observed with coefficients of > 0.9999. Good compositional data could be obtained from the analysis of derivatized protein hydrolysates containing as little as 50.5 ng of sample. Therefore, the facile BCEOC derivatization coupled with mass spectrometry allowed the development of a highly sensitive and specific method for the quantitative analysis of trace levels of amino acids and peptides from biological and natural environmental samples. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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以某市固定资产投资同比增长数据为根据 ,利用混沌动力学中的相空间重构技术、幅值谱分析、庞加莱截面等方法进行分析 ,并计算其关联分维 ,得出其饱和嵌入维数为 5、关联分维约为 1 7,初步确定某市固定资产投资增长过程具有混沌特性 ,有 5个因素影响着某市固定资产投资的同比增长幅度 ,其中 2个因素起决定作用·该法可用于复杂的经济系统的分析研究·

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为更好地使用锂离子电池组,更精确地估算电池的荷电状态(SOC),对锂离子电池组合前后进行了常温4.0 A充放电、常温7.5 A放电、-20℃下4.0 A放电以及55℃下4.0 A放电等实验测试。实验结果显示:锂离子电池成组后的充放电特性有所下降,电池组总容量下降为单体电池的90%左右,SOC偏低,工作电压的下降速率在放电末期急剧上升,可达平台区的50倍。对电池组的一致性进行了分析,得出锂离子电池成组时应充分考虑单体电池的一致性;在估算SOC时,采用电池组参数和单体电池参数相结合的方式。

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本文通过对轮辐式弹性体的受力变形简略分析,对典型结构作了小的改进,把轮箍的圆端而改为三点支撑,减小了滞后,收到了良好效果。

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Atmospheric dust as an important factor for climate feedbacks is mainly derived from and drove by the aeolian activities of the semi-arid regions in Asia. Therefore, reconstructing the history of aeolian activities in this region has a great significance in understanding the dynamics of past and future climate changes. This paper made a systematical sedimentology, geochemisty and high-resolution chronology analysis on the sediments from the Xiarinao Lake, which located in Hunshandake Desert, Inner Mongolia, and compared with the meteorological records for identifying the indicator of aeolian activities and climate changes. Based on above work, the evolution history of the aeolian activities and climate changes since 11,000 a BP was reconstructed and the dynamics of the aeolian activities and climate changes in the Hunshandake Desert was discussed. The indicator of aeolian activities was established through the comparison of the clastic and chemical records with the meteorological registers in recent 50 years: 1. The sediments of Xiarinao Lake are mainly derived from eaolian clastic materials and composed of two major components: one is the sand fraction (<4 ) similar to the composition of sand dunes, the other is the silt fraction (>4 ) similar to the atmospheric dust. The sand content and the median grain size, particularly the sand content, show a close association with the intensity of wind, indicating that the particle-size composition of the sediments reflect the variations of the aeolian activities. 2. The proportion of soluble salts relative to the total carbonates in the sediments was correlated to the arid degree registered in meteorological records, suggesting that arid degree might be associated with changes of wind speed and the relative proportion of soluble salts to the total carbonate could be used as the indicator of aridity. 3. The δ18O of authigenic calcite in the Xiarinao Lake show a well correlation with both the atmosphere precipitation and variation of the moisture indicated by the concentrations of soluble salts, suggesting that δ18O of anthigenic calcite is a reliable indicator of humidity. Based on above studies, the evolution history of the aeolian activities and climate changes since 11,000 a BP was reconstructed. At the same time, their association and underlying dynamics was discussed: 1. The evolution history of the eaolian activity was reconstructed by the sand content and median grain size. The result showed that aeolian activities had experienced several different climate periods in the Holocene: the aeolian activities fluctuated with a 500-year cycles during the interval from 10,900 to 8200 a BP; no significant aeolian activities had been developed from 8200 to 6300 a BP; during the interval of 6300 to 2600 a BP, sand content and media grain size had increased gradually, the sand content increased from about 5% to 25%, indicating the intensity of aeolian activity increased in the Hunshandake Desert; since 2600 a BP, intensity of aeolian activity has become stronger and activated the sand dunes. 2. The relative arid degree indicated by the proportion of soluble salts relative to the total carbonate show that both the wind speed and dry degree had being increased since 11,000 a BP. During the interval of 10900 to 6300 a BP, no detectable soluble salt was found in the sediments, indicating the humidity condition; the proportion increased to 20% from 6300 to 4200 a BP, showing the climate became drier; the little change of proportion (20%) suggest that the climate was relative stable during the interval of 4200 to 2600 a BP; after 2600 a BP, the proportion increased, showing the climate became further dry. 3. The δ18O evolution of the lake water was established through analysis of authigenetic calcite δ18O for revealing the variations of relative effective humidity in the Hunshandake Desert. δ18O maintained around -6 ‰ during the interval of 10900 to 8200 a BP, showing the climate was a little dry relative to that of the whole Holocnene; in the period of 8200 to 6300 a BP, δ18O had the most negative values, indicating that it was the most humid interval in Holocene; from 6300 to 4200 a BP, δ18O increased from about -7.5 ‰ to about -3 ‰ gradually, suggesting increased aridity; since 4200 a BP, the climate has become stable and dry. On the whole, the records in this study show that the variation of the relative humidity and aridity is consistent with that of summer monsoon in the Hunshandake Desert. The relationships among the grain size, soluble salts relative content, and the authigenic calcite δ18O indicate aeolian activities is controlled by the aridity in the studied area, and the increased aeolian activities is closely associated with the temperature changes under the relative dry condition. The high wind speed under the low temperature leads to the increased aeolian activity, and the temperature change associated with the aeolian activities might be related with the perturbations of the Siberian High Pressure.

