45 resultados para web 3.0


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Mg-8Gd-0.6Zr-xNd-yY (mass%) alloys which containing different Nd:Y mass ratio of 3:0, 2:1, 1:2 and 0:3 with a constant x + y = 3 were prepared by metal mould casting method, and the microstructure, aging behaviour and tensile properties have been investigated. The fibrous eutectic areas along the boundaries enlarge clearly in the as-cast alloys containing Y element, and the fine grain boundaries and dispersed precipitation are observed in the aged alloys. The Mg-8Gd-0.6Zr-2Nd-Y alloy exhibits notably age-hardening behaviour and the highest mechanical property. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of Mg-8Gd-0.6Zr-2Nd-Y alloy in the peak aged hardness are 293 and 221 MPa at room temperature, 248 and 191 MPa at 230 degrees C. The improvement of age-hardening response and tensile properties is mainly attributed to the quadrate-like stable Mg5RE precipitate, which forms readily and orderly in aged Mg-8Gd-0.6Zr-2Nd-Y alloy.

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设计了组成为0.70TeO2-(0.20-x)ZnO-xGeO2—0.05La2O3-0.025K2O-0.025Na2O-0.01Yb2O3(摩尔分数x=0,0.05,0.10,0.15和0.20)的碲酸盐激光玻璃,测试了热学性质、吸收光谱、荧光光谱和荧光寿命。计算了Yb^3+离子的吸收截面、受激发射截面、荧光有效线宽等参数。结果表明,组成为0.70TeO2-0.20GeO2-0.05La2O3-0.025K2O-0.025Na2O的玻璃具有优于著名的碲锌钠(TZN)玻璃的热稳定性,高的受激发射截面(1

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A series of tellurite glasses of composition, 75TeO(2)-20ZnO-(5 - x)La2O3-xEr(2)O(3) (x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mol%) with different hydroxl content were prepared. The effect of Er3+ and OH- groups concentration on the emission properties of Er3+: I-4(13/2) -> I-4(15/2) transition in tellurite glasses was investigated. The constant KOH-Er for Er3+ in tellurite glasses, which represents the strength of interaction between Er3+ and OH- groups in the case of energy migration, was about 14 x 10(-19) cm(4) s(-1). The interaction parameter C-Er,C-Er for the migration rate of Er3+ : 4I(13/2) -> I-4(13/2) transition in tellurite glass was 46 x 10(-40) cm(2), which indicates that concentration quenching in Er3+-doped modified tellurite glass for a given Er3+ concentration is much stronger than in silicate and phosphate glasses. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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通过优化熔融条件和玻璃组份,成功开发出一种新的Er^3+/Yb^3+共掺磷酸盐玻璃,其在沸水和熔盐中均表现出很好的化学稳定性。通过分析室温下Er^3+/Yb^3+共掺磷酸盐玻璃的吸收光谱,计算得到了Er^3+离子在波长1533nm处的峰值发射截面和杜得-奥菲而特强度参数;其中Er^3+离子在波长1533nm处的峰值发射截面为0.72×10^20cm^2,大于Schott的IOG1玻璃中Er^3+离子的峰值发射截面0.67×10^-20cm^2。通过改变离子交换的条件,获得了1.55μm单模光波导的制作条件

