119 resultados para nutrient use efficiency


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National Natural Science Foundation of China [30590381, 40971027]; State Key Technologies RD Program [2006BAC08]; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; National Key Research and Development Program [2010CB833501]

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National Natural Science Foundation of China [70673097]

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Radiation-use efficiency (RUE, g/MJ) and the harvest index (HI, unitless) are two helpful characteristics in interpreting crop response to environmental and climatic changes. They are also increasingly important for accurate crop yield simulation, but they are affected by various environmental factors. In this study, the RUE and HI of winter wheat and their relationships to canopy spectral reflectance were investigated based on the massive field measurements of five nitrogen (N) treatments. Crop production can be separated into light interception and RUE. The results indicated that during a long period of slow growth from emergence to regreening, the effect of N on crop production mainly showed up in an increased light interception by the canopy. During the period of rapid growth from regreening to maturity, it was present in both light interception and RUE. The temporal variations of RUEAPAR (aboveground biomass produced per unit of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy) during the period from regreening to maturity had different patterns corresponding to the N deficiency, N adequacy and N-excess conditions. Moreover, significant relationships were found between the RUEAPAR and the accumulative normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the integrated season (R-2 = 0.68), between the HI and the accumulative NDVI after anthesis (R-2 = 0.89), and between the RUEgrain (ratio of grain yield to the total amount of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy) and the accumulative NDVI of the whole season (R-2 = 0.89) and that after anthesis (R-2 = 0.94). It suggested that canopy spectral reflectance has the potential to reveal the spatial information of the RUEAPAR, HI and RUEgrain. It is hoped that this information will be useful in improving the accuracy of crop yield simulation in large areas.

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Through 2-3-year (2003-2005) continuous eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes, we examined the seasonal, inter-annual, and inter-ecosystem variations in the ecosystem-level water use efficiency (WUE, defined as the ratio of gross primary production, GPP, to evapotranspiration, ET) at four Chinese grassland ecosystems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and North China. Representing the most prevalent grassland types in China, the four ecosystems are an alpine swamp meadow ecosystem, an alpine shrub-meadow ecosystem, an alpine meadow-steppe ecosystem, and a temperate steppe ecosystem, which illustrate a water availability gradient and thus provide us an opportunity to quantify environmental and biological controls on ecosystem WUE at different spatiotemporal scales. Seasonally, WUE tracked closely with GPP at the four ecosystems, being low at the beginning and the end of the growing seasons and high during the active periods of plant growth. Such consistent correspondence between WUE and GPP suggested that photosynthetic processes were the dominant regulator of the seasonal variations in WUE. Further investigation indicated that the regulations were mainly due to the effect of leaf area index (LAI) on carbon assimilation and on the ratio of transpiration to ET (T/ET). Besides, except for the swamp meadow, LAI also controlled the year-to-year and site-to-site variations in WUE in the same way, resulting in the years or sites with high productivity being accompanied by high WUE. The general good correlation between LAI and ecosystem WUE indicates that it may be possible to predict grassland ecosystem WUE simply with LAI. Our results also imply that climate change-induced shifts in vegetation structure, and consequently LAI may have a significant impact on the relationship between ecosystem carbon and water cycles in grasslands.

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本文选择东灵山地区具有代表性的11种植物,研究了植物叶片养分元素动态特征以及各个层次物种、生活型和生境等对植物叶片养分元素再吸收的影响。主要结论如下: 1、不同物种间、以及相同物种在不同森林类型内的叶片C素含量变化程度较小;11个物种之间叶片N素养分浓度差很大,但各种植物叶片的N素含量的季节变化比较一致,大多数情况下表现为单峰型或双峰变化曲线;各种森林类型中11种植物叶片P的最高含量都出现在生长初期,以后开始下降。 2、在物种水平、养分再吸收是一种重要的养分保存机制,N素和P素再吸收率大约为50%,对这两种养分元素而言,相同生境下生长的不同植物种的养分再吸收率不同,存在显著差异,而同一植物种不同生境下养分再吸收率之间也存在差异,而S素的差异则不显著。 3、同一生活型在不同的森林类型中养分再吸收率差异不明显,同一森林类型中不同生活型的养分再吸收率差异也不明显;高养分再吸收率不是低养分环境所选择的优势性状,低养分环境中的物种主要通过延长叶片寿命和加强低养分浓度状况下的物质合成来适应低养分环境。 4、除了土壤pH值外,土壤容重、土壤有机质、土壤全氮、土壤阳离子交换量在三种生境下都表现出一定的差异性。华北落叶松林生境下的土壤养分含量较丰富,其次是落叶阔叶混交林,辽东栎林相对前二种生境其土壤养分相对低一些,但在三种生境之间养分元素再吸收率差异不显著,植物养分再吸收没有或微弱地受控于土壤养分获得的能力。