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Characterization of Platinum Group Elements (PGE) has been applied to earth, space and environmental sciences. However, all these applications are based on a basic prerequisite, i.e. their concentration or ratio in the research objects can be accurately and precisely determined. In fact, development in these related studies is a great challenge to the analytical chemistry of the PGE because their content in the geological sample (non-mineralized) is often extremely low, range from ppt (10~(-12)g/g) to ppt (10~(-9)g/g). Their distribution is highly heterogeneous, usually concentrating in single particle or phase. Therefore, the accurate determination of these elements remains a problem in analytical chemistry and it obstructs the research on geochemistry of PGE. A great effort has been made in scientific community to reliable determining of very low amounts of PGE, which has been focused on to reduce the level of background in used reagents and to solve probable heterogeneity of PGE in samples. Undoubtedly, the fire-assay method is one of the best ways for solving the heterogeneity, as a large amount of sample weight (10-50g) can be hold. This page is mainly aimed at development of the methodology on separation, concentration and determination of the ultra-trace PGE in the rock and peat samples, and then they are applied to study the trace of PGE in ophiolite suite, in Kudi, West Kunlun and Tunguska explosion in 1908. The achievements of the study are summarized as follows: 1. A PGE lab is established in the Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonic Evolution, IGG, CAS. 2. A modified method of determination of PGE in geological samples using NiS Fire-Assay with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is set up. The technical improvements are made as following: (1) investigating the level of background in used reagents, and finding the contents of Au, Pt and Pd in carbonyl nickel powder are 30, 0.6 and 0.6ng/g, respectively and 0.35, 7.5 and 6.4ng, respectively in other flux, and the contents of Ru, Rh, Os in whole reagents used are very low (below or near the detection limits of ICP-MS); (2) measuring the recoveries of PGE using different collector (Ni+S) and finding 1.5g of carbonyl nickel is effective for recovering the PGE for 15g samples (recoveries are more than 90%), reducing the inherent blank value due to impurities reagents; (3) direct dissolving nickel button in Teflon bomb and using Te-precipitation, so reducing the loss of PGE during preconcentration process and improving the recoveries of PGE (above 60% for Os and 93.6-106.3% for other PGE, using 2g carbonyl nickel); (4) simplifying the procedure of analyzing Osmium; (5)method detection limits are 8.6, 4.8, 43, 2.4, 82pg/g for 15g sample size ofRu, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt, respectively. 3. An analytical method is set up to determine the content of ultra-trace PGE in peat samples. The method detection limits are 0.06, 0.1, 0.001, 0.001 and 0.002ng/mL for Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir and Pt, respectively. 4. Distinct anomaly of Pd and Os are firstly found in the peat sampling near the Tunguska explosion site, using the analytical method. 5. Applying the method to the study on the origin of Tunguska explosion and making the following conclusions: (1) these excess elements were likely resulted from the Tunguska Cosmic Body (TCB) explosion of 1908. (2) The Tunguska explosive body was composed of materials (solid components) similar to C1 chondrite, and, most probably, a cometary object, which weighed more than 10~7 tons and had a radius of more than 126 m. 6. The analysis method about ultra-trace PGE in rock samples is successfully used in the study on the characteristic of PGE in Kudi ophiolite suite and the following conclusions are made: (1) The difference of the mantle normalization of PGE patterns between dunite, harzburgite and lherzolite in Kudi indicates that they are residual of multi-stage partial melt of the mantle. Their depletion of Ir at a similar degree probably indicates the existence of an upper mantle depleted Ir. (2) With the evolution of the magma produced by the partial melt of the mantle, strong differentiation has been shown between IPGE and PPGE; and the differentiation from pyroxenite to basalt would have been more and more distinct. (3) The magma forming ophiolite in Kudi probably suffered S-saturation process.

