Dielectric response of spherically anisotropic graded piezoelectric composites

A graded piezoelectric composite consisting of a spherically anisotropic graded piezoelectric inclusion imbedded in an infinite nonpiezoelectric matrix, with the physical properties of the graded spherical inclusion having a power-law profile with respect to the radial variable r, is studied theoretically. Under an external uniform electric field, the electric displacement field and the elastic stress tensor field of this spherically anisotropic graded piezoelectric composite are derived exactly by means of displacement separation technique, based on the governing equations in the dilute limit. A piezoelectric response mechanism, in which the effective piezoelectric response vanishes along the z direction (or x,y directions), is revealed in this kind of graded piezoelectric composites. Furthermore, it is found that the effective dielectric constant decreases (or increases) with the volume fraction p of the inclusions if the exponent parameter k of the grading profile is larger (or smaller) than a critical value. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

基于介电泳的电极阵列电场仿真研究

介电泳方法被广泛地应用于微纳颗粒的分离和操纵中,实现介电泳操作的关键是设计满足所需电场分布的电极阵列。针对目前在微电极阵列设计中尚缺乏简单有效的电场解析方法的现状,提出一种基于格林公式的电极阵列电场的解析方法。首先介绍了传统介电泳和行波介电泳的概念和计算模型,分析了介电泳过程与电极上所施加的交变电压的频率和幅度的关系,然后在确立电极电势的边界条件的基础上,采用基于格林公式的电场解析方法,建立了非均匀电场的解析模型,得出不同条件下的电极阵列电场分布的仿真结果,最后利用FEMLAB有限元仿真软件对解析模型进行了对比仿真,验证了该解析模型的可行性。基于格林公式的电场解析求解方法能够有效地提高电极阵列设计中的针对性以及缩短电极设计的时间。

面向微粒操纵的介电泳芯片系统研究

针对目前在纳米器件及传感器的制造中尚无对大量粒子进行有效操纵的方法,我们利用介电泳方法对大量微粒进行定位和传输操纵,介绍了利用MEMS工艺进行介电泳芯片加工的过程以及整个观测与实验系统的建立,通过有限元软件对传统介电泳和行波介电泳中电极阵列的电场分布进行求解,并在该实验系统下实现了对微通道中的悬浮高度和微粒的运动速度的测量.该实验系统的研究为液体环境下微纳颗粒的装配和分离提供了一条有效的技术路径.

基于机械力与电场的AFM纳米操作/加工研究

纳米技术是在纳米尺度上研究物质的特性和相互作用，以及利用这些特性的多学科交叉的新兴科学技术。纳米加工技术是对纳米技术的重要应用，它使人类在纳米尺度上进行结构和器件的制造成为可能。基于原子力显微镜(AFM)的纳米加工是近20年来发展的技术，由于AFM具有许多新颖的技术特点(如高分辨率，可操控等)，因而基于AFM的纳米加工技术成为纳米科学研究的新热点。 本论文以纳米制造为背景，围绕基于AFM的纳米加工技术所涉及的科学问题，重点开展了基于机械力的AFM纳米操作和基于电场的AFM纳米加工的理论方法和实现技术研究。在这些研究的基础上，开展了基于纳观机械力的刻划、纳米颗粒的排列、碳纳米管的装配实验研究，开展了基于微观电场的氧化点、氧化线、氧化文字的加工实验研究，以及微观电场氧化切割、焊接加工方法的研究。 本文的主要内容包括：交互式纳米操作系统的构建，基于机械力的AFM纳米操作研究，基于电场的AFM纳米加工研究，基于机械力与电场的AFM纳米操作/加工实验研究。具体如下： 在商用AFM的基础上，研究并搭建了具有力觉与视觉反馈的交互式纳米操作系统。通过该系统操作者可以实时感觉到操作中作用在AFM针尖的纳观力并控制针尖的运动，还可以实时观察到模拟出的针尖操作过程，因而显著提高了纳米操作的直观性、可靠性及效率。 在基于机械力的AFM纳米操作研究方面，为了理解纳观环境下普遍存在的黏附力特性，对AFM的力曲线进行了分析并给出了详细解释；通过研究探针悬臂的形变，提出了探针所受三维作用力的建模方法，以此模型获得了操作中的纳观力信息；基于多刚体动力学理论提出了碳纳米管的二连杆动力学建模方法，并对碳纳米管在操作中的弯曲特性进行了仿真分析。这些研究为基于机械力的AFM纳米操作提供了理论指导。 在基于电场的AFM纳米加工方面，研究了微观电场在样本表面的分布，建立了电场氧化加工中电场分布模型，以此模型分析了氧化物特性与电场分布的关系；对氧化加工中氧化物生长过程进行了动力学分析，得到了氧化物生长的理论模型；系统地研究了氧化加工中各因素(偏压，加工速度，针尖－样本距离等)对氧化结构生成的影响，总结了氧化物的生成与各因素的关系，验证了理论分析的结果，提高了电场氧化加工的重复性及可控性。这些研究为基于电场的AFM纳米加工提供了理论及实验依据。 在基于机械力与电场的AFM纳米操作/加工理论研究的基础上，进行了相关的实验研究。通过基于机械力的AFM纳米操作方法实现了在样本表面刻划文字，纳米颗粒的排列，碳纳米管的操作及装配；通过基于电场的AFM纳米加工方法实现了在样本表面加工氧化点，氧化线及氧化文字等纳米结构。利用电场氧化加工方法还实现了对碳纳米管的定点切割与焊接，拓展了AFM纳米加工的应用领域。这些实验研究验证了系统的操作及装配性能，证明了电场加工的有效性及具有潜在的应用前景。 本文的研究工作为制造纳米结构、纳米器件提供了一条可行的技术途径，对AFM纳米加工技术的进一步发展具有一定的理论参考及实践指导意义。

