多层介质膜脉冲宽度压缩光栅与超短脉冲作用时的性能分析

基于啁啾脉冲放大技术的超短脉冲激光系统是提供超快、超强激光的重要途径，具有良好输出波形和高损伤阈值的多层介质膜脉冲宽度压缩光栅是获得高峰值功率脉冲激光的关键。基于傅里叶谱变换方法和严格模式理论，分析了多层介质膜光栅（MDG）在超短脉冲作用下的光学特性。结果表明，当MDG的反射带宽小于具有高斯分布的入射脉冲的频谱宽度时，-1级反射脉冲呈非对称高斯分布，其前沿出现振荡，并且-1级反射脉冲能量开始剧烈下降，讨论了MDG结构参数对其反射带宽的影响。分析了MDG与超短脉冲作用时的近场光分布，对提高其抗激光损伤特性具

青蒿素生物合成调控的研究章焰生

青蒿 (Artemisia annua) 是目前唯一用来生产抗疟药剂青蒿素的一种药用植物，由于青蒿植株中青蒿素的含量过低，使得青蒿素的生产不能满足市场的需要，提高青蒿植株中青蒿素的含量显得尤为重要，本论文围绕着调控青蒿素的生物合成作出了以下一些研究： 一、紫穗槐二烯合酶基因启动子的克隆 　紫穗槐二烯合酶是参与青蒿素生物合成的一个关键酶，以法呢基焦磷酸为底物，催化形成青蒿素分子所具有的杜松烯环状结构, 此酶被认为是青蒿素分支途径中的第一个关键限速酶，因此它的表达水平高低关系着流向青蒿素生物合成的碳流量。为了了解紫穗槐二烯合酶的表达模式，用Tail-PCR的方法我们从青蒿高产株系001中克隆得到紫穗槐二烯合酶基因的两个启动子，分别命名为AMSP1与AMSP2，序列比较分析可看出两启动子有三处大的差异片段，由此推测紫穗槐二烯合酶基因在青蒿基因组中可能是一个多拷贝形式存在，Southern杂交验证了这一点，结果表明，紫穗槐二烯合酶基因在青蒿基因组中至少存在三个copy;利用PLACE数据库对克隆的启动子的顺式作用元件进行分析，发现其中有光、茉莉酸甲酯等调控元件。5'RACE分析确定了紫穗槐二烯合酶基因的转录起始位点位于翻译起始位点上游44bp处。通过PCR的方法，我们对启动子AMSP2进行5′端缺失，缺失的5个启动子片段克隆进报告基因GUS的上游，以进行下一步启动子的特性分析。 二、紫穗槐二烯合酶的表达特性分析 　　RT-PCR半定量分析表明：光正调控于紫穗槐二烯合酶的转录表达，黑暗培养条件下，青蒿植株中紫穗槐二烯合酶的转录水平较低，一旦进行光照培养，紫穗槐二烯合酶的转录水平显著上升;茉莉酸甲酯对青蒿植株中紫穗槐二烯合酶的表达调控具有光依赖性，在连续黑暗条件下，茉莉酸甲酯对紫穗槐二烯合酶的转录水平并无影响，而在正常光照与黑暗循环培养条件下，茉莉酸甲酯明显诱导了青蒿植株中紫穗槐二烯合酶的转录表达。鉴于在正常的培养条件下，茉莉酸甲酯正调控于紫穗槐二烯合酶的转录表达，我们研究了茉莉酸甲酯对青蒿植株中青蒿素生物合成的影响，结果表明，茉莉酸甲酯并未促进青蒿素的生物合成，却诱导了青蒿素生物合成的前体青蒿酸的生物合成。 三、真空介导农杆菌转化青蒿植株瞬时表达系统的建立 　　探讨了真空强度、青蒿苗龄、农杆菌的浓度、共培养方式、共培养时间以及光对青蒿植株瞬时表达的影响，结果表明真空强度70－80mbar、30天的青蒿苗龄以及侵染农杆菌浓度OD600为2.0时有利于青蒿植株的瞬时表达;液体共培养极大地抑制了外源基因在青蒿植株的瞬时表达，固体共培养与滤纸共培养适合于青蒿植株的瞬时表达系统，二者之间无明显差异;共培养时间也是影响基因瞬时表达的关键因素，结果表明，3天或4天较2天共培养有利于外源基因在青蒿植株的瞬时表达;光对青蒿植株的瞬时表达有极大地抑制作用，而黑暗条件适合于青蒿植株的瞬时表达;此系统可用于不同基因型的青蒿植株。 四、青蒿过氧化物酶基因的克隆及功能分析 　　利用RACE方法，从青蒿高产株系001中克隆了一个第三大类植物过氧化物酶的cDNA。克隆的青蒿过氧化物酶氨基酸序列与白羽扇豆、辣根菜、小麦、烟草、蕃茄的过氧化物酶的同源性分别为42.0%、36.2%、38.9%、33.6%和32.8%。青蒿过氧化物酶的编码区被克隆进原核表达载体PET-30a，并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS中诱导表达，过量表达产物主要以包涵体形式存在，但也有相当一部分可溶性蛋白出现。表达的蛋白具有明显催化抗坏血酸、愈创木酚的过氧化物酶活性，催化愈创木酚活性大约是催化抗坏血酸的1.8倍。氨基酸同源性分析与过氧化反应表明克隆的过氧化物酶属于植物第三大类过氧化物酶。青蒿过氧化物酶间接促进了青蒿细胞提取液中青蒿酸向青蒿素的生物转化，但不能直接以青蒿酸作为催化底物。 五、外源赤霉素处理与开花对青蒿素、青蒿酸生物合成的影响 　　研究结果发现在青蒿的营养生长期喷施外源赤霉素明显促进了青蒿素的生物合成，同时青蒿酸含量呈下降趋势;从营养期至生殖期，青蒿酸的含量逐渐下降，至开化前期青蒿酸含量下降到最低，从开化前期至开花后期，青蒿酸的含量无多大变化，随着青蒿的发育，从营养生长期至开花期，青蒿素的含量呈上升趋势，至开化盛期时青蒿素含量达到最高。外源赤霉素处理与开花打破了青蒿素生物合成的瓶颈，诱导了青蒿酸向青蒿素的生物转化。