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在云南个旧矿区卡房矿田地质特征研究的基础上,分析了该矿田的遥感线性构造特征、环形(弧形) 构造特征及线环构造组合特征,通过等值线法显示和计算遥感综合信息量,由遥感综合信息量频数曲线图的拐点确定了找矿信息临界值为7. 5 和15 ,划分了一、二两级找矿远景单元,类比已知成矿区,最后提出了五个成矿预测区。

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湘中地区的锑(金)成矿多与脉岩相伴生,对其成因及对矿床成矿作用的贡献至今仍不清楚。本文通过对板溪石英斑岩脉的研究表明,全岩K,Ar年龄为200Ma±,至少比板溪锑矿成矿晚200Ma,因此脉岩与成矿不存在成因联系。板溪脉岩显示过铝质特征,其A/CNK为1.08~2.61,A/NK为1.08~2.71,K20为0.9%~3.66%,K20±Na2O为4.28%~7.5%,大多数样品的K2O/Na2O小于1。稀土元素以相对富集LREE,LREE分馏不明显、HREE分馏明显,配分曲线右倾为特点,其(LJYb)n为14.47~28.11,(Gd/Yb)n为9.8~14.3,并且具强负Eu异常,δEu为0.05~0.14,这表明岩石在成岩演化过程中,经历了强的分异结晶作用。在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,脉体相对富集LILE,并具Ti和P负异常。(^87Sr/^86Sr)i变化范围较大,为0.6653~0.7149,其中B-3样品的(^87Sr/^86Sr)i为0.7149,与来自地壳上部的花岗岩的^87Sr/^86Sr初始比值相当。在构造环境判别图中,样品显示岛弧/同碰撞花岗岩的特点。结合前人的研究成果,笔者推测板溪脉岩为地壳上部岩石部分熔融的产物,并经历了混染和高度的分异演化。其动力来源为200Ma左右,地壳叠置加厚作用后幔源岩浆的底侵作用.

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  水是人类生存不可或缺的资源,水环境污染问题愈来愈受到人们的重视。随着对点源污染控制能力的提高,非点源污染问题成为当前研究中的热点,而对非点源污染进行定量化研究的最直接、最有效的途径就是建立模拟模型。基于此热点问题,本文选择乌江流域(贵州境内)作为研究区,在ArcGIS 平台上建立了一个简单、快速评价流域非点源污染的方法,它考虑流域的空间异质性,且只需很少的参数。该方法用一个分辨率较高的栅格数字高程模型(DEM)将整个流域划分成100 m×100 m 的格网,计算每个栅格里产生的地表径流量和非点源污染负荷。通过模拟流域地表水流,追踪每个栅格中的水流流向,模拟非点源污染物在流域河网中的运动过程。该方法能计算一个区域水文系统年均非点源污染物的负荷,并能估算出由非点源污染在河网中产生的各污染物浓度值。   通过本项研究,能识别出流域内非点源污染严重区域,还可以快速模拟土地利用变化对流域非点源污染的影响,从而为流域今后的规划和综合治理提供科学依据。通过系统的研究,本文主要研究成果如下:   1. 建立了乌江流域(贵州境内)非点源污染数据库(空间数据库和属性数据库),这不仅有力地支撑了研究区非点源污染评价研究,同时对于在研究区开展其它方面的研究也是一个有力的支撑。   2. 基于Arc Hydro Tools 和DEM 自动提取的流域河网与1:25 万数字水系相比较,两者在总体上吻合较好,特别是两者的主干河道基本重合,这正是在DEM基于GIS 的乌江流域( 贵州境内) 非点源污染评价预处理中用AGREE 算法将主干河网与DEM 融合的效果;但也有少部分地区(地形平坦处,地形坡度≤3°或受人类活动影响较大的区域)两者存在较大差异,如将红枫湖、百花水库等湖泊水库区描述成河道了,在东干渠和西干渠处,由于人工河渠改变了水流的自然方向,使得提取河网与实际河网差别很大。   3. 以流域内的5 个水文站为子流域出口,分别描绘相应子流域,比较自动提取流域面积与实际量测结果,结果表明自动提取的子流域面积与实际量测子流域面积非常接近,相对误差在9%以内,能达到1:25 万数据的精度要求。   