磁层-电离层耦合现象的分析研究

The magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling is mainly manifested by the trans- porting processes of energy into the ionosphere , the energy is carried by solar wind and firstly accumulate at the magnetosphere, and the coupling processes also significantly include the interaction between the magnetosphere and ionosphere for mass and energy. At the quiet condition, energy is delivered by the large-scale convection of the geomagnetic field; the huge energy from solar wind bulk will be injected into and consumed at the near magnetosphere and ionosphere by the geomagnetic storm and substorm activities. Aurorae and FACs (Field-aligned currents) are the important phenomena in the coupling processes. In the present work, firstly, we analyze the activity characteristics of auroral precipitating particle, secondly, we study the distribution characters of large-scale field aligned currents (LS FACs) at storm-time using the observations from different satellites at different altitudes. Finally, we investigate the evolution of the geomagnetic field configuration at the nightside sector on the onset of the expansion phase in a substorm event, the substorm event happened at 0430UT to 0630UT on 8th Nov. 2004. The main results as follows： At the first, the data of the estimated power input (EPI) of auroral particles from NOAA/POES (Polar orbiting environmental satellite) for some 30 years have been analyzed. The variation tendencies of the EPI generally coincide with aa, AE and Dst indices. The annual variation of EPI shows equinox peaks and an asymmetric-activity with a higher peak in the winter-hemisphere than in the summer-hemisphere. The diurnal UT variations are different from north and south hemisphere: for north hemisphere, the peak appears at 1200UT, and the relative deviation is 22% to the daily average of the north hemisphere. For south hemisphere, the maximal deviation is 22% at 2000UT. So the diurnal variation of EPI is more dominant than the annual variation which maximal deviation is 3% to 12% for different seasons. Studies on correlations of the hourly average of EPI, Pa, with AE and Dst indices show a correlation coefficient r=0.74 of Pa and AE, and r=-0.55 of Pa and Dst. The hourly EPIs for north and south polar regions, NPa and SPa, show a north-south asymmetry with a higher correlation of SPa and AE (or Dst). Time delays of EPI with respect to magnetic indices are examined, the maximum correlation coefficient of Pa with AE (r=0.78) occurs when the time delay =0, suggesting a synchronous activity of auroral electrojet and auroral precipitating particles, while =1-2h, the correlation coefficient of Pa with Dst is maximum (r=0.57), suggesting that the activity of auroral particle precipitating may influence the ring current on some extent. Sencondly, we use the high-resolution magnetic field vector data of the CHAMP satellite to investigate the distribution of large-scale FACs during the great magnetic storm on 7th to 8th Nov. 2004. The results show that, whether in the northern or southern hemisphere, the number and density of large-scale FACs during the main-phase are more and bigger than these during the recover-phase, and the number of large-scale FACs in morning sector obviously is more than that in afternoon sector. In terms of the magnetic indices, we find that large-scale FACs in morning sector significantly affected by the substorm activities, while in afternoon sector the large-scale FACs mainly indicate the fluctuations of the ring-current in storm time. Accordingly to the former studies, similarly, we find that in the morning sector, the scale of the large-scale FACs move to the high-latitude region, and in the afternoon sector, large-scale FACs distinctly expand to the low-latitude region. During the time periods that the NOAA/POES auroral precipitating particle power data temporally correspond to the large-scale FACs, the more the power of auroral particle is, the more and bigger the number and density of FACs are. At the same time, we use the magnetic field vector data of POLAR obtain a good form of region 1, region 2, and three pieces of cusp FACs during a single transit at 1930UT-2006UT on 07th. And the characteristics of simultaneous electric field and energy particles observations on Polar are coincide with the five FACs pieces. Finally, by means of the observation of Cluster 4 and Goes 10、 Goes 12, we analyze the evolution process of the change of the magnetic field configuration at night sector at the expansion phase of a substorm event which happened during 0430UT to 0630UT on 8th Nov. 2004, we find that the times of the beginning of the polarizations of magnetic field are observed from Goes 10 to Goes 12 then to Cluster 4. So, at the synchronous orbit ( 6.6 RE) to 10RE distance scale of the neutral sheet, the current disruption spread tailward. Simultaneously, the strengthen of the FACs deduced from these satellites’ magnetic field observations are almost consistent with the times of polarizations, as well as the high energy particles injection and the electric field dominant variation. The onset times determined by the magnetic field polarizations from these satellites are all ahead of the onset time that confirmed from the auroral electrojet indices. So, these characters of different observations can be used as the criterions to determine the onset time for the substorms of such type as we studied.

A collision model for DNA separation by capillary electrophoresis in dilute polymer solution

A theoretical description. based on chemical kinetics and electrochemistry, is given of DNA separation in dilute polymer solution by capillary electrophoresis. A self-consistent model was developed leading to predictions of the DNA electrophoretic velocity as a function of the experimental conditions - polymer concentration, temperature, and electric field strength. The effect of selected experimental variables is discussed. The phenomena discussed are illustrated for the example of 100 bp DNA ladder separation in dilute HPMC solution by capillary electrophoresis. This model is the first single model that can fully explain the dependence of DNA electrophoretic velocity on electrophoretic conditions.