复苏植物牛耳草Boea hygrometrica耐旱复苏过程中LEA基因表达调控及功能研究

本实验室以复苏被子植物旋蒴苣苔（Boea hygrometrica (Bunge) R Br，牛耳草）为实验材料，利用cDNA微阵列技术，筛选到2个LEA蛋白的cDNA片段。它们在干旱条件下表达水平增加一倍以上。在上述基础上，通过5’-RACE的方法扩增得到这两个LEA基因的全长cDNA，BhLEA1和BhLEA2，发现二者编码蛋白均与玄参科复苏植物Craterostigma plantagineum中的第4组LEA蛋白pcCC2具有最高的同源性。PCR扩增得到的基因组序列中发现BhLEA1和BhLEA2在靠近5’端处各有一内含子，分别为97和171bp。利用tail-PCR和inverse-PCR扩增得到BhLEA2的1215bp的启动子序列，其中含ABRE、W-box、HDEs、MYB、MYC、和生长素响应元件等。两个基因在不同胁迫、激素等处理下都有诱导表达。构建过量表达载体, 转化烟草。筛选T2代的纯合体植株进行抗旱试验，测定了干旱过程中的土壤和叶片含水量，PSⅡ最大光化学效率Fv/Fm、SOD和POD酶的活性及蛋白质降解程度，发现BhLEA1和BhLEA2过量表达的烟草抗旱性有明显提高，与野生型相比，叶片含水量和光系统Ⅱ活性下降慢、SOD和POD活性增高、蛋白质降解减少。Western blot检测发现在干旱时，野生型烟草的RbcL、LHCⅡ和PsBO蛋白明显降解，而转基因植物的几乎没有降解，或者降解较少，说明BhLEA的过量表达可以在一定程度上抑制干旱诱导的蛋白质降解。这些结果表明，BhLEA基因可能直接或间接地在牛耳草干旱过程中参与了保护蛋白质的作用，为牛耳草叶片的复苏提供了基础。