4. 以流域内5 个子流域的地表径流量,降雨量和土地利用百分比为输入参数,利用多元回归分析工具建立流域降雨径流模型,结果表明模拟相对误差在7%以内,证明所建降雨径流模型能满足模拟需要,模拟精度较高。   5. 流域出口处的年均非点源总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)输出通量分别为40309 ton 和2607 ton。从流域内各大支流控制的子流域来看,野济河流域由于其中的耕地面积大(占流域面积的51.21%),以3.03%的流域面积分别贡献了4.08%和3.95%的非点源总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)负荷;而湘江流域,由于其中的林地面积占主导地位(占流域面积的68.94%),以8.45%的流域面积只分别输出了6.40%和6.06%的非点源总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)负荷。因此,对非点源污染的控制要从耕地和草地着手,需要优先治理的流域为野济河流域、三岔河流域、猫跳河流域、偏岩河流域、乌江下干流流域。   6. 模拟的非点源总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度值在流域上游明显大于下游。比较水质监测点浓度值与对应的模拟浓度值,可以发现在贵阳站和湘江站的观测值大大超过模拟值:贵阳站的总氮(TN)浓度观测值为9.37 mg/l,模拟值为2.94mg/l,总磷(TP)浓度观测值为0.68 mg/l,模拟值为0.19 mg/l;湘江站的总氮(TN)浓度观测值为5.77 mg/l,模拟值为1.98 mg/l,总磷(TP)浓度观测值为0.27 mg/l,模拟值为0.13 mg/l。另外在思南站的总磷(TP)的观测值也大大超过模拟值,观测值为0.44 mg/l,模拟值为0.14 mg/l。观测值与模拟值之间这种巨大的差异可能暗示在这两处存在明显的总氮(TN)点源污染。而贵阳站和湘江站刚好分别位于贵阳市和遵义市市区的下游,贵阳市和遵义市是流域内最大的两个工业城市。对于观测值小于模拟值的情况,主要有两种可能的原因:①某种土地利用类型的EMC 平均值赋得过高了,或②非点源污染物在随水流运动过程中损失了一部分,如沉淀或分解等。

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阿哈水库是贵阳市集中式生活饮用水源地一级保护区,具有极为重要的社会和经济功能。长久以来阿哈水库流域内乡镇煤矿、个体煤窑矿采严重,大量酸性矿山废水未经处理直接入库以及近几年来的人工石灰投放使阿哈水库水体成为罕见的高铁锰含量的硫酸盐型水体。本研究于同一水文年的枯水期(2005年3月)和丰水期(2005年8月)分别对水库不同深度分层水体、沉积物间隙水、沉积柱剖面、阿哈水库所有支流水体中不同形态汞的含量、分布特征以及迁移转化规律进行了详细的研究。研究结果发现: 1. 阿哈水库水体中各种形态汞浓度均出现季节性变化。总汞(HgT)浓度变化范围为2.1~19.5 ng•L-1,平均为9.3ng•L-1;溶解态汞(HgD)浓度变化范围为1.7~ 9.0 ng•L-1,平均为4.1ng•L-1;颗粒态汞(HgP)浓度范围为0.3~14.8 ng•L-1,平均5.2 ng•L-1;活性汞(HgR)浓度范围为0.1~ 4.5 ng•L-1,平均1.7 ng•L-1; 2. 阿哈水库水体颗粒态汞与总汞呈极显著相关,说明阿哈水库水体的颗粒态汞强烈影响着总汞迁移和分布。水库水体甲基汞与溶解态汞之间存在极显著正线性相关,证明水库水体中的甲基汞的产生和迁移与溶解态汞有着密切的关系,但是,水体甲基汞与总汞之间并不存在相关性。 3.阿哈水库水体丰水期溶解态汞、活性汞、溶解态甲基汞浓度均远高于枯水期浓度,除了外源径流输入的影响外,很大程度与丰水期水库底部缺氧,氧化还原界面由沉积物-水界面进入水体密不可分。较大表面积铁锰氧化物还原为可溶态的铁锰离子,使沉积物释放大量被吸附的汞进入水体,造成水体溶解态汞、活性汞、溶解态甲基汞的升高。 