Femtosecond laser-induced damage in reflector

We have investigated the damage for ZrO2/SiO2 800 nm 45 degrees high-reflection mirror with femtosecond pulses. The damage morphologies and the evolution of ablation crater depths with laser fluences are dramatically different from that with pulse longer than a few tens of picoseconds. The ablation in multilayers occurs layer by layer, and not continuously as in the case of bulk single crystalline or amorphous materials. The weak point in damage is the interface between two layers. We also report its single-short damage thresholds for pulse durations ranging from 50 to 900 fs, which departs from the diffusion-dominated tau(1/2)(p) scaling. A developed avalanche model, including the production of conduction band electrons (CBE) and laser energy deposition, is applied to study the damage mechanisms. The theoretical results agree well with our measurements. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The ultrafast excitation processes in femtosecond laser-induced damage in dielectric omnidirectional reflectors

A pump and probe system is developed, where the probe pulse duration tau is less than 60 fs while the pump pulse is stretched up to 150-670 fs. The time-resolved excitation processes and damage mechanisms in the omnidirectional reflectors SiO2/TiO2 and ZnS/MgF2 are studied. It is found that as the pump pulse energy is higher than the threshold value, the reflectivity of the probe pulse decreases rapidly during the former half, rather than around the peak of the pump pulse. A coupled dynamic model based on the avalanche ionization (AI) theory is used to study the excitation processes in the sample and its inverse influences on the pump pulse. The results indicate that as pulse duration is longer than 150 fs, photoionization (PI) and AI both play important roles in the generation of conduction band electrons (CBEs); the CBE density generated via AI is higher than that via PI by a factor of 10(2)-10(4). The theory explains well the experimental results about the ultrafast excitation processes and the threshold fluences. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.

基于U型塑料光纤和邻啡咯啉钌的溶解氧传感器

本文提出了一种基于U型塑料光纤和邻啡咯啉钌的溶解氧传感器。光纤传感头放在样品池中，测量了不同氮氧体积比情况下荧光强度和寿命。研究了邻啡咯啉钌的浓度、传感头的退火时间和U型光纤的弯曲半径对系统灵敏度的影响。我们提出了双层模型来解释实验结果不符合S-V方程的实验现象，并用双层模型分析了弯曲半径对系统灵敏度的影响。通过对溶解氧浓度和荧光寿命亚线性曲线的拟合，我们得出敏感层的厚度和S-V系数分别为0.59和0.61。

NUMERICAL STUDY OF DAMMANN ARRAY ILLUMINATORS

The numerical solutions of binary-phase (0, tau) gratings for one-dimensional array illuminators up to 32 are presented. Some fabrication errors, which are due to position-quantization errors, phase errors, dilation (or erosion) errors, and the side-slope error, are calculated and show that even-number array illuminators are superior to odd-number array illuminators when these fabrication errors are considered. One (0, tau) binary-phase, 8 x 16 array illuminator made with the wet-chemical-etching method is given in this paper.

XPM-induced pulse compression in birefringent dispersion decreasing fiber

The pulse compression induced by cross-phase modulation in birefringent dispersion decreasing fiber is discussed theoretically by solving the coupled Schrodinger equations which include the contribution of the high-order non-linear effects, and third-order dispersion. In particular, it is found that a high quality compressed signal pulse can be obtained by a pump pulse of low intense through the technique. The dependence of optimum compression on the non-linear factor N, time delay tau(d) and the dispersive ratio f is also discussed in detail. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

高功率钕玻璃激光三倍频脉冲时间波形的研究

基于目前国内规模最大的激光驱动器——“神光Ⅱ”八路基频光已经实现功率平衡运行，通过改变其中若干路三倍频系统各调谐量的偏离，对输出三倍频波形进行束与束之间的横向对比研究．研究发现，对于Ⅱ类-Ⅱ类偏振失配三倍频系统，在影响转换效率的三个调谐量中，偏振分配角失配△θp，对三倍频波形影响最大；在入射基频功率密度约为1．0GW／cm^2情况下，当三倍频系统三个调谐量都处在最佳匹配时，三倍频波形半峰全宽τ最小。研究工作为最终实现“神光Ⅱ”八路光束三倍频功率平衡输出提供了晶体调试的方法。