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对透光性良好的Cr^3+:Al2O3透明多晶陶瓷的光谱性能进行了研究,其吸收光谱中吸收峰与单晶红宝石相一致,按吸收光谱和Tanabe-Sugano能级图,算出其晶场强度参数Dq及Racah参数B分别为1792cm^-1,689cm^-1,Dq/B=2.6,陶瓷中Cr^3+离子所处格位的晶体场强比单晶弱一些,但Cr^3+:Al2O3透明陶瓷仍属于强场晶体材料;当Cr^3+掺杂浓度到达0.8wt%时,陶瓷的发射谱仍保持较好的R线发射;随Cr^3+掺杂浓度的增大,激发峰位发生“红移”.在Cr^3+:Al2O3透

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以Al2O3和WO3为原料,采用固相反应法制备了负热膨胀性能的Al2(WO4)3粉体。用X射线粉末衍射和扫描电镜分别对粉体进行物相、晶体结构分析和形貌观察;通过热重-差热分析了粉体的热性能;采用热膨胀仪测定了热膨胀系数。结果表明:产物为高纯度正交晶系结构的Al2(WO4)3,形状规则,大小均匀,平均尺寸为0.6μm×0.4μm。从室温到熔点范围内,Al2(WO4)3粉体无相变,不发生分解,30~900℃的平均热膨胀系数为-1.56×10^-6K^-1。

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通量测量点的能量收支总是表现出不平衡,即使在地势平坦、植被分布均一、稀疏植被下垫面的情况下也有约30%的能量失衡状况。能量平衡闭合 (EBC) 问题在验证涡度相关系统质量方面,得到了广泛的关注。实验在内蒙古草原3个地点,通过涡度相关系统附近移动能量平衡系统的测定手段,采用能量平衡余项法和最小二乘 (OLS) 线性回归法,研究了土壤热通量、净辐射及可供能量空间变异对能量平衡闭合的影响。 结果显示,EBC 在三个研究点的平均余项为8~19 W m-2,OLS 斜率为0.83~0.96。EBC 在土壤湿润情况的站点要高于干旱站点。 土壤热通量的空间变异三站点平均为白天48 W m-2 (占同时间 Rn 的13%),夜间15 W m-2 (34%),平均29 W m-2 (24%)。通过8个工作站的测量,这个变异会造成9% (从0.93到1.01) 的 OLS 斜率差别。夜间的能量平衡不闭合可以由土壤热通量的空间变异解释。如果在本研究的的三个草原站点上忽略了土壤热通量,则会造成较大的余项 (峰值时110 W m-2) 产生,从而使 OLS 斜率增大23%。特别是通量板埋置在地面以下30 mm处时,上层的土壤热储部分占到全部土壤热通量的50%,这不仅影响到 EBC 的大小,更起到调节土壤热通量与“真实的波形” 相一致的作用。如果该部分热储被忽略掉,EBC 余项会增加60 W m-2,OLS 斜率也会变化 (减少) 9%。用大尺度多点测量与涡度塔附近的小尺度测定相比较,后者表现出稍高的闭合率,即 OLS 斜率增加4%。 相对于土壤热通量,净辐射的空间变异较小,三站点平均为白天17 W m-2 (5%),夜间7 W m-2 (13%),平均 12 W m-2 (5%)。可以引起3% (从0.88到0.91) 的 OLS 斜率差异。研究结果还表明,风速校正应该在 Q7.1 净辐射仪中应用,校正后的结果与 CNR1 的结果在白天有吻合较好,但在其它时段仍有较大差异,特别是在夜间,风速校正基本不起作用,使得两种仪器间差异达20 W m-2。比较表明,风速校正可以提高白天 Rn 的6%,仅降低夜间0.3%。因此,无论是用余项法还是用 OLS 线性回归法,在比较使用不同仪器的站点间的闭合状况时 (本研究的结果适用于草地 Q7.1 与 CNR1 间的比较),可以用9:00-15:00 h 时段的数据进行比较,这样可以避免因使用不同仪器的差异所造成的影响。用该时段的数据进行比较,仪器间的差异余项法小于6 W m-2,OLS 法小于3%。 受可供能量空间变异影响,三个站点平均 EBC 的不确定性为白天66 W m-2 (19%),夜间23 W m-2 (50%),平均42 W m-2 (36%);或者改变 OLS 斜率11%。用最大值和最小值来衡量,EBC 最大不确定性,正午时在站点 I、II 和 III 中分别为81,114和91 W m-2。故在探讨能量平衡和能量平衡闭合问题时,必须充分考虑到这种不确定性,否则会产生偏差,或者得出错误结论。 