4. 阿哈水库沉积物间隙水中总汞和甲基汞浓度出现明显的季节性变化,丰水期〉枯水期。间隙水中甲基汞浓度与沉积物中甲基汞含量呈极显著性相关。阿哈水库沉积物间隙水中甲基汞的浓度除了沉积物表层0cm到表层下8cm出现峰值外,在表层10cm以下仍然发现有浓度波动,两者可能归因于汞的甲基化进程受硫酸盐还原菌和铁还原菌的双重影响。 5. 阿哈水库沉积物总汞含量在枯水期和丰水期基本没有变化,变化范围为160-252 ng•g-1,平均为209 ng•g-1,大大高于其他未受污染地区水库沉积物中总汞含量。甲基汞含量变化范围为0.22-7.21 ng•g-1,平均为1.76 ng•g-1。 6. 阿哈水库入库河流pH为7.5-8.5,总汞浓度为7.1-47.9 ng•L-1;甲基汞浓度为0.16-2.50 ng•L-1;活性汞浓度为0.25-2.43ng•L-1,且随季节变化明显,枯水期<丰水期。阿哈水库入库河流汞的主要存在形态为颗粒态汞,总汞与颗粒态汞呈显著正相关。九十年代末期至今,矿山煤窑废水经集中治理,阿哈水库流域的煤窑废水污染状况得到很大改善。目前,阿哈水库汞的主要来源为未经处理直接排入水库中的生活污水和其它工业废水。阿哈水库唯一的出湖河流-小车河中,各种形态的汞均较入湖河流中的汞含量大大减少,这表明水库的沉淀和拦截净化作用相当显著。

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近几年随全球变暖和大气污染的加剧,有机气溶胶对气候和环境的影响引起了广泛的关注。其中低分子有机酸由于易溶于水,易挥发等特性可以改变大气颗粒物吸湿性、粒径分布以及形成云凝结核活性,进而改变全球的水循环和辐射平衡,而日益成为大气化学研究的重要内容。低分子有机酸极强的水溶性使雨水成为研究大气有机酸的理想载体。有机酸进入降水后是降雨的酸度重要贡献者,尤其是边远地区有机酸对降水酸度贡献高达65%。传统的大气降水研究主要侧重无机离子,认为硫酸和硝酸是降水酸度的主要贡献者,而忽略对降水中有机组分的研究。以贵阳和重庆等为代表的西南地区是我国酸雨污染的重灾区,该地区是典型喀斯特地形地貌区,生态环境具有极端的脆弱性和破坏后难以恢复性,在该地区研究酸雨形成和影响因素具有特殊的重要意义。本研究选取典型酸雨区(贵阳市)和人为污染较少黔东南州黎平县尚重镇为研究对象,2006-4~2007-4期间,收集大气降水样品221个,测定了大气降水中7种有机酸和主要阴、阳离子。对有机酸对酸雨的贡献及大气降水中无机离子和有机酸的浓度分布、变化规律、主要来源和沉降通量进行研究。主要得到了以下几点认识: 1、建立了离子色谱同时测定雨水中有机酸和无机酸分析条件。以戴安AS11-HC为分离柱、AG11-HC为保护柱,RFC-30淋洗液发生器在线产生KOH淋洗液,主要梯度条件为1mmol ( 0~6min) 、1mmol~30mmol (6~31min)。淋洗液流速1.5ml/min,柱温39℃。此条件下主要有机酸线性相关系数0.9992~0.9999,RSD%≤5%,精密度RSD%≤5%(丙酮酸RSD%=13.8%),样品的加标回收率在80~120%之间,满足分析测试要求。 2、 贵阳市降水样品pH值的分布范围为2.49~6.92,年均值为3.28。雨水酸化率为73.8%,其中pH值小于4.0雨水占样品总数42%。尚重镇降水样品pH值的分布范围为5.01~6.50,年均值为5.83,降水的酸雨率为18.4%。贵阳市酸雨污染仍十分严重,重酸雨尤为突出(pH<4.0),尚重镇酸雨污染较轻。 贵阳市降水样品电导率在10~1028μS/cm之间,平均值为248μS/cm,降水电导率高反映了贵阳市大气污染显著。尚重镇降水样品电导率在2.2~52.8μS/cm之间,平均值为18.1μS/cm,降水电导率低反映大气污染较轻。 3、贵阳市大气降水主要无机离子是SO42-、NO3-、H+、Ca2+、NH4+,雨量加权平均浓度分别为154.1μmol/L、33.9μmol/L、520.7μmol/L、226.4μmol/L和158.3μmol/L。采样期间,贵阳市H+年沉降通量为496.9mmol/m2/yr,夏季H+沉降占全年沉降总量的78%,贵阳市SO42-年沉降通量达到151.5mmol/m2/yr,有195.3mmol/m2/yr的Ca2+沉降。