Effect of N fertilizer on the productivity and nutritive values of perennial grass mixtures in the alpine region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

A study was conducted on grass mixtures that included smooth bromegrass (SB) + drooping wild ryegrass (DW), smooth bromegrass + Siberian wild ryegrass (SW) + crested wheatgrass (CW) and smooth bromegrass + Siberian wild ryegrass + drooping wild ryegrass + crested wheatgrass in the alpine region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The study was conducted from 1998 to 2000 to investigate the effects of N application rates and growing year on herbage dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive values. Herbage DM production increased linearly with N application rates. The effect of N application on DM yields was greater (P < 0.05) in the 2nd and 3rd production years than in the establishment year. Dry matter yields of SB + SW + CW and SB + SW + DW + CW can reach as high as 15 000 kg ha(-1) at 345 kg ha(-1) N rate in the 3rd growing year. With increased N application rates, crude protein (CP) contents and 48 h in sacco DM degradability of grasses increased (P < 0.05). No effect (P > 0.05) of N application was detected on organic matter (OM) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) concentration. It can be concluded that for increased biomass production in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, a minimum of 345 kg N ha(-1) should be applied to grass stands in three split application of 115 kg N ha(-1), in early June, early July and late July

AUV定位信号检测延时的蒙特卡洛模拟分析

在简要介绍AUV声学定位声纳接收机原理基础上,分析了CW脉冲信号在极性相关检测电路中的传输过程,建立了极性相关积分检测延时仿真分析模型。提出采用蒙特卡洛模拟方法获取检测延时的分布特征和统计参数的观点。实验结果表明蒙特卡洛模拟实验与硬件电路实验结果一致,对于解决随机性检测延时问题具有很强的能力。获得的结果可为AUV定位声纳检测门限的设定、声学测距和定位精度分析以及水声通信延时分析提供参考。

水声信号的窄带滤波研究

研究一种用于有色噪声背景下接收水声信号的窄带滤波方法。它用白化滤波器实现有色噪声的匹配滤波。该滤波电路具有优良的选频能力,抗干扰性强,功耗极低,较好地解决了水下信息传输中存在的通道之间频率间隔小、信号微弱、易受噪声干扰、用电池供电而要求工作时间长等问题。采用这种窄带滤波方法的水声接收机具有结构简单、性能稳定、对弱信号检测能力强等优点,增大了定位声纳的作用距离。

基于测距声信标的深水机器人导航定位技术研究

基于水声测距的导航定位技术在水下机器人中获得广泛应用，并成为现今水下机器人技术的研究热点。不管从实际应用前景还是理论研究意义看，这项研究都具有巨大的研究价值，并极富挑战性。纯距离（Range-only）导航是对外部观测量仅有距离信息的一类导航问题的统称。本文研究了基于测距原理的“CR-02”AUV长基线定位系统的两方面问题，即长基线定位系统的应用及导航问题。 本文分别对测距系统存在不确定性和扰动情况下的接收性能、稳定性、检测延时估计以及距离修正、声传播特性对测距系统应用的影响进行了研究，设计了适用于微弱CW脉冲信号接收的高增益滤波放大器与检测电路，湖上试验和海上试验证明了声信标接收电路的优良性能。用蒙特卡洛方法对检测延时分布特征进行了统计分析，得到了检测延时的分布规律，该方法得到的检测延时结果和分布规律与实际物理实验完全吻合，为处理任意时变系统的延时特征提供了一种新的分析方法。在前人研究基础上，利用声线修正算法解决了长基线系统中的有关重要问题，这些方法在深海试验中得到成功应用，使得长基线系统更加可靠有效。提出一种新的垂线相交标定方法，根据几何原理直接求取声信标坐标。利用这个新方法，声信标位置标定精度大大提高，系统实现也相对简单，深海海上试验证明方法有效而可靠。 “CR-02”长基线定位系统仅具有对AUV的定位能力，但没有导航功能，为满足应用需要，本文以”CR-02”AUV为研究对象，在原有设备基础上扩展其导航功能，从而实现监控型AUV的导航能力。通过分析水下机器人导航系统能观性，制定了保证系统能观的机动航行策略，分别设计出水下机器人在三个声信标和固定单信标情况下的卡尔曼滤波导航方法。这些方法能够提高传统多信标系统下机器人导航的强容错能力和鲁棒性，还为水下机器人位置修正问题提供一种新方法。最后，在移动声信标条件下机器人导航问题深入分析基础上，提出主从式多UUV群体协作导航机制，给出了多UUV群体中随从UUV导航算法的计算机仿真结果。计算机仿真证明了方法的有效性和正确性。

