50 resultados para humic acid


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天然溶解有机质(natural dissolved organic matter,DOM)是由动植物残体经过复杂的物理、化学和生物过程形成的高分子有机混合物,它广泛分布于水体、土壤和沉积物中。DOM的结构十分复杂,分子量从几百到几十万不等,元素组成和化学结构随时空和来源不同而变化。腐殖物质是DOM的主要组成部分,以溶解有机碳计约占DOM总量的50%~80%。腐殖物质可以分为:富里酸(fulvic acid, FA任何pH值条件下都溶于水),腐殖酸(humic acid,HA在pH 1时不溶于水)和胡敏素(humin,任何pH条件下都不溶于水)。 DOM能影响许多生物地球化学过程。例如DOM是一个重要的碳汇,它能影响微生物的食物链和全球碳循环;DOM和营养元素含量、食物链结构等一起决定水生生态系统的属性和发展动态;它还能吸收自然光,从而影响紫外线在水中的穿透能力和浮游植物的光合作用;DOM含有多种弱酸和弱碱官能团,是天然水体pH的调节剂和控制因素;DOM和痕量金属离子或有机污染物发生作用,从而影响它们的形态、毒性、迁移转化和生物有效性;在饮用水消毒过程中,DOM能生成致癌物三卤甲烷和其它消毒副产物。 天然水体中的痕量金属离子(如Cu2+和Hg2+)主要以DOM络合态存在。在海水中DOM控制铜的主要存在形态;在淡水中 90%以上的铜离子与DOM发生配位。通过配位作用DOM能抑制浮游生物对Hg的吸收,增加鱼类对Hg的蓄积。目前,人们对金属离子在环境中的迁移转化机理的理解还不够深入,尤其是对有机质参与下的有毒重金属循环还缺乏必要地认识。条件稳定常数是描述重金属离子与DOM配位能力的基本参数。前人运用多种手段对DOM与金属离子的结合能力进行了研究,主要包括:离子选择性电极法、溶出伏安法、超滤及荧光淬灭滴定法等。紫外吸收滴定法可用于研究单一有机化合物和金属离子的相互作用,在这一领域的应用尚未报道。本文首次将紫外吸收滴定法应用于测定DOM与Cu2+和Hg2+的条件稳定常数。实验表明紫外吸收滴定法迅速、简便、可望成为研究DOM和痕量金属离子相互作用的有力工具。 药品和个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)在环境中普遍存在。有证据表明,环境中的有些PPCPs能对生物体产生影响,如改变生物体的性别比例,影响植物生长,动物幼虫的孵化,甚至具有明显的致畸效应。卡马西平(Carbamazepine,CBZ)是一种常用的抗癫痫、止痛药物和抗抑郁药。毒理学实验表明,环境中的CBZ能严重影响鱼、蚌等水生生物的免疫和循环系统。CBZ使用量大,在环境中含量高,在地下水渗透过程和常规污水处理中保持稳定,因此CBZ成为衡量人类活动和污水处理工艺效率的标志物。但是目前人们对CBZ的环境地球化学循环知之甚少。DOM能与许多有机污染物发生相互作用,从而影响它们的生物环境地球化学行为,但DOM对CBZ的影响尚未见报道。本论文利用三维荧光光谱技术和同步荧光光谱技术,研究了DOM与CBZ的结合强度、结合类型、影响因素,并且初步总结了DOM对CBZ环境地球化学循环的影响。为理解其它PPCPs的生物地球化学循环,预测它们的迁移转化、归宿和环境毒性提供参考。 本文运用紫外吸收滴定法和荧光淬灭滴定法研究了不同来源的DOM和金属离子(Cu2+和Hg2+)的相互作用,运用三维荧光光谱法和同步扫描荧光光谱法研究了DOM和卡马西平的相互作用。主要成果简述如下: 1、本文首次将紫外吸收滴定法应用于测定金属离子和DOM的条件稳定常数,结果表明紫外吸收滴定法操作更简便、测定迅速、仪器普及率高,可在DOM含量很低(约10-5 ~ 10-7 mol/L)的情况下也可以直接进行测定,不必进行复杂的预富集。可望成为DOM和痕量有毒重金属离子相互作用的有力工具。 2、重金属离子(Hg2+和Cu2+)与DOM的羧基和酚羟基等基团配位。配位后电子的离域性增加,导致紫外吸收增加。与此同时配位后分子极性的改变和铜离子顺磁性作用,引起DOM荧光淬灭。在Cu2+和Hg2+的滴定过程中,紫外吸光度和荧光强度之间呈极显著线性负相关关系(R2=0.99,P<0.001)。这说明荧光和紫外从不同侧面揭示了DOM和金属离子的配位作用。 3、紫外吸收滴定法和荧光淬灭滴定法测定其条件稳定常数(log K)一致,介于3.5 ~ 5.5之间。强配位作用是DOM影响有毒重金属离子环境地球化学行为的根源。研究还表明配位作用的强弱受DOM来源和体系pH的影响。 4、 CBZ和DOM能发生强烈的相互作用,结合常数(log K)介于3.41 ~ 5.04之间。DOM能明显减少游离态CBZ的浓度,提高CBZ溶解度和迁移转化能力。这对认识CBZ和其它PPCPs的环境地球化学循环及其影响因素具有指导意义。 5、荧光光谱研究表明CBZ对DOM发射的荧光具有明显的猝灭作用,其猝灭机理为静态猝灭。疏水作用是CBZ和DOM之间的主要作用力。DOM-CBZ受pH值的影响不大, Cu2+对CBZ和DOM的结合有一定的影响。