NH4+、Mg2+、Na+、K+、NO3-、Cl-的沉降通量分别为138.7mmol/m2/yr、50.9mmol/m2/yr、26.8mmol/m2/yr、11.4mmol/m2/yr、32.3mmol/m2/yr和12.6mmol/m2/yr。 尚重镇贵阳市大气降水主要无机离子是SO42-、NO3-、Ca2+、NH4+,其雨量加权平均浓度分别为43.1μmol/L、19.3μmol/L、33.0μmol/L和49.5μmol/L。采样期间,尚重镇[H+]年沉降通量为0.5mmol/m2/yr。SO42-、Ca2+和NH4+是发生沉降主要离子,分别为13.9mmol/m2/yr、10.6mmol/m2/yr和15.9mmol/m2/yr。Mg2+、Na+、K+、NO3-、Cl-的沉降通量分别为2.1mmol/m2/yr、5.9mmol/m2/yr、3.0mmol/m2/yr、6.2mmol/m2/yr和3.2mmol/m2/yr。 4、在贵阳市、尚重镇大气降水中共检测出7种低分子有机酸,分别是甲酸、乙酸、草酸、丙酮酸、丙酸、甲烷磺酸和乳酸。其中甲酸、乙酸和草酸是三种主要的有机酸。贵阳市甲酸、乙酸和草酸年平均浓度分别为14.24μmol/L、9.35μmol/L和2.79μmol/L,而在尚重镇它们浓度分别为4.95μmol/L、1.35μmol/L和2.31μmol/L。根据酸平衡常数计算法,贵阳市有机酸对自由酸贡献分别为:甲酸-7.9%,乙酸-4.7%,草酸-6.1%,三种主要有机酸贡献了18.7%的自由酸;尚重镇有机酸对自由酸贡献分别为:甲酸-25.1%,乙酸-7.5%,草酸-25.5%,有机酸对自由酸贡献率为58.1%。贵阳市有机酸占阴离子比值1.7~19.2%,平均值为6.6%。尚重镇有机酸对阴离子的贡献为0.5~92.2%,平均值为13.2%。有机酸对酸雨形成和大气降水化学起不可忽视的重要作用。 采样期间,贵阳市甲酸、乙酸和草酸的湿沉降通量分别为13.5mmol/m2/year 、8.9mmol/m2/year和2.6mmol/m2/year,甲酸和乙酸干沉降通量分别为26.7mmol/m2/year 和14.5mmol/m2/year,干沉降和湿沉降是贵阳市有机酸的主要沉降形式。尚重镇甲酸、乙酸和草酸的湿沉降通量分别为1.59mmol/m2/year 、0.43mmol/m2/year和0.04mmol/m2/year,甲酸和乙酸干沉降通量分别为0.1mmol/m2/year 和0.17mmol/m2/year,湿沉降是尚重镇有机酸的主要沉降形式。 5、尚重镇大气降水有机酸生长季节浓度高于非生长季节浓度,说明生长植物或土壤的释放可能是尚重镇大气有机酸的主要来源。贵阳市大气降水中有机酸非生长季节浓度高于生长季节浓度,主要原因是贵阳市降雨主要发生在夏季,降雨量的增加加大了对大气中微量气体的淋滤作用,降低了大气中有机酸浓度,同时夏季降雨pH值较低也不利于雨水对大气有机酸的溶解吸收。气象条件是影响有机酸浓度的重要因素。贵阳市大气有机酸主要在降雨初期进入降水并被清除的,降雨初期(1~2h)对大气有机酸清除占总清除的50~80%。随降雨的进行雨水中有机酸浓度逐渐降低,降雨后期略有升高,大降雨量对雨水中有机酸浓度起稀释的作用。尚重镇降雨量对有机酸浓度影响作用不明显,说明有机酸浓度不受雨量稀释作用控制,在降雨过程可能存在有机酸的液相来源。不同来源气团对贵阳市雨水中有机酸浓度影响不同,其中以北面方向气团降水中有机酸最高,与我国内陆大气污染较重有关。而源于海洋方向的东南气团雨水中有机酸浓度最低。 6、利用统计分析方法(相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析)和有机酸来源判别方法结合不同的来源释放有机酸通量得出:尚重镇大气中有机酸主要来源植物或者土壤直接或间接释放,而贵阳市有机酸来源相对复杂,其中植物的直接释放和机动车辆尾气排放不是大气有机酸的主要来源,生物质燃烧直接释放以及植物和人类活动向大气排放大量的不饱和有机物大气氧化可能是大气有机酸的重要来源。 