岩溶洞穴系统稳定碳同位素演化的地球化学过程及其环境意义

稳定碳同位素作为环境替代指标己经在不同的载体上得到了广泛运用，例如树轮。泥炭、碳酸盐岩等。目前岩溶学者也逐渐开始运用洞穴次生化学沉积物中的稳定碳同位素探讨古气候环境的变迁史，例如植被的更替、大气CO。的浓度变化等。然而由于缺乏该指标在岩溶洞穴系统中形成机理的研究，使得该环境替代指标的运用非常有限。本论文在贵州岩溶地区选择了上覆植被分别为原始森林。灌丛草坡、草坡和石漠化的凉风洞、七星们、犀牛洞、将军们作为研究对象，对岩溶洞穴系统稳定碳同位素的时空演化规律进行了详细的分析，得出以下几点认识：一．洞穴系统稳定碳同位素对地表气候环境的响应通过对4个不同生境洞穴系统的研究，认为洞穴系统稳定碳同位素可以很好地将原始森林植被同其它植被类型区分开；但是不能很好地区分植被退化的过渡类型如灌丛、草坡以及石漠化等。表明石笋的δ13C值在一定情况下可以用来探讨地表植被的变化。但要做更精确的反演需要在加深机理方面的研究。通过同一洞穴不同滴水点的对比研究，发现不同滴水点沉积物的稳定碳同位素存在差异，并且差异还比较大。表明用石笋的δ13C值对古气候环境进行重建时需要慎重考虑滴水点的详细情况。在这种情况下，应该对稳定碳同位素的地球化学过程进行详细研究，尤其应该结合水化学数据对水的运移途径进行深入研究，才能合理地运用稳定碳同位素对洞顶的植被情况进行正确的反演。洞穴滴水和塘中水DICδ13C值和月累积降雨量成相反的变化趋势；地表泉水、土壤水DICδ13C值。土壤CO2、土壤呼吸δ13C值和月累积降雨量的变化在多数时候具有一致的变化趋势。总体而言，洞穴系统水样DICδ13C值对月平均气温的响应不是很明显。只有洞穴塘中水DICδ13C值和月平均气温成相反的变化规律；土壤呼吸CO2δ13C值对月均温响应较为明显：月平均温度越高，土壤呼吸CO2δ13C值越偏轻，反映了温度较高的时候土壤层中的生物活动较强烈。二．岩溶洞穴系统稳定碳同位素的时间演化犀牛洞、将军洞。七星洞10月份植被δ13C值样品的δ13C值比7月份样品的δ13C值偏重。犀牛洞和将军洞土壤空气CO。的δ13C值在8月份出现了一个峰值，以前在清镇红枫湖生态站草地土壤剖面所作的工作8月份的值也同样偏重。在6月份时，凉风洞和七星洞存在一个较为明显的低值，与微生物和植物的强烈呼吸作用有关。土壤呼吸气CO2的δ13C值在6月份出现了明显的低值，和土壤CO。的变化趋势一致。4个洞穴空气CO2的δ13C值在8、9月份有一个低值。七星洞和外界的连通性最好，其洞穴空气CO2δ13C值随时间的变化最不明显，而凉风洞与夕十界的连通性最差，洞穴空气CO2δ13C值的变化幅度最大。土壤水DIC的δ13C值8月份存在一个峰值，在9月份的时候存在一个低值。七星洞地表泉水DIC的δ13C值自6月份开始有逐渐偏重的趋势，到8月份达到一个不甚明显的峰，这个峰值在凉风洞的表层泉中也略有体现。和土壤水比较，地表泉水的不同点在于低值不出现在9月份，而是出现在10月份，相对而言滞后1个月。原因可能是表层泉水所到达的深度比土壤水深；土壤强烈呼吸作用的响应要比土壤水慢。各个洞穴的滴7RDICδ13C值随时间退推移出现了不同的变化规律，可能与滴水的来源和途径不同有关。4个洞穴塘中水DIC的δ13C值统一在7月份达到了最低值；之后DIC的δ13C值逐渐偏重。三．岩溶洞穴系统稳定碳同位素的空间演化植被样不同部位的δ13C值总体上逐渐偏重的顺序是皮一叶一枝一根～干，说明植物不同部位的稳定碳同位素存在差异。随着凉风洞一七星洞一犀牛4同一将军洞的顺序，植被δ13C值逐渐变重；反映了地表植被由C3植物向C3＋C4植物的过渡，指示了生态环境由原始森林→石漠化方向的退化。土壤有机碳的δ13C值基本继承地表植物δ13C值的特征。没有发生植被更替上壤剖面上有机碳的δ13C值随着深度的增加逐渐偏重；植被发生了变化的土壤剖面则可能出现与正常规律相反的变化情况。土壤剖面上CO2的δ13C值自地表；句下逐渐变轻，在一定深度后大致趋于稳定；土壤呼吸CO2δ13C值位于土壤CO2δ13C值的变化范围；土壤呼吸CO2δ13C值的变化规律和植被δ13C值的变化在空间上具有一致性。土壤水DIC的δ13C值比土壤CO2值偏重；泉水DIC的δ13C值比土壤水DIC的δ13C值偏重，原因是泉水可能己经渗入到基岩层之后再出露到地表，已经混入了部分基岩无机碳的成分。四个研究洞穴系统盖板基岩的δ13C值变化范围大约在2－3‰之间。凉风洞和犀牛洞不同滴水点滴水的δ13C值相对比较稳定，七星们和将军洞的变化比较大。洞穴塘中水DIC的δ13C值和洞穴滴水相比明显偏重，原因为洞穴塘中水经历了强烈的蒸发作用；满后水比滴前水整体偏重。从洞日往内洞穴空气CO2的δ13C值逐渐偏轻，并且洞穴空气CO2δ13C值继承了洞穴水样DICδ13C值的变化趋势。洞穴化学次生沉积物的δ13值：同一个洞穴中不同滴水点化学沉积物的δ13C值存在差异，但是和滴水DIC的δ13C值相对应，反映了沉积物δ13C值对洞穴滴水DICδ13C值的继承，沉积物δ13C值比滴水DICδ13C值偏重。最新鲜沉积物和比较老的沉积物之间的对比偏轻1-2‰，沉积物中的δ13C值有可能发生沉积期后的变化。