研究还表明,即使考虑到白天所有可供能量的最大不确定性,仍然不能使能量平衡闭合。中午 (12:00 h),站点 I,II 和 III 仍然有14±15,48±12和47±14 W m-2 的失衡不能够归因于可供能量的空间不确定性。因此,其它影响因素也需进行细致的探讨。 在两站点不同测量深度土壤热通量结果的差异性比较实验中,无论在站点 I 还是 III,均表现出一致的结论,即随通量板布置深度加深,其测量结果会越高,与浅层布置的相比,差别可高达150 W m-2。深层土壤热通量的计算仍是个难题,需进一步研究。 在不同植被结构对净辐射测定影响的实验中发现,随刈割强度增加,一天中大部分时间净辐射均减少。正午依次为413,395和388 W m-2。无论正午还是全天合计,重度刈割地点的净辐射均比不刈割对照处理少6%,而且,在整个生长季也少6%,约合40,000 W m-2。测量高度不同,不同处理间对测定结果影响不同:刈割处理中,由于下垫面较均一,结果相差不显著;而对照则表现出较高的差异,用两配对样本T检验表明差异达到极显著 (P<0.000,9:30-15:00 h data)。当使用不同新旧程度的 domes 时,对净辐射结果会产生明显的影响。新 domes 的测量结果白天明显高,晚上明显低,使用了11个月的旧 domes,峰值时,白天低估25 W m-2,晚上高估10 W m-2。说明该差异在进行能量平衡闭合计算时,不能忽略。而全用新的和全用旧的进行比较,晚上仅有2-3 W m-2差异。 考虑生态系统中非生物因子对干扰条件下生物多样性动态和功能的影响,有助于更精确地阐明生物多样性-稳定性功能的关系。为此,设计了一个单因子刈割实验——内蒙古地区一种广泛存在的土地利用方式。主要目的是研究不同强度刈割影响下,微气候变量特别是能量平衡各分量和群落结构的变化及二者的关系。连续4年刈割,占第一位的优势种明显由低矮半灌木冷蒿 (Artemisia frigida) 取代了高大丛生禾草克氏针茅 (Stipa kylovii)。重度刈割下,针茅的盖度、生物量和丛重,群落叶面积、绿色生物量、凋落物量和群落高度一致低于轻度刈割/不刈割处理。微气候由于群落特征的这些变化也呈规律性变化。与对照相比,重度刈割降低了生长季土壤含水量的47.5%,但中午和日均土壤表面温度分别增加了7.4和1.2 °C,并且增加地表下2 cm土壤温度日较差 (日最高与最低温度之差) 4.2 °C。刈割处理由于凋落物少、反射强而表现出较低的净辐射,但土壤热通量显著提高,表现为土层加热和冷却快。因此,重度刈割处理较对照降低了可供能量8%,约合52,000 W m-2 。不同刈割强度间来看,NPP 或 LAI 与土壤热通量和净辐射的比值 (G/Rn) 以及波文比 (H/LE) 间呈负相关。重度刈割处理感热通量显著提高,但潜热通量在处理间差异不显著,表明未刈割处理虽然冠层伸展大,但是并没有导致更大的水分亏缺。未刈割处理增加了抵抗物种改变的能力,而刈割处理在连续一年一割的第四年显著增加了物种数,可能与因刈割影响而导致的群落结构与微气候的改变有关。本研究表明,未刈割处理可以减轻高温干旱季节的高温和干旱胁迫,表现出对环境变化的高抵抗性。未刈割处理的凋落物层和较高的垂直结构所形成的遮荫,可以形成一个阻挡蒸发的篱笆,这是维持其水分的保证。因此,为了恢复退化草原生态系统功能,需要修复能导致微气候变化的植物群落结构,否则难以成功。 本研究立足于原创性的实验研究,在中国特有的自然草原生态系统上开展,结合不同温度梯度的三地区涡度相关系统进行了能量平衡闭合的移动比较实验,以及结合常用土地利用方式的定点能量平衡实验。在翔实的数据基础上,为涡度相关方法的陆地表面能量平衡失衡问题提供了解释。增加了对两个主要能量流——土壤热通量和净辐射空间变异规律的认识,研究对于能量平衡和湍流通量相关研究是有价值的。在三个代表性地区首次利用多个净辐射仪和土壤热通量板的结果与三个标准的涡度相关系统进行了比较,这类量化失衡原因的相关研究应受到高度重视并进一步拓展,以提高对能量失衡的认识,进而推进水热和碳循环研究向更深层次发展。

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根据微囊藻毒素合成酶基因簇序列 ,合成了 3对引物epF/mb1R ,mcF/teR ,mcF/umR ,通过全细胞PCR的方法检测了 19种不同来源微囊藻产毒的情况。 3种引物对 15株产毒微囊藻中均可扩增到预期大小的片段 ,测序结果证明这些片段是微囊藻毒素合成酶基因片段。PCR反应结果与HPLC分析所得到的结果有良好的对应性。在此基础上 ,初步确定了 3对引物检测产毒微囊藻对细胞浓度要求的下限。与其它引物相比 ,3对引物的特异性强 ,扩增条带大小适中 ,便于观察