7、从大气降水的电导率和pH值对比来看,贵阳市大气污染严重,雨水酸化率高,尚重镇大气污染较轻,雨水酸化率低。贵阳市大气降水中水溶性离子浓度是尚重镇的2~5倍左右,尚重镇地区酸沉降只有贵阳市0.1%,酸沉降对尚重镇不会造成太大影响。有机酸占贵阳市大气降水自由酸的19%,而尚重镇有超过1/2的自由酸是来源于低分子有机酸,是边远地区大气降水酸度的主要贡献者。来源分析表明尚重镇有机酸主要为生物源,贵阳市有机酸为人为源和生物源并重。 8、 传统的大气降水化学研究主要侧重于无机离子的研究,而忽略了对大气降水中有机组分的研究。本文第一次较全面、系统的研究了西南典型酸雨污染区大气降水化学组成以及降水酸度的来源,指出有机酸组分是西南地区大气降水化学的重要组成部分,对酸雨形成有不可忽视的影响。

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通过对高温高压下钠长石熔体结构及水在钠长石熔体中溶解机制的Raman和FTIR光谱实验研究,可以得出以下结论:(1)随着压力升高(1bar-2.0GPa)NaAlSi_3O_8熔体玻璃Raman光谱的低频区(50-650cm~(-1))不断变窄并向高频方向移动,同时高频区(850-1300cm~(-1))不断变窄且向低频区方向移动,这表明随着压力升高T-O-T为(T = Si, Al)键角(0)不断减小,并且分布范围变窄,T-O-T键角这种变化从而可使T-O键的力常数减小,导致键强减弱,另外,580cm~(-1)谱峰强度随着压力升高不断减弱,并在0.8-1.0GPa时最为显著,这是由于在0.8-1.0GPa时包含(Si, Al)的平面三元环结构的“垮塌“造成的。此外,钠长石熔体结构随压力升高的这种变化特征与对其粘度的研究是相符的;(2)水在钠长石熔体中同时以OH和H_2O形式存在,这分别对应于FTIR光谱中的4500cm~(-1)及5200cm~(-1)谱峰。根据对水在钠长石熔体中溶解类型的红外光谱研究以及热力学计算都表明,在溶解初期水主要以OH存在于熔体中,此时H_2O含量相对较低;随着熔体中水含量的升高,OH所占比例越来越低,而H_2O分子则成为主要的溶解类型;(3)根据对含水钠长石玻璃的Raman和FTIR光谱研究,并结合Kohn等的MAS NMR结果,认为H_2O在NaAlSi_3O_8熔体中的溶解作用同时存在两种机制:一方面H_2O与Al-O°-Al 结构单元反应发生解聚作用而生成Q~3 Al-OH,并造成Raman光谱中900cm~(-1)谱峰的出现;另一方面水中的H~+与钠长石熔体中的Na~+发生转换作用成为电荷平衡离子。水在钠长石熔体中的溶解作用可表示为:H_2O + 3NaAlSi_3O_8 = 2NaAl(OH)Si_3O_(7.5) + HAlSi_3O_8 + NaOH 考虑到水在熔体中的溶解类型与水含量的关系以及熔体粘度的变化,在溶解初期水的溶解机制以生成Al-OH为主,随着水含量的升高,H~+与Na~+之间的置换作用变得愈加重要。

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震旦-寒武交变期是地史上一个重大转折期,从隐生宙向显生宙过渡,海、陆、空发生了显著不同的变化,是一个具有特殊意义的过渡时期。中国扬子地区广泛发育的海相沉积层序有效地记录了震旦一寒武交变期重要的地质事件,因此为研究该时期大气圈、生物圈、岩石圈和水圈的相互联系提供了独一无二的场所。在前寒武纪一寒武纪地质研究中,由于缺少标志性生物化石,行之有效的生物地层学方法在上前寒武系的划分和对比中受到很大限制,沉积有机,质干酪根和相应碳酸盐的稳定碳同位素分析已经成为全球对比和划分的一个极为重要的的研究方法。尽管一些学者对扬子地台进行了多年的地球化学研究,使用碳酸盐和与之共生的有机质碳同位素组成对广泛的扬子地台变化的沉积环境进行研究还很欠缺、对分析和探讨该时期的生命演化过程和环境变化的关系研究方面还不足。本研究是以中国扬子地区为研究范围,用沉积碳酸盐和与之共生的有机质碳同位素组成对广泛的扬子地台变化的沉积环境(台地相、盆地相、过渡地带)进行分析,初步建立了一个地球化学模型,用于解释震旦一寒武交变期沉积地球化学记录,分析和探讨区域扬子地台碳循环和环境变化与地质事件之间的内在和外在联系:(1)南沱期:有机碳同位素组成(瓮安剖面平均值在-35.0‰左右)表现为较强负异常。