社会发展与中国人人格变迁——控制测验理论与工具的变异后不同时期的中国人人格差异研究

In non-western society，researches on social development and personality change focused on economic development and social modernization. The present study is aimed at exploring the relationship between the social transformation and personality changes of Chinese people by using so-called indigenous personality measurement of CPAI (Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory). Meanwhile, the influence of CPAI measurement itself and measurement theory were also taken into consideration. In study 1, two sets of CPAI data collected in a 10 year interval were analyzed. At the same time, the CPAI-2 data was analyzed in terms of modernization level of various cities from which the data were collected. However, this study didn’t consider the importance of “equivalence” of the measurement, CPAI. In study 2, we detected DIF (Differential item functioning) across the different period groups to confirm if CPAI was equal to people in different period. In this process, both CTT and IRT method were used. The outcome reminded us that there were some DIF items. In study 3, to make sure that the personality measurement is fair to people in different period, we only saved those items whose DIF effect size lower than 0.01, and used IRT method to estimate test-taker’s personality. Then, cohort analysis was used to explore the pattern of personality change of Chinese people. In study 4, we factor-analyzed the DIF items to find the relation between social transformation and the latent personality variable which were composed of DIF items. From these 4 studies, we could got the following conclusions: (1) The CPAI 22 traits could be divided into two categories, with the changing of age, period and cohort, type I traits didn’t change, they were Logical vs Affective Orientation, Enterprise, Responsibility, Inferiority vs Self-Acceptance, Optimism vs Pessimism, Face, Family, Defensive, Graciousness vs Meanness; While with the changing of age, period and cohort, type II traits changed, they were Leadership, Self vs. Social Orientation, Veraciousness vs Slickness, Traditionalism vs Modernity, Harmony, Renqing, Meticulousness, Extraversion vs Introversion, Emotionality, Practical Mindedness, Internal vs External Locus of Control, Thrift vs Extravagance, Discipline. Meanwhile DIF items measured 5 psychologycial characteristics which changed greatly with the changing of age, period and cohort, they were Life attitude of Cynicism-realism, Psychological maladjustment, Coping style of Waiyuanneifang, Self-efficacy, the value of Individualism. (2) In sum, Chinese people in 1992 were more traditional than those in 2001, and with the 10-year of rapid development, according to the market economy’s needs, Chinese people became more individualism. (3) The DIF method of CTT and IRT were comparable. But, in generally, IRT method was more accurate and valid in detecting DIF as were as estimating personality. (4) The DIF outcomes showed that CPAI had good item validity. Meanwhile, it’s possible to develop a subscale by using CPAI items to assess some psychological characteristics. In this current study, according to their stability and variability, we could divided personality traits and psychological characteristics into 3 categories, and the outcome supported the hypothesis of “Six Factor Model”, these foundings were of some theoretic meanings. Meanwhile, as the relation between social development and personality change being explored, it certain help Chinese people cope with the rapid changing society. In this study, we also found that it’s possible to develop a subscale by using CPAI items to assess obverse personality traits and it had some practical use. Furthermore, the use of different measurement theory and cohort analysis embodied some innovation in methodology.