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Berendse&Aerts (1987)认为氮素利用效率(nitrogen use efficiency,NUE)可以分为两部分的乘积,即:①氮素生产力(nitrogen productivity,NP),②氮素的平均滞留时间(mean residencetime,MRT)。本文利用这一概念对处于我国北方农牧交错带的内蒙古自治区多伦县典型植物的氮素利用策略进行了研究。研究假设:植物在贫瘠生境上所采取的氮素适应策略主要是提高对所吸收氮素的保持能力(较长的MRT),而不是提高NUE。 在不同土壤生境上,属于不同生活型的不同物种其NP和MRT之间存在负相关关系。在不同生境、生活型和物种之间,作为NP与MRT乘积的NUE比NP、MRT的变化相对要小,结果表明植物主要通过延长MRT来适应氮素贫瘠的生境。因为NP与MRT相反的方向变化,二者不能同时增加或减少,所以NP与MRT之间存在相互协调(trade-off)的关系。 在群落和生态系统水平上,NP与MRT之间也存在相互协调关系,不同水平上的NUE之间也存在一定的联系。除了在种间存在这种关系外,通过对多伦县和十三里滩两种针茅(大针茅、克氏针茅)的氮素利用特征的研究,发现在种内,NP与MRT之间也存在这种相互协调关系。NUE与土壤供氮能力有关,随着土壤供氮能力的下降,NUE呈上升趋势。植物的NUE不仅与土壤的供氮能力有关,其它因素如土壤水分供应状况也会对植物的NUE产生影响,例如,与生长在河岸上的植物相比,生长在河滩湿地上的植物具有较高的NP,但MRT却较低。在群落中,不同植物个体的NUE及其组成参数NP和MRT也存在较大的差异,较大的植株具有较高的NP和MRT,因而NUE也高于个体较小的植株。本文研究结果表明,植物的NUE与氮素回收转移特性密切相关,植物提高氮素回收效率(nitrogen resorption efficiency,NRE)可以延长MRT,从而提高NUE。