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This paper reports large variations in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of lake anchovy (Coilia ectenes taihuensis) from Lake Chaohu, China. The lake anchovy exhibited a significant C-13- and N-15- enrichment in relation to increasing fish length, and the isotopic compositions of small lake anchovy (<= 130 mm) were significantly more enriched than those of large lake anchovy (> 130 mm). The significant differences in the isotopic compositions of small and large lake anchovy suggested that their assimilated diets differed over a period of time and reflected the size-related diet shift of this fish. Bellamya aeruginosa and Corbicula fluminea were used to establish the baseline carbon signal of benthic and pelagic food webs, and these data were used to parameterize a 2-source mixing model to estimate in consumers the contribution of carbon derived from benthic versus pelagic food webs. Mixing models showed that small lake anchovy derived only 37% of their carbon from benthic food web, indicating increased reliance on pelagic prey, whereas benthic prey contributed 71% of large lake anchovy diet, suggesting greater use of benthic sources. These data indicate that there was a change in lake anchovy feeding strategy related to their size, suggesting a role in dynamic coupling between pelagic and benthic food chains. The trophic position of small lake anchovy averaged 3.0, indicating a zooplankton-based diet, compared with 3.6 in large lake anchovy, indicative of an increase in piscivorous diet. Overlap in the isotopic compositions of small and large lake anchovy probably indicated that these fish occasionally shared common diets, as suggested by stomach content studies, and/or resulted from the differences in the rate of isotopic turnover depending on differences in growth rate and metabolic turnover between small and large anchovy during diet shift from pelagic to benthic food webs. This study presents the contributions of benthic and pelagic food webs supporting lake anchovy and indicates that the intraspecific isotopic dynamic should be considered when applying stable isotope analyses to infer trophic interactions in aquatic ecosystems.

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事务监控器是开发、部署、监控和管理分布式事务性应用的基础平台.随着Internet和企业应用集成的发展,许多应用要求能通过广域网访问部署于事务监控器上的服务,同时能与其它分布式系统互操作,但传统的事务监控器作为一种封闭的结构,对此支持不足.Web服务是一种新的分布式组件标准,可方便地部署于广域网上并灵活地进行企业应用集成,本文提出了事务监控器支持Web服务的一个可移植的设计框架TP-WS,可以在符合X/Open DTP模型的事务监控器中支持Web服务.本文设计现已应用到事务监控器ISTX2.0中.