Nd3+螯合物的含氢有机溶液光谱性能研究

Tris-thenoyltrifluroacetonate of Nd3+ has been prepared and dissolved in DMF solation with very high concentration, and the contained hydrogen has not been substituted by deuterium. The absorption spectrum, emission spectrum, and fluorescence lifetime of the solution were measured. Very obvious characteristic fluorescence peaks were observed at 898 and 1058 nm. Based on Judd-Ofelt theory, three intensity parameters were obtained: Omega(2) = 4.9 x 10(-20) cm(2), Omega(4) = 5.1 x 10(-20) cm(2) and Omega(6) = 2.5 x 10(-20) cm(2). Line strengths S-cal, oscillator strengths f(cal), radiative transition probabilities A(ed), radiative lifetimes tau(r) and branch ratios beta were calculated too. The measured lifetime tau of 1058 nm peak is 460 mu s, and that of 898 nm 505 mu s. Comparison between theoretically computed radiative lifetime tau(r)(682 mu s) and the measured lifetime indicates that the non-radiative transition probability of the solution is very low and the fluorescence quantum efficiency very high. High values of three intensity parameters prove the high asymmetric surroundings of Nd3+, which is important for Nd3+ to absorb the excitation energy. Spectropic quality factor Omega(4)/Omega(6) > 1 makes radiation at 898 nm stronger than at 1058 nm.

铒离子浓度对掺Er^3＋碲酸盐玻璃的Judd-Ofelt理论参数的影响

制备了四种不同铒离子掺杂浓度的碲酸盐玻璃，通过测定吸收光谱计算了吸收谱线的振子强度，根据Judd-Ofelt理论计算了不同浓度下Er^3＋离子发光光谱的强度参数Ω（i=2，4，6），计算了自发辐射电偶和磁偶跃迁概率、辐射寿命、荧光分支比等参数，讨论了Er^3＋离子浓度变化对以上这些参数的影响。测试了Er^3＋：^4I13／2→^4I15／2跃迁对应的荧光光谱和Er^3＋：^4I13／2能级荧光寿命。最后应用McCumber理论计算了玻璃中Er^3＋：^4I13／2→^4I15／2跃迁对应的受激发射截面大小

Effect of bismuth oxide on the thermal stability and Judd-Ofelt parameters of Er 3(+)/Yb3(+) co-doped aluminophosphate glasses

The Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped glasses with compositions of xBi(2)O(3)-(65-x)P2O5-4Yb(2)O(3)-11Al(2)O(3)-5BaO-15Na(2)O (where x = 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mol%) were prepared using the normal melt quench technique. The optical absorption spectra of the glasses were recorded in the wavelength range 300-1700 nm. The effect of Bi2O3 content on the thermal stability and absorption spectra of glasses was investigated. In addition, the Judd-Ofelt parameters and oscillator strengths were calculated by employing Judd-Ofelt theory. It was observed that the positions of the fundamental absorption edge and cut-off wavelength shifted towards red as the content of Bi2O3 increased. However, there were no red shifts found both in the peak wavelength and in the center of mass wavelength of all absorption bands with Bi2O3 content increasing. The results of Judd-Ofelt theory analysis showed that Judd-Ofelt parameters Omega(t), (t = 2, 4, 6) changed sharply when Bi2O3 concentration exceeded 5 mol%. The variation trends of experimental oscillator strength were similar with those of Judd-Ofelt parameters as function of Bi2O3 concentrations. Moreover, differential scanning calorimetry experiments showed that the increases of Bi2O3 content weakened the network structure and then lowered the thermal stability of the glasses. The spontaneous emission probability A(rad), branching ratio beta and the radiative lifetime tau(rad) were also calculated and analyzed. The stimulated emission cross-section of Er3+ was calculated according to the McCumber theory. It was found that the stimulated emission cross-section of Er3+ was monotonically increases with Bi2O3 content increasing. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Spectroscopic and structural properties of YbF3-doped fluorophosphate glasses

Compositional influences on the spectroscopic properties of Yb3+ and the structural variations with the introduction of YbF3 were studied in fluorophosphate glasses. Emission cross-section (sigma(emi)) and gain coefficient (sigma(emi) x tau(f)) were calculated which exhibit maximum at RF2 = 33 mol%. YbF3 has an important effect on the glass forming ability of fluorophosphate glasses when RF2 is over 36 mol%. The study of Raman spectra showed big differences on the glass structure between non-Yb3+ and Yb3+ -doped glasses. The main building units in Yb3+-doped samples are metaphosphate groups, pyrophosphate groups (P-2(O,F)(7), PO3F), Al[F-6] +Al[O,F](6) and F3Al-O-AlF3 while those of the non-Yb3+-doped glasses are monophosphate group P(O,F)(4), little pyrophosphate group, Al[F-4] + Al[F-6] + Al[O,F](4) + Al[O,F](6) and F3Al-O-AlF3, which means Yb3+ ions contribute to a better glass polymerization and network uniformity. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of B2O3 to the inhomogeneous broadening and spectroscopic properties of Er3+/Yb3+ codoped fluorophosphate glasses