通过对心理学期刊的几项统计分析看我国十年来儿童发展教育心理学研究状况与动向

In this study, bibliometric method was usded in the investigation of 2274 papers concerning child developmental and educational psychology, which were published during the ten years of 1979-1988, in 14 psychological journals and 97 other scientific journals. According to the quantitative and qualitative analyses, the results are as follows: 1979-1988 saw the rapid development and prosperous period in China's child developmental and educational psychology, During which more papers were published and more fields couched than in the psvious thirty years. The number of literature publications increased and went to the peak in 1983 and 1984, and came down since 1985. The trend was found to result from the decrease in popular science introductions of psychology, which reflected that a heat of psychology had appeared in 1983 and started to cool in 1985. At the mean time, the number of research reports had been holding a steady increase by 1987 and decreased obviously in 1988, especially in the fields of cognitive and social development. There could be several possible explanations of this phenonemon: Piagetian studies are becoming fewer and the eakening of Piaget's influence might predict a period of standstill in the field of developmental psychology in China; As researches become more and more difficult, researchers have turned to be more cautious in lay out their reports; the cutdown of fees and staff could also be one of reasons for less publication in 1988. As the factors mentioned above still exist and their influences last, the number of papers are not expected to increase in the near future. The field of thinking and menory is closely connected with that of artificial intelligence. The downhill situations in these two fileds should be taken seriously. 2. The types of research work are divided on the bases of their problem raising. The trends show that the deepening studies, which represent a comaratively higher level of exploration, are waving fewer, while repeated studies and creative studies are becoming more as the years go along. This fact is worth being further analysed. Big progress could be seen from research methods. The methods currently used are mainly experiment, psychological measurement and assessment, and theoretical reasoning. There is a rapid increase of research by using scales. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Binet Scale and Baley Scale have been revised andstandardized. Chinese researchers have also developed several good scales of their own, some of which are valuable and need to be standardized. In the papers investigated, the amount of citation is significantly lower than the world average level as well as the average citation number of whole China's scientific literature. Among the papers cited, most are of Chinese and English languages, and only a small rate were published in resently five years. The renewal of literature cited seems to stay at a low level in the ten years. Tremendous work could be reflected by the number of subjects used the research work in those ten years: 362665. A lot of studies piled on the period of 4-16 year olds. Compared with the previous thirty years, the age range was much enlarged and there were quite a few studies about preschool, school and adolescent periods. The study of newborn of 0-3 has been a weak point so far and it is a field to which chinese developmental psychologists should pay more attention. The progress in using statistics is one of the most obvious part in the development in the research work of child developmental and educational psychology. The one tendency that should be awared and avoid is to put the cart before the horse: seeking for more sophisticated statistic method while neglecting the meanings of research problems. 3. Citation analysis was used in selecting scholars who had great influence in the field of child developmental and educational psychology. Among the often cited and famous scholars, 31 are Chinese researchers and 12 are Western psychologists. The authoritative journal for child developmental psychology and educational psychology is Acta Psychologica Sinica.