LPA3蛋白参与调控PSII组装的功能研究

PSII是一个叶绿体类囊体膜的蛋白复合体，它由20多个蛋白亚基组成，这些蛋白由核基因和叶绿体基因共同编码。由于PSII结构的复杂性，PSII的组装是多步骤的，并得到辅因子和调控蛋白的协助。但我们对参与调控步骤的蛋白因子还了解不多。鉴于叶绿体有限的编码能力，推测参与叶绿体组装调控的因子主要是由核基因来编码的。辨定这些核编码的叶绿体蛋白并深入研究其作用的分子机制将有助于我们了解PSII生物发生的分子机理。为此，我们利用叶绿素荧光成像系统对pER16 T-DNA插入突变体库进行了筛选，并对高荧光突变体lpa3进行了研究。主要研究结果如下： 突变体lpa3生长较为缓慢，叶色黄绿，叶绿素含量低。在突变体中，最大荧光量子产率Fv/Fm降低到0.514，表明PSII光合功能受到了损伤。突变体lpa3叶绿素荧光慢诱导曲线的正常下降表明PSII后的电子传递正常。突变体P700氧化还原动力学与野生型一致，则进一步表明PSI在突变体中是具有功能的。77K发射荧光光谱显示PSII的特征峰在突变体中较高，而PSI的特征荧光峰没有变化，则进一步显示突变体lpa3是一个PSII突变体。 通过Tail-PCR，发现突变体中T-DNA插入导致基因lpa3缺失表达，并且lpa3基因的互补可以使突变体的性状得到恢复。该基因表达的蛋白LPA3含有一个跨膜区域，是一个类囊体膜蛋白。该蛋白不是PSII的蛋白组成成分，可能与自身或者其它的蛋白组成一个复合体而起作用。 在突变体lpa3中PSII蛋白质尤其是核心蛋白D1、D2，含量下降。并且突变体中PSII蛋白复合体含量下降。但是突变体中PSII基因的表达并没有在转录水平受到调节，并且蛋白D1和D2的翻译起始也没有受到影响。体外标记实验表明，PSII中D1蛋白的合成明显降低，而其它蛋白的合成没有改变。进一步实验表明，突变体中PSII的组装效率降低。推测D1蛋白由于不能有效组装而反馈调节自身的合成。 酵母双杂交实验表明LPA3蛋白可以与D1蛋白相互作用，并且也与参与PSII组装的蛋白Alb3相互作用。因此，LPA3蛋白可能和蛋白Alb3形成一个复合体，该复合体与D1蛋白直接相互作用而参与调控PSII的组装。

Defining the orientation of the tandem fusions that occurred during the evolution of Indian muntjac chromosomes by BAC mapping

The Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis) has a karyotype of 2n=6 in the female and 7 in the male, the karyotypic evolution of which through extensive tandem fusions and several centric fusions has been well-documented by recent molecular cytogenetic studies. In an attempt to define the fusion orientations of conserved chromosomal segments and the molecular mechanisms underlying the tandem fusions, we have constructed a highly redundant (more than six times of whole genome coverage) bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of Indian muntjac. The BAC library contains 124,800 clones with no chromosome bias and has an average insert DNA size of 120 kb. A total of 223 clones have been mapped by fluorescent in situ hybridization onto the chromosomes of both Indian muntjac and Chinese muntjac and a high-resolution comparative map has been established. Our mapping results demonstrate that all tandem fusions that occurred during the evolution of Indian muntjac karyotype from the acrocentric 2n=70 hypothetical ancestral karyotype are centromere-telomere (head-tail) fusions.

Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis gen. nov., sp nov (Rhabditida : Rhabditidae), a novel member of the entomopathogenic nematodes

During a recent soil sample survey in Eastern China, a new entomopathogenic nematode species, collected from the Chongming Islands in the southern-eastern area of Shanghai, was discovered. Morphological characteristics of different developmental stages of the nematode combined with molecular data showed that this nematode is a new genus of Rhabditidae, and described as Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis gen. nov., sp. nov., for that it shares more morphological characteristics with heterorhabditids than with ste-inernematids. For males, the papillae formula of bursa is 1, 2, 3, 3, with constant papillae number in the terminal group, stoma tubular-shaped and about 1.5 head width; cheilorhabdions cuticularized, esophageal collar present and long, median bulb present. For infective juveniles, EP = 90 (80-105) mu m, ES = 104 (92-120) mu m, tail length = 111 (89-159) mu m, and a = 19.1 (15-21). The percentages of the nucleotides A, T, C and G in the ITS1 regions of the new species are significantly different from those of heterorhabditids and other rhabditids. Molecular phylogenetic trees based on 18S rDNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences data revealed that the new entomopathogenic nematode species forms a monophyletic group, which is a sister group of the clade comprised of some genera of Rhabditidae. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Identification of novel semenogelin I-derived antimicrobial peptide from liquefied human seminal plasma

Semenogelin I (SgI) is one of the most abundant proteins in human seminal plasma. SgI plays a key role in sperm coagulation and spermatozoon immobilization. in addition, SgI and/or its proteolytic fragments are involved in regulating spermatozoon motility

A TAXONOMIC REVIEW OF TYLOTOTRITON VERRUCOSUS ANDERSON (AMPHIBIA, CAUDATA, SALAMANDRIDAE)

Generally it has not been recognized that salamanders of two distinctive color morphs currently are assigned to Tylototriton verrucosus Anderson. One form is uniformly dark brown dorsally, with bright orange coloration confined to the ventral edge of the tail; the other has a dark brown to black dorsal ground color with orange dorsolateral warts, an orange vertebral crest, and orange lateral and medial crests on the head. In addition, the limbs and ventrolateral surfaces of the second form have a variable pattern of orange coloration. The brown form occurs in northeastern India, Nepal, northern Burma, Bhutan, northern Thailand, the type locality in extreme western Yunnan, and perhaps in northern Vietnam. The orange-patterned form occurs only in western Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. The two forms appear to be allopatric but occur close together in the area of the type locality near the Burma border in western Yunnan. There is no evidence of color intergradation in specimens from this region. Analyses of morphometric and meristic characters, however, suggest the possibility of limited genetic exchange between adjacent populations of brown and orange-patterned forms in western Yunnan. The genetic and taxonomic relationships between the two forms is not fully resolved. However, these two highly distinctive forms obviously have evolved along independent trajectories and merit taxonomic recognition. We therefore propose to restrict the concept of Tylototriton verrucosus to the brown form and designate a neotype for that purpose, and we describe a new species to receive the orange-patterned form.

Fish-Specific Duplicated dmrt2b Contributes to a Divergent Function through Hedgehog Pathway and Maintains Left-Right Asymmetry Establishment Function

Gene duplication is thought to provide raw material for functional divergence and innovation. Fish-specific dmrt2b has been identified as a duplicated gene of the dmrt2a/terra in fish genomes, but its function has remained unclear. Here we reveal that Dmrt2b knockdown zebrafish embryos display a downward tail curvature and have U-shaped somites. Then, we demonstrate that Dmrt2b contributes to a divergent function in somitogenesis through Hedgehog pathway, because Dmrt2b knockdown reduces target gene expression of Hedgehog signaling, and also impairs slow muscle development and neural tube patterning through Hedgehog signaling. Moreover, the Dmrt2b morphants display defects in heart and visceral organ asymmetry, and, some lateral-plate mesoderm (LPM) markers expressed in left side are randomized. Together, these data indicate that fish-specific duplicated dmrt2b contributes to a divergent function in somitogenesis through Hedgehog pathway and maintains the common function for left-right asymmetry establishment.

Histone H2A Has a Novel Variant in Fish Oocytes

Histone variants and their modification have significant roles in many cellular processes. In this study, we identified and characterized the histone H2A variant h2af1o in fish and revealed its oocyte-specific expression pattern during oogenesis and embryogenesis. Moreover, posttranslational modification of H2af1o was observed that results from phosphorylation during oocyte maturation. To understand the binding dynamics of the novel core histone variant H2af1o in nucleosomes, we cloned ubiquitous gibel carp h2afx as a conventional histone control and investigated the dynamic exchange difference in chromatin by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. H2af1o has significantly higher mobility in nucleosomes than ubiquitous H2afx. Compared with ubiquitous H2afx, H2af1o has a tightly binding C-terminal and a weakly binding N-terminal. These data indicate that fish oocytes have a novel H2A variant that destabilizes nucleosomes by protruding its N-terminal tail and stabilizes core particles by contracting its C-terminal tail. Our findings suggest that H2af1o may have intrinsic ability to modify chromatin properties during fish oogenesis, oocyte maturation, and early cleavage.

Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoa of the Yangtze Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)

P>Semen sample was collected from two captive adult Yangtze finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) during physical examination. One individual was aged about 9 years with body length 143 cm (total length) and body weight 46.1 kg in 2003. The age of the other was unknown and its body length was 147 cm and body weight was 43 kg in 2004. Ultrastructure of their spermatozoa was examined using scanning and transmission electron microscope. The sperm concentration was 4.17 x 10(9) spermatozoa per ml by the cytometer. The approximate dimensions of the spermatozoa were as follows: head length, 3.366 +/- 0.140 mu m (mean +/- SE, n = 15); head width, 1.896 +/- 0.099 mu m (n = 15); and neck length, 1.004 +/- 0.074 mu m (n = 10). The tail included midpiece, principal piece and terminal piece. The length of the midpiece was 1.882 +/- 0.077 mu m (n = 9). There is no apparent boundary between the principal piece and the terminal piece, so the length of the principal piece and the terminal piece was 44.612 +/- 3.485 mu m (n = 5). Total length of the spermatozoa was 53.314 +/- 4.580 mu m (n = 10). The acrosome covered approximately 45.8% of the anterior portion of the head.

Bead-probe complex capture a couple of SINE and LINE family from genomes of two closely related species of East Asian cyprinid directly using magnetic separation

Background: Short and long interspersed elements (SINEs and LINEs, respectively), two types of retroposons, are active in shaping the architecture of genomes and powerful tools for studies of phylogeny and population biology. Here we developed special protocol to apply biotin-streptavidin bead system into isolation of interspersed repeated sequences rapidly and efficiently, in which SINEs and LINEs were captured directly from digested genomic DNA by hybridization to bead-probe complex in solution instead of traditional strategy including genomic library construction and screening. Results: A new couple of SINEs and LINEs that shared an almost identical 3'tail was isolated and characterized in silver carp and bighead carp of two closely related species. These SINEs (34 members), designated HAmo SINE family, were little divergent in sequence and flanked by obvious TSD indicated that HAmo SINE was very young family. The copy numbers of this family was estimated to 2 x 10(5) and 1.7 x 10(5) per haploid genome by Real-Time qPCR, respectively. The LINEs, identified as the homologs of LINE2 in other fishes, had a conserved primary sequence and secondary structures of the 3'tail region that was almost identical to that of HAmo SINE. These evidences suggest that HAmo SINEs are active and amplified recently utilizing the enzymatic machinery for retroposition of HAmoL2 through the recognition of higher-order structures of the conserved 42-tail region. We analyzed the possible structures of HAmo SINE that lead to successful amplification in genome and then deduced that HAmo SINE, SmaI SINE and FokI SINE that were similar in sequence each other, were probably generated independently and created by LINE family within the same lineage of a LINE phylogeny in the genomes of different hosts. Conclusion: The presented results show the advantage of the novel method for retroposons isolation and a pair of young SINE family and its partner LINE family in two carp fishes, which strengthened the hypotheses containing the slippage model for initiation of reverse transcription, retropositional parasitism of SINEs on LINEs, the formation of the stem loop structure in 3'tail region of some SINEs and LINEs and the mechanism of template switching in generating new SINE family.