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Web应用服务器是Web计算环境下的新型中间件,为基于组件的分布式Web应用提供了基础运行平台.组件静态分布限制了事务性Web应用在运行期间适应执行环境变化的能力.为了满足Web应用的动态分布需求,Web应用服务器需在底层为组件提供一种动态迁移的能力.如何维持组件迁移前后的一致性是组件迁移中最棘手的问题之一.为解决此问题,定义了组件迁移一致性约束CMC(component migration constrains),并给出了在 J2EE(Java 2 platform enterprise edition)应用服务器中支持EJB(enterprise Java Bean)动态分布的组件迁移模型和 sLB_Copy,SFB_Copy,EB-Copy 3个迁移算法.分析得出sLB_Copy,SFB_copy和EB_copy均满足CMC约束.迁移模型和算法已在自主研制的Web应用服务器WebFrame2.0中实现,并已应用到自适应负载平衡、失效恢复等多个方面.

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在离心机模拟不同水吸力条件下,研究了聚丙烯酸钠(sodium polyacrylate记作SP)5种使用浓度(占干土质量0,0.01%,0.08%,0.2%与1%)对3种土壤(砂土、壤土、黏土)持水能力的影响;采用大田试验研究了地表撒施2 g/m2SP对冬小麦与下季玉米产量及WUE影响。结果表明:3种土壤在0.01 MPa至1.5 MPa水吸力下的持水能力随着SP用量的增加而增加,砂土的作用效果较壤土、黏土更显著;3种土壤适宜浓度为0.08%~0.2%,最佳用量为0.2%,此用量条件下砂土、壤土、黏土的最大毛管持水量分别较对照增加了138.61%,7.22%,62.70%;不灌水条件下,SP处理较不施用SP冬小麦增产4%,WUE增加5.7%,灌浆期灌水28.5 mm条件下SP处理较不施用SP增产1%,WUE降低1%;SP处理的玉米产量较对照降低0.5%,WUE提高3%,效果明显低于对冬小麦效果。

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稀土在农业和医学中的广泛应用使人们日益关心稀土的安全性问题。本论文以红细胞为研究对象,围绕稀土对红细胞形态的影响,稀土能否进入红细胞以及稀土对红细胞带3蛋白胞质片段结构和功能的影响三方面开展研究工作,主要研究成果如下:首先,在宏观上通过超高倍光学显微镜观察了稀土阳离子及其络阴离子对正常人红细胞形态的影响。结果表明当红细胞与硝酸悯作用后其体积发生膨胀,表面出现棘状凸起,细胞间发生聚集。而以往被人们认为毒性较小的柠檬酸悯则使红细胞呈现囊泡状凸起,随着与稀土作用时间的延长多数囊泡状结构可脱落。EDTA的加入可使部分在低浓度(10~(-7)M)稀土离子条件下变形的红细胞恢复原状,说明细胞形态变化主要是由环境中稀土的存在引起的。其次,根据稀土离子跨膜研究中存在的一些问题,在总结前人工作的基础上,建立一种方法测定了体外温育和静脉注射条件下红细胞中稀土含量。进一步证实文献报道含有络合剂的洗涤缓冲液能够将进入细胞内部的稀土带出,影响测定结果的准确性。本论文中应用不含络合剂的洗涤缓冲液洗涤与稀土温育后的红细胞,在10mMTris-HCl印H7.0)低渗缓冲液中溶胀,ICP-MS测定结果显示无论是稀土阳离子还是稀土络阴离子均可以跨膜,且稀土络阴离子跨膜速度较快。耳静脉注射稀土后仅在兔血浆及红细胞膜上检测到稀土,说明在短期静脉注射条件下存在于血浆中的稀土不能进入兔红细胞。最后,应用基因工程技术克隆、表达、纯化了带3蛋白胞质片段及其融合蛋白。计算机结构模拟、荧光光谱以及生物活性的测定证实重组带3蛋白胞质片段与天然蛋白具有相似的空间结构和生物活性。稀土离子对醛缩酶、醛缩酶与带3蛋白胞质片段相互作用的影响表现为:0-10μMLa~(3+) 对醛缩酶活性有促进作用,当体系中L~(3+)浓度达到6μM时,带3蛋白胞质片段基本完全失去对醛缩酶活性的抑制作用。蛋白质内源荧光和同步荧光光谱研究结果表明,La~(3+)对带3蛋白胞质片段与醛缩酶结构均具有一定影响。本论文实验结果表明,低浓度稀土可导致调节细胞内糖酵解速率的带3蛋白胞质片段失去活性,使糖酵解速率无序增强。由于红细胞主要碳源来自于血糖,糖酵解速率的加快很可能会引起生物体血糖浓度的降低。

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从空间、时间、食物3个方面研究了若尔盖湿地3种两栖类的种间竞争,运用生态位理论探讨了3种两栖类利用环境资源的能力以及它们之间的共存模式,研究了3种两栖类年周期食性,并考察了畜牧业对3种两栖类食性及食物竞争格局的影响;此外,还通过实验室研究对2种两栖类幼体的种间竞争策略进行了考察。主要结果如下: 1、两栖类的空间资源利用状况:在3种两栖类成体生态位宽度的比较中,岷山蟾蜍(Bufo minshanicus)成体在牧场性质(0.41)、牛粪数量(0.42)、植被盖度(0.20)、地表温度(0.50)、地表湿度(0.51) 5个维度上的生态位宽度最窄;而倭蛙(Nanorana pleskei)成体在牛粪数量(0.81)、植被高度(0.63)、植被盖度(0.47)、小水体距离(0.68) 4个维度上的生态位宽度最宽。在3种两栖类亚成体生态位宽度的比较中,岷山蟾蜍亚成体在牧场性质(0.66)、牛粪数量(0.58)、植被高度(0.64)、小水体距离(0.51)、地表湿度(0.79) 5个维度的上生态位宽度最宽;倭蛙亚成体在牧场性质(0.39)、牛粪数量(0.30)、地表温度(0.18)、地表湿度(0.33) 4个维度上的生态位宽度最窄。高原林蛙(Rana kukunoris)在地表温度(成体:0.62;亚成体:0.56)、地表湿度(成体:0.84;亚成体:0.60)两个维度上具有较大的生态位宽度值,而在小水体距离维度上(成体:0.27;亚成体:0.14)的生态位宽度值则很小。