地球被称为雪球(Snow-ball)或部分冰雪覆盖球体(Slush-ball),水体滞留和水动力不强,原始产率较低,物源以深源为主;生物不发育,主要是细菌和低等的真核细胞生物;空气和海水的气体通过冰裂缝进行交换,促进了碳酸盐的溶解;有机碳循环主要通过厌氧过程,比如细菌硫酸盐还原作用进行。(2)陡山沱期和灯影期:南沱晚期一陡山沱早期,海水的碳酸盐碳同位素组成短期仍然较负(瓮安剖面的δl3Ccarb-avg为-2.8‰ 松桃剖面1、2的δ13Ccarb-avg分别是-3.5%0和-8.6%。);有机质的碳同位素组成总体呈现正漂移(瓮安护3Corg-avg:-26.3‰;南明剖面的δ13Corg-avg高达-26.7‰),这正是全球分布的“帽”碳酸盐出现的时期:接近地表的火山去气作用释放出较之现代350倍的CO2,导致地球迅速变暖,冰雪融化,大陆风化作用加强,海平面上升,“雪球,,转化为“温室,大气中大量的CO2快速转化为碳酸钙沉入海水中。全球可能处于一个异常高的海洋沉积速率时期。随后陡山沱组的护3Ccarb值显著上升,暗示了这一时期生物作用加强,有机碳埋藏速率明显提高,有机碳和还原硫埋藏的增加,导致上层海水345的富集,硫同位素组成较高。热液作用和上升洋流作用促成了瓮安磷矿的形成和瓮安生物群的繁盛。在南沱冰期后的陡山沱期和灯影期,高的别3c的出现主要是由于进行光合作用的海洋植物群体产率的迅速增加、海洋沉积速率的升高、海洋深部水柱中缺氧层的存在、热液活动、上升洋流作用、海水分层结构引起的,而短期同位素组成的负漂移和生物产率的变化则可能是区域事件所造成。明显的碳同位素组成负漂移出现在前寒武/寒武界线附近,这反映了碳短期变化的翻覆,与震旦纪末生物绝灭、环境变化的地质事件相符合。(3)牛蹄塘期:本研究结果发现,在牛蹄塘组/郭家坝组底部黑色岩系中,有机碳、无机碳、有机硫、黄铁矿硫同位素组成值相对较低,有机碳和黄铁矿含量相对较高。δ3Corg-avg和δ3Ccarb-avg分别是-33.9士0.7‰和-2.5=0.4‰;TOC>0.5;黄铁矿平均含量为0.96%间变化;黄铁矿(δ4ScRs)和有机硫同位素组成(δ34SOBS)平均值分别为0.3士7.5‰和3.4土7.1‰。由于牛蹄塘初期的环境变化频繁和不稳定,扬子区处于一段特殊的时期,碳、硫同位素组成延续上震旦统的负漂移现象,海侵事件、还原环境、缺氧事件、裂谷作用火山喷发、、气液喷溢、热水作用等造成海水相刘较深,有机碳埋藏量增大,多金属富集成矿。在牛蹄塘中晚期碳同位素组成趋于稳定,碳同位素组成重化,有机碳和黄铁矿含量降低:碳酸盐和有机质的碳同位素组成平均值分别是0.31±1.0‰和-31.41.3%。(沙滩),呈现稳定的正漂移;TOC平均值是0.8%;沙滩剖面郭家坝组中上部样品的黄铁矿平均含量0.5%;δ34SCRS-avg和δ34SOBS-avg为17.8士2.0‰和16.9±1.8‰。在牛蹄塘中期,随着大气圈和水圈中CO2含量降低、环境稳定,促使寒武纪生物繁盛,可能与增加的寒武系生物产量和微生物作用有关。对牛蹄塘期的环境情况有如下分析:随着全球变暖、海平面迅速上升,上升洋流活跃,由于分层海水的存在,海水在氧化带附近及其上部具有较高的有机物生成率,使寒武纪初期成为形成植物繁衍和带壳动物爆发的重要时期。碳同位素组成由震旦一寒武交变期的不稳定负漂移变化到稳定正漂移,这与世界其它地区的变化相一致。下寒武统富有机碳和黄铁矿的黑色页岩沉积,暗示了早寒武世缺氧环境的存在。(4)凯里期:早中寒武世交变期有机碳和无机碳同位素组成规律的变化,出现在扬子地台台江剖面上。有机质埋藏的变化,与生物从下寒武到中寒武统的变化相联系。碳酸盐和有机碳同位素组成的变化规律,反映了震旦一寒武交变期沉积环境的多变和震旦一寒武交变期碳循环的波动,这与变化的古环境背景、环境条件和生物演化的变化相互联系。碳酸盐碳同位素组成反映了海水最初的同位素信息;海底热液作用和上升一洋流作用可能成为影响碳同位素组成的重要因素。然而,各一地区在同一时期存在相似性,也有很大的不同,所以针对区域和局部事件,还需要进一步研究和探讨。