Metallothionein-2 gene from the mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi: cDNA cloning, tissue expression, and immunohistochemical localization

The metallothionein-2 (MT-2) gene was isolated from the mandarin fish, one of the most important industrial aquatic animals in China, by using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The deduced amino acid sequence of MT-2 comprised 60 amino acids and showed approximately 62.3% identity to human metallothionein. Its promoter region was amplified by thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction (TAIL-PCR). The MT-2 gene consists of 3 exons and 2 introns, extending approximately 900 bp of genomic sequence. Phylogenetic analysis clearly demonstrated that MT-2 formed a clade with fish metallothionein. The promoter region contained 5 putative metal-regulatory elements (MREs) and 1 TATA box. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that MT-2 transcripts were significantly increased in the brain and gills and were stable in the muscles, liver, and trunk kidney in Cd2+-stimulated fish. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that the protein of the MT-2 gene was expressed mainly in the gills, liver, heart, trunk kidney, muscle, and intestine; it was weakly detected in the brain and head kidney. Moreover, the MT-2 protein was immunohistochemically detected in the cytoplasm in the liver and trunk kidney. All the above results revealed that the mandarin fish MT-2 would be a useful biomarker for metal pollution. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc.

Hybrid cytomegalovirus-U6 promoter-based plasmid vectors improve efficiency of RNA interference in zebrafish

Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) directed by RNA polymerase III (Pol III) or Pol II promoter was shown to be capable of silencing gene expression, which should permit analyses of gene functions or as a potential therapeutic tool. However, the inhibitory effect of shRNA remains problematic in fish. We demonstrated that silencing efficiency by shRNA produced from the hybrid construct composed of the CMV enhancer or entire CMV promoter placed immediately upstream of a U6 promoter. When tested the exogenous gene, silencing of an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) target gene was 89.18 +/- 5.06% for CMVE-U6 promoter group and 88.26 +/- 6.46% for CMV-U6 promoter group. To test the hybrid promoters driving shRNA efficiency against an endogenous gene, we used shRNA against no tail (NTL) gene. When vectorized in the zebrafish, the hybrid constructs strongly repressed NTL gene expression. The NTL phenotype occupied 52.09 +/- 3.06% and 51.56 +/- 3.68% for CMVE-U6 promoter and CMV-U6 promoter groups, respectively. The NTL gene expression reduced 82.17 +/- 2.96% for CMVE-U6 promoter group and 83.06 +/- 2.38% for CMV-U6 promoter group. We concluded that the CMV enhancer or entire CMV promoter locating upstream of the U6-promoter could significantly improve inhibitory effect induced by the shRNA for both exogenous and endogenous genes compared with the CMV promoter or U6 promoter alone. In contrast, the two hybrid promoter constructs had similar effects on driving shRNA.

Developmental toxicity and alteration of gene expression in zebrafish embryos exposed to PFOS

Perfluorooetanesulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent organic pollutant, the potential toxicity of which is causing great concern. In the present study, we employed zebrafish embryos to investigate the developmental toxicity of this compound. Four-hour post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.1, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5 mg/L PFOS. Hatching was delayed and hatching rates as well as larval survivorship, were significantly reduced after the embryos were exposed to 1, 3 and 5 mg/L PFOS until 132 hpf. The fry displayed gross developmental malformations, including epiboly deformities, hypopigmentation, yolk sac edema, tail and heart malformations and spinal curvature upon exposure to PFOS concentrations of I mg/L or greater. Growth (body length) was significantly reduced in the 3 and 5 mg/L PFOS-treated groups. To test whether developmental malformation was mediated via apoptosis, flow cytometry analysis of DNA content, acridine orange staining and TUNEL assay was used. These techniques indicated that more apoptotic cells were present in the PFOS-treated embryos than in the control embryos. Certain genes related to cell apoptosis, p53 and Bax, were both significantly up-regulated upon exposure to all the concentrations tested. In addition, we investigated the effects of PFOS on marker genes related to early thyroid development (hhex and pax8) and genes regulating the balance of androgens and estrogens (cyp19a and cyp19b). For thyroid development, the expression of hhex was significantly up-regulated at all concentrations tested, whereas pax8 expression was significantly up-regulated only upon exposure to lower concentrations of PFOS (0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/L). The expression of cyp19a and of cyp19b was significantly down-regulated at all exposure concentrations. The overall results indicated that zebrafish embryos constitute a reliable model for testing the developmental toxicity of PFOS, and the gene expression patterns in the embryos were able to reveal some potential mechanisms of developmental toxicity. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.