比较3种无尾两栖类在不同生长阶段(成体、亚成体)的生态位宽度,发现高原林蛙和倭蛙的亚成体对栖息环境的要求更高。3种两栖类空间资源利用的相似程度很高,高原林蛙与倭蛙之间的生态重叠度(0.87)较之它与岷山蟾蜍(0.81)的生态位重叠度更大。 2、两栖类的日活动节律:高原林蛙成体、亚成体、岷山蟾蜍亚成体活动的最低气温为0℃、2℃、8℃;岷山蟾蜍和高原林蛙亚成体出现的数量与气温成极显著的正相关(r=0.797, p<0.001;r=0.794, p<0.001),高原林蛙成体出现的数量与气温有一定相关性(r=0.456, p<0.05);晴天时两栖类的活动性明显高于阴天(p<0.001);多云转晴天气,高原林蛙和岷山蟾蜍亚成体出现两次日活动高峰,分别为中午12:30左右和下午15:30~16:30之间;多云天气,高原林蛙和岷山蟾蜍亚成体出现两次日活动高峰,分别为9:30~10:30之间和15:30~16:30之间。 3、两栖类的食物资源利用状况:春、秋两季,高原林蛙最主要的食物是蜉金龟科(Aphodiidae)昆虫,相对重要性指数(IRI)最高(春季:35.28%,秋季:28.57%),其次为昆虫的幼虫,以及双翅目的毛蚊科(Bibionidae)、蝇科(Muscidae)、丽蝇科(Calliphoridae)昆虫,秋季,蝗虫是高原林蛙食物组成中的重要部分;岷山蟾蜍最主要的食物是蚂蚁(IRI,春季:85.54%,秋季:49.70%),其次为蜉金龟科、象甲科(Curculionidae)、步甲科(Carabidae)、粪金龟科(Geotrupidae) 等鞘翅目昆虫;倭蛙春季的最主要食物也是蜉金龟科昆虫(IRI,春季:13.41%),其次为蚂蚁、毛蚊科昆虫、昆虫的幼虫以及狼蛛科(Lycosidae)。3种两栖类中,倭蛙的食性生态位宽度相对较宽(0.43),而岷山蟾蜍(0.09)和高原林蛙(0.22)的生态位宽度较窄,与春季相比,两栖类在秋季的食谱更宽。以利用食物种类为标准,春季高原林蛙与倭蛙的生态位重叠度(0.40)比它与岷山蟾蜍的生态位重叠度(0.33)更大。 4、畜牧业对两栖类食性及食物竞争格局的影响:以藏牦牛粪为食物或寄居场所的昆虫,如蜉金龟科、粪金龟科、毛蚊科、蝇科、丽蝇科昆虫和某些昆虫幼虫,是3种两栖类食物谱中最主要的组成部分,蜉金龟科昆虫在高原林蛙食谱中的比例更高,高原林蛙可能从畜牧业发展中获得更多的好处,使之在食物竞争方面处于优势地位。与无放牧样地相比,在有放牧样地的中,两栖类食谱中的蜉金龟科昆虫数量更多(有放牧:31.94%;无放牧:21.32%)、出现频率更高(有放牧:76.38%;无放牧:44%)。然而在不同样地上(有放牧/无放牧),两栖类的食物组成无显著性差异(P=0.188),两栖类的数量(P=0.075)、肥满度(P=0.537)均没有显著差别。 5、两栖类幼体的竞争策略:实验室条件下,通过活动性水平,变态时的体重、增长率和完成变态所需时间考察自然条件下常同水塘分布的中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)和高原林蛙蝌蚪的竞争策略。结果表明:中华蟾蜍蝌蚪在不同食物资源条件下,所选择的生存策略可能不同,即食物资源充足时,增加活动性获取更多食物,食物资源有限时,降低活动性且提前完成变态;与中华蟾蜍蝌蚪相比,在食物资源有限时高原林蛙蝌蚪获取食物能力可能更强。 This paper presented the study of competition of three amphibians (Rana kukunoris, Nanorana pleskei, Bufo minshanicus) based on spatial, temporal and dietary scales in Zoige wetland. We measured coexistence patterns of three amphibians and analyzed their ability of exploiting resource. Effects of grazing on the diet composition and diet competition of amphibians were analyzed by their diet composition during spring and autumn. Furthermore, we examined the competitive ability of larval common frogs (Rana kukunoris)and common toads(Bufo gargarizans) in a laboratory experiment, and analyzed their competitive strategies respectively. The results were as follows: 1 .The status of using spatial resource Niche breadths of B. minshanicus adults on 5 dimensional axes including character of pasture(0.41), number of yaks dung(0.42), vegetation coverage(0.20), temperature (0.50)and humidity(0.51) of ground surface were narrower than adults of R. kukunoris and N. pleskei. Niche breadths of B. minshanicus subadults were broader than R.kukunoris