地下水位上升造成的黄土远程滑坡形成机理与数值模拟研究

Based on field survey, laboratory testing and numerical modeling, engineering characteristics of undisturbed loess and the mechanism of long-runout loess landslides caused by underground water level rise, as well as the formation conditions and spatial distribution of landslides, are systematically studied and analyzed. Loess landslides at south Plateau of Jingyang County are mainly classified as flowslide, slide and fall. Flowslide is the main type characteristic of high velocity, long runout and multi-stages. The steep relief composed of loose structured loess-old aged soil serials and the rise of groundwater table are the predominant conditions for landslides in the study area. To study loess mechanic poperties and loess landslides mechanisims, isotropically and anisotropically consolidated undrained compression(ICU and ACU) tests and constant-deviator-drained compression (CQD) tests were carried out on undisturbed samples. The results of undrained compression tests performed at the in-situ stress level show that the soils are of consistently strain-softening in the stress-strain relations and cause high excess pore pressure. The steady-state line and the potential region of instability are obtained from ICU and ACU test results. A necessary condition for liquefaction is that the soil state initially lies in or is brought into the potential instability region. In addition, a strong strain-softening model is also formed. CQD tests demonstrate that the mobilized friction angle is far less than the steady-state angle and that the soil experiences undrained contractive failure suddenly at very small strains when its stress path during drained loading tries to cross the potential instability region，thus validates the proposed instability region. Based on the location of the region of potential instability and the stress state of slope soil, a method of static liquefaction analysis is proposed for loess landslides caused by rise in groundwater table. Compared with other liquefaction analysis methods, this method overcomes the limitations inherent in conventional slope stability method and undrained brittleness index method. Triaxial tests composed of constant water content (CW) and wetting tests at constant deviator stress are performed on undisturbed unsaturated samples. The stress-strain relation of CW tests takes on strain-hardening behavior; The results of wetting tests at constant deviator stress designed to study the mechanics of failure of unsaturated loess caused by an increase in the degree of saturation (wetting) shows that a contractive failure occurs in the undisturbed samples. On the basis of the above triaxial test results, the initiation of static liquefaction is presented for long-runout loess landslides caused by rise in groundwater table, that is, the loess slope soil gradually transfer from unsaturated to saturated state under the infiltration of irrigation. A contractive failure occurs in the local region at very small strain by increasing the pore-water pressure at constant deviator stresses under drained conditons. It is the contractive failrue resulting from rise of pore pressure that leads to high excess pore pressure in the neighbour soil which reduces shear resistance of soil. The neighbour soils also fail due to the rapid increase in pore-water pressure. Thus a connected failure surface is developed quickly and a flowslide occurs. Based on the saturated-unsaturated seepage theory, transient seepage is computed using the finite element method on loess slope under groundwater table rise. Pore-water pressure distribution for every time step after irrigation are obtained. The phreatic surface in the slope increases with the groundwater table. Pore-water pressure distribution within 8m above the phreatic surface changes very quickly，but the water content and pore water pressure in the region ranging from 8m above the phreatic surface up to ground surface is almost not affected and the matric suction usually is kept at 100～120 kPa. Based on the results of laboratory tests and seepage flow analysis, the development process of loess landslide is modeled considering groundwater table rise. The shearing plastic zone first occurs at the slope toe where the soil is soaked for long term during rise in groundwater table. As irrigation continues, the shearing plastic zone gradually extends to the interior soils, with the results that the tensile plastic zone occurs at the slope crown. As time goes on, both the shearing plastic zone and tensile plastic zone continue to extend. Then a connected plastic zone is formed and fowslide occurs. In comparision to laboratory test results, the results of numerical simulation quite well verify the presented mechanism of static liquefaction of long-runout loess landslides caused by rise in groundwater table.

A comprehensive comparison of fuel options for fuel cell vehicles in China

Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) offer the potential of ultra-low emissions combined with high efficiency. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells being developed for vehicles require hydrogen as a fuel. Due to the various pathways of hydrogen generation, both onboard and off-board, the question about which fuel option is the most competitive for fuel cell vehicles is of great current interest. In this paper, a life-cycle assessment (LCA) model was made to conduct a comprehensive study of the energy, environmental, and economic (3E) impacts of FCVs from well to wheel (WTW). In view of the special energy structure of China and the timeframe, 10 vehicle/fuel systems are chosen as the study projects. The results show that methanol is the most suitable fuel to serve as the ideal hydrogen source for fuel cell vehicles in the timeframe and geographic regions of this study. On the other hand, gasoline and pure hydrogen can also play a role in short-term and regional applications, especially for local demonstrations of FCV fleets. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.