In a three-components fluorophosphate glass system, the introduction of H3BO3 brings some valuable influence to the spectroscopic and thermal properties of the glasses. With H3BO3 increases from 2 to 20mol%, ohm(6), S-ed4113/2, FWHM, T-g and fluorescence lifetime change from 3.21 x 10(-20) cm(2), 1.77 x 10(-20) cm(2), 45 nm, 480 degrees C and 8.8 ms to 4.66 x 10(-20) cm(2), 2.11 x 10(-20) cm(2), 50 nm, 541 degrees C and 7.4 ms, respectively. sigma(abs), sigma(emi), FWHM x tau(f) x sigma(emi) has a maximum when H-3 BO3 is 11 mol%. T-g and T-x-T-g increases with H3BO3 introduction. Results showed that in fluorophosphate glasses, proper amount of B2O3 can be used as a modifier to suppress upconversion and improve spectroscopic properties, broadband property and crystallization stability of the glasses while keeps the fluorescence lifetime relatively high. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

荧光俘获效应对掺铒氧化物玻璃光谱性质的影响

测试了不同掺杂浓度和样品厚度下掺铒磷酸盐和碲酸盐玻璃的吸收光谱、荧光光谱和荧光寿命，计算了Er^3＋离子在1．53μm处的吸收截面（σa）、发射截面（σe）、自发辐射跃迁概率（Arad）、辐射跃迁寿命（τrad）、以及辐射跃迁量子效率（η）等光谱参数．讨论了荧光俘获效应对掺铒磷酸盐和碲酸盐玻璃光谱性质及光谱参数的影响．结果表明即使在铒离子低掺杂浓度（0．1mol％Er2O3）下，荧光俘获效应也普遍存在于掺铒玻璃材料中，使得荧光寿命（τt）和荧光半高宽（FWHM）随样品的厚度和铒离子掺杂浓度增加而增大，导致

CW-pumped evanescent amplification based on side-polished fiber with heavily Er3+-doped glass overlay

A novel diffractive-pumping scheme is proposed to improve the evanescent amplification using blazed fiber grating for the first time. We also investigate the cw-pumped-evanescent amplification at 1.55 mu m wavelength with the relative optical gain pumped at 1480 nm of around 2 dB based on side-polished fiber with the effective interaction length as long as 16 mm and with a heavily Er3+-doped (N-Er(3+) > 1.19 x 10(21) ions/cm(3)), low refractive index (n(1550) < 1.47) glass overlay, which has no concentration quenching (tau(f) = 9.0 ms).

Effects of Yb ion concentration on the spectral properties of lead silica glasses

The spectral properties in different concentration of Yb ions (0.5-5 mol%)-doped silica glasses are explored in this paper. The glasses are prepared by traditional melting method. The absorption spectra and the fluorescent lifetime (tau(f)) are measured at room temperature and low temperature (18 K). The stimulated cross-section (sigma(emi)) and potential laser properties (beta(min), I-sat, I-min) are calculated based on the absorption spectra. The absorption cross-section (sigma(abs)) are in the range 1.08 x 10(-20) - 1.18 x 10(-20) cm(2) in different glasses, the fluorescence lifetime (tau(f)) change from 1.9 to 1.2 ms with the increase of Yb3+ concentration. The potential laser properties indicate that lead silica glass is a good host for highly Yb ion doping glass. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of bismuth oxide introduction on spectroscopic properties of Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped aluminophosphate glasses

The absorption spectra, emission spectra and infrared spectra of Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped xBi(2)O(3)-(65 - x)P2O5-4Yb(2)O(3)-11Al(2)O(3)-5BaO-15Na(2)O were measured and investigated. Spontaneous emission probability, radiative lifetime and branching ratios of Er3+ were calculated according to the Judd-Ofelt theory. The role of substitution of Bi2O3 for P2O5 on luminescence of Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped aluminophosphate glasses has been investigated. The calculated radiative lifetimes (tau(rad)) for I-4(13/2) and I-4(11/2) were decreasing with Bi2O3 content increases, whereas the measured total lifetime (tau(meas)) for I-4(13/2) showed linearly increasing trends. The effect of Bi2O3 introduction on OH- groups was also discussed according to the IR transmittance spectra of glasses. It was found that FWHM of glasses were not affected with the substitution of Bi2O3 for P2O5. The emission spectra intensity increased with Bi2O3 content due to the decreases of phonon energy and OH- content in glasses. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.