subadults and N.pleskei subadults on 5 dimensional axes including character of pasture (0.66), number of yaks dung (0.58), vegetation height (0.64), distance to small waterbodies (0.51), humidity of ground surface (0.79). Niche breadths of N. pleskei subadults were the narrowest in three anurans subadults on 4 dimensional axes including character of pasture (0.39), number of yaks dung (0.30), temperature (0.18) and humidity (0.33) of ground surface, niche breadths of N. pleskei adults were the broadest in three anurans adults on 4 dimensional axes including number of yaks dung (0.81), vegetation height (0.63) and coverage(0.47), distance to small waterbodies(0.68).Comparatively, niche breadths of R. kukunoris were broader on the two microclimate factors including temperature(adults:0.62;subadults:0.56) and humidity (adults:0.84;subadults:0.60)of ground surface, but was narrow on distance to small waterbodies(adults:0.27;subadults:0.14). Strategies for using habitat resource of adults and subadults of the three species anuran were different. Generally, subadults of R. kukunoris and N. pleskei needs better habitat condition. It was quite similar that three anurans exploited spatial resource, Niche overlap between R. kukunoris and N. pleskei (0.87) was greater than that between R. kukunoris and B.minshanicus(0.81). 2.Daily activity rhythm R. kukunoris audlts were active when air temperatures were as low as 0℃, R. kukunoris subadults were active at 2℃, B.minshanicus subaudlts were active at 8℃. Positive correlation was found between activities of amphibians and air temperature, Subadults of R.kukunoris, (r=0.797, p<0.001), Subadults,of,B.minshanicus, (r=0.794, p<0.001), andbadults,of,R.kukunoris(r=0.456, p<0.05).Amphibians were more active during sunny days than cloudy days. In cloudy turning into sunny, R. kukunoris and B.minshanicus subadults had two active peak: at noon about 12:30 and 15:30~16:30 pm; in cloudy, R. kukunoris and B.minshanicus subadult had two active peak too : 9:30~10:30am,15:30~16:30pm. 3.Diet analysis Aphodiidae was the most commonly consumed food item by R. kukunoris based on index of relative importance (IRI) during spring (35.28%) and autumn (28.57%) in Zogie wetland. Besides Aphodiidae, larval insect, dipterans such as Bibionidae, Muscidae, Calliphoridae also were important food item for R. kukunoris, in autumn, locust was one of important food item for R. kukunoris. The most important food item for B.minshanicus during spring (IRI:85.54%) and autumn (IRI:49.70%) was ants, following, was