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通过对抚顺市温道林场20、53和69年生长白落叶松(Larix olgensis)人工林生物量和营养元素的积累与分配、养分利用效率和养分再吸收效率、养分生物循环的研究,探讨了长白落叶松生长发育不同阶段的养分生态学特征;对东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场17年生兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)人工林进行5年的施肥(NH4NO3,15 g•m-2•a-1),研究了施肥对人工林养分生物循环的影响。结果表明: (1)20、53和69年生单株落叶松生物量分别为33.14 kg•tree-1、311.42 kg•tree-1和408.46 kg•tree-1,随林龄的增长而增加。各器官生物量的分配格局为:树干>根>树枝>树皮>针叶。树干生物量的分配比例为50.16%~69.20%,随林龄的增长比例增大,而其他器官生物量的分配比例则逐渐减小。20、53和69年生单株落叶松净生产力分别为3.04 kg•tree-1•a-1、9.68 kg•tree-1•a-1和10.21 kg•tree-1•a-1,随林龄的增长而增大。针叶和树干的净生产力最大,分别占整株林木净生产力的40.07%~47.93%和27.32%~40.97%,并且随林龄的增长而增大。树枝、树皮和根的净生产力则表现出随林龄的增长呈抛物线状。 (2)20、53和69年生单株落叶松N、P、K、Ca、Mg等5种营养元素的总贮量分别为308.14 g•tree-1、2021.01 g•tree-1和2485.24 g•tree-1,随林龄的增长而增加。5种营养元素的贮量大小为:Ca>N>K>Mg>P。树干养分贮量的分配比例为19.74%~34.23%,随林龄的增长呈抛物线状。针叶、树枝和树皮的养分贮量占整株林木养分贮量的比例为35.16%~45.59%,建议在采伐木材时实施去皮、打枝等措施,留下针叶、树枝和树皮在林地中,让其自然分解以使营养元素重新归还利用,对于维持林地的养分平衡和长期生产力具有积极作用。 (3)20、53和69年生单株落叶松年吸收养分量分别为35.31 g•tree-1•a-1、97.83 g•tree-1•a-1和100.08 g•tree-1•a-1,随林龄的增长而增加。5种营养元素的年吸收量大小为:Ca>N>K>Mg>P。落叶松的养分利用效率随林龄的增长而增大,但生长到一定年龄阶段后,其养分利用效率逐渐趋于稳定。落叶松的最佳采伐年龄应为养分利用效率保持稳定时的年龄,此时采伐单位干材所带走的林地养分量较少。不同营养元素的利用效率不同,P的利用效率最高,Mg、K次之,N、Ca最低。不同器官的养分利用效率不同,树干的养分利用效率最高,其次是根、树枝、树皮,针叶最低。随着林龄的增长,树干和根的养分利用效率增大,而树枝和树皮的养分利用效率减小。 (4)落叶松叶片的N再吸收效率为50.76%~55.11%,随林龄的增长表现出增大的趋势;P和K再吸收效率分别为64.38%~68.85%和87.85%~90.62%,随林龄的增长表现出减小的趋势。从养分利用效率和养分再吸收效率综合判断,本研究区落叶松生长可能受土壤N、P、K供应的限制,3种营养元素的限制作用大小为:K>P>N。 (5)落叶松人工林养分的年吸收量、年存留量和年归还量分别为51.94~78.35 kg•hm-2•a-1、17.77~29.43 kg•hm-2•a-1和34.18~48.92 kg•hm-2•a-1,均随林龄的增长而减少,这与林分密度逐渐减小有关。5种营养元素的年吸收量和年存留量大小均为:Ca>N>K>Mg>P,年归还量大小为:Ca>N>Mg>K>P。落叶松人工林的养分循环速率为0.624~0.658,随林龄的增长而增大。5种营养元素的循环速率以Mg、N最快,Ca、P次之,K最慢。K的循环速率较低,可能与研究区土壤K含量较低而表现出的K再吸收效率较高有关。 (6)施肥导致落叶松叶片N再吸收效率显著降低,而凋落叶片的N浓度显著增加,从而使凋落叶片的C/N比由80.29降低到60.29。施肥林地凋落叶片C/N比的降低使其分解速率加快,有利于其养分归还土壤,从而加快了系统的养分循环速率,提高了系统的养分利用率。因此,在人工林经营中,施肥不仅能提高林地生产力,而且对于维持林地养分循环具有积极作用。

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以科尔沁沙地章古台地区人工林树种樟子松(Pinus svlvestris var.mongolica)、油松(Ptabulaeformis)、赤松(Pdensora)和彰武小钻杨(Populusxiaozhuanica)以及11、20、29、45四个年龄樟子松树木为材料,从植物N、P、K、Ca、Mg养分方面探讨了树木对贫痔生境的适应能力。结果表明:针叶树樟子松、赤松、油松叶片N、P、K含量的季节特征相似。叶片N含量各季节变化较小,而叶片P、K含量在2003年总体表现出逐渐增加的趋势。四个年龄樟子松叶片的养分含量季节特征相似。樟子松叶片的平均N和P含量显著(P<0.05)高于赤松,油松最低,而三者N:P比和K含量无显著差别。彰武小钻杨叶片的N、P、K含量显著高于针叶树。樟子松叶片N、P、K的再吸收效率与能力及利用效率均低于油松和赤松,而Mg的再吸收效率与能力及利用效率均高于两种树种。反映了樟子松对N、P、K养分的保存·利用和减少损失量的能力均低于油松和赤松,而对Mg的保存和利用能力则强于两种树种。结合叶片凋落造成的年养分损失量大小差异,对N、P、K供应不足生境的适应能力大小为:油松>赤松>樟子松。针叶树N、P、K、ca、Mg的再吸收能力和利用效率都显著高于落叶树彰武小钻杨,反映出针叶树更能适应贫瘠环境的特点。随着樟子松年龄的增加,叶片的N、P、K、Mg再吸收效率和能力都表现出了下降的趋势,反映了樟子松对贫瘩生境的适应能力随着年龄的增加而下降。同时,随着年龄的增加樟子松叶片单位N、P、K、Mg养分的生产力水平下降,表现了在养分利用上的衰退特征。对树木叶片N:P比、养分再吸收效率与能力及利用效率进行分析和比较,表明研究区最限制树木生长的养分可能为N,P的限制作用还不突出。人为干扰造成大量N、P、K养分从森林生态系统中损失。树木叶片N的年再吸收量与总的N年损失量相当,反映了在剧烈人为干扰条件下,养分再吸收对于树木的生长和生存具有更加重要的作用。