coleopterans, such as Aphodiidae, dung beetle. Aphodiidae (IRI:13.41%) were the most important consumed food item by N. pleskei during spring too, following, was ants and Bibionidae. Dietary breadth of N. pleskei (0.43) were greater than R. kukunoris (0.22) and B. minshanicus (0.09). As a whole, Dietary breadth of amphibians during aurumn were greater than spring. Based on prey item, dietary overlap between R. kukunoris and N. pleskei (0.40) was greater than that between R. kukunoris and B.minshanicus (0.33) during spring. 4.Effects of grazing on the diet composition and diet competition of amphibians Amphibians are an important part of the pasture ecosystems as prey and predator. In Zogie wetland, major diet of amphibians was closely associated with dung of yaks, for example, Aphodiidae, Bibionidae, Muscidae, dung beetle. Dung of yaks was major diet and habitat of these insects. Proportion of Aphodiidae was higher in diet composition of R. kukunoris than N. pleskei and B.minshanicus, with development of pasturage, R. kukunoris may have a diet competitive advantage over N. pleskei and B.minshanicus. Number of Aphodiidae in diet composition of amphibians was higher in samples with grazing (31.94%) than in those without grazing (21.32%). Occurrence Frequency of Aphodiidae in diet composition of amphibians was higher in samples with grazing (76.38%) than in those without grazing (44%). However, There was not significantly different on diet composition (P=0.188), and number (P=0.075) and the relative fatness (P=0.537) of amphibians between grazing samples and without grazing. 5.Competitive strategies of amphibian larvae I examined the competitive ability of larval toads (Bufo gargarizans) and frogs (Rana kukunoris) which co-occur in the nature pond by activity level, the growth rate and mass at metamorphosis and larval period in a laboratory experiment. The results suggest: In laborary, B.gargarizans adapted himself to different food level by changing activity. At high food level, B. gargarizans increased activity to gain more diet. At low food level, B. gargarizans decreased activity and achieved early metamorphosis. When food resource was limit, R. kukunoris could gain more food than B. gargarizans.

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主要介绍了兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环CSR控制网的建立及测量分析方法,详细说明了激光跟踪仪转站原理和计算机算法。根据一般大地测量采取的建网原则,首先用全站仪建立了初级控制网,在此基础上加密形成了由168个网点构成的主环控制网;然后运用激光跟踪仪及其配套软件测量了主环控制网,其网点的点位精度可达到0.08 mm。应用2005年3月控制网的测量结果对主环磁铁进行了调节,结果显示四极铁横向就位精度达到0.15 mm,偏转角精度达到0.3 m rad。