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泥炭以发育广泛、连续沉积好、沉积速率大(可达1mm/a甚至更大)、记录丰富等特点,正成为过去全球变化研究的良好综合地质档案.参考冰芯、黄土、深海沉积物等中矿物固体的研究思路和方法,希望能对泥炭中可能存在的火山物质和其它风粉尘进行研究.在对吉林金川西大甸子泥炭样品的处理过程中,摸索出一套泥炭样品中固体物质(如火山物质)初步的处理、分析方法;并对金川西大甸子干玛珥泥炭沉积中部一段泥砂状物质进行鉴定,首次发现火山玻璃,判断这些泥砂物为火山灰砂.目前研究表明,泥炭纤维素的δ<'13>C序列能较好地反映古气候变化,那么泥炭中胡敏酸的δ<'13>C序列可否也能反映古气候变化,该文对此作了初步研究.用碱溶酸沉淀方法从泥炭中提取出所谓的胡敏酸,用燃烧法将胡敏酸、纤维素中的碳转化为CO<,2>气体,测定它们的稳定碳同位素组成(δ<'13>C).与能较好地反映气候变化的纤维素δ<'13>C序列相比,胡敏酸的δ<'13>C序列反映气候变化不明显.

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过去几十年,由于REE具有重要的物源和过程示踪的地球化学意义,又与核放射性元素(钢系元素)的地球化学结构类似,因此,稀土元素的表生地球化学分配和行为研究便成为微量元素地球化学研究的一个重要部分。目前"通过水体悬浮物吸附态REE组成变化分析研究水/微粒界面作用REE分异现象.的工作不少,但至今进行的胶体或其他微粒吸附REE的实验研究不多,且已有的实验未能对溶液介质条件(如pH、离子强度、阴离子、固/液比),尤其是天然有机物的控制机理进行系统研究,对所观察到的水体中REE及其他微量元素分布变化多样性的解释仍缺乏实验依据。本文用结晶良好且粘土矿物含量高的苏州高岭土、美国粘土协会高岭土(Kga-1b)和蒙脱土(Wwy-2)作为吸附剂,采用系列吸附实验定量研究了不同理化条件(如pH值、离子强度、固/液比)下,受溶液阴离子(Cl-、C1O4-、SO42-、HCO3-)和Fluka胡敏酸(HA)影响,REE在粘土/水界面的分配和分馏,并讨论了HA和粘土的相互作用及胡敏酸存在与不存在时的REE形态分布。得到以下几点重要认识,为合理解释地表水体中既E和其他微量元素分布变化的多样性提供了实验依据:1、REE在苏州高岭土/水界面的重现性实验结果为:稀土配分系数D的相对标准偏差最大值为Eu8.4%,其他大多介于5.0%和6.6%间。而稀土吸附率Rd的相对标准偏差最大值为D2.2%,其他大多<2%。较小误差表明本次研究所用实验方法是可行的。2、REE在苏州高岭土/水界面的动力学实验结果表明:短时间内(几分钟)稀土快速吸附在高岭土:接着因为粘土的层状结构,在20h内粘土层间金属与REE发生交换,稀土分配系数变化较大;20h以后能达到稳定的吸附/解吸平衡。因此本次研究采用的平衡时间为24h。3、pH分别为4.5和6.5时REE在苏州高岭土冰界面的分配能用Langmuir吸附等温线模拟和MINEQL+软件表达。与静电吸附相对应,pH值越高REE最大吸附量越大。同时REE浓度的差异造成了REE分馏,总的趋势是REE含量越高,分馏越不明显。4、近中性(pH=6.5)条件下不同阴离子的存在对REE在苏州高岭土/水界面分配和分馏的影响表明:随阴离子(Cl-、ClO4-、SO42-)含量升高REE吸附率降低,其中SO42-对REE吸附的影响最大,说明Na+质量效应和阴离子配合的影响;同时由于不同阴离子与轻重R陇的络合差异所致,阴离子含量越高,轻重稀土的分馏越明显(La/Yb=0.14-0.96),一般为阴离子含量的增加使得重稀土更多的被吸附,其中C1-和SO42+的影响最为明显。HCO3-虽然与REE有较强配合,但可能由于我们的HCO3-实验浓度低(<0.0O25mol/L),在我们的实验结果中其对REE吸附和分馏的影响较小。5、由于不同pH和介质条件下,REE的络合形态分布不同,它们可以影响其在水/粒界面的分配。应用MINEQL+模型,考虑REE的氢氧化物、碳酸盐和腐殖酸的影响,研究了REE的形态分布,结果表明fIA的存在对REE形态有很大影响:在HA不存在时,pH7-8间REECO3+为主要的REEs形态,在更低和更高pH值,REE主要存在形式分别为REE加和REE(CO3)2-;而当HA存在时,在1)H值3-9,REEHA成为主要形态,在低pH(<3)和高pH(>9)时REE3+和REE(CO3)2-分别为主要形态。6、在较宽的pH范围HA能吸附在粘土上意味着在大多数含HA的天然水体中,粘土表面被HA覆盖。随H增加粘土对HA的吸附降低,反应了配位体交换或表面络合反应引起的专属吸附,其他如疏水性、、腐殖物质的溶解和HA的结构变化可能也影响了吸附。HA含量、矿物表面积和离子强度等理化条件对HA吸附会产生影响,从而影响HA对粘土表面的覆盖和接下来的粘土对REE的吸附。7、溶液介质条件对REE在粘土(Kga-1b和SWy-2)/水界面分配和分馏的影响表明:主要与静电相互作用、离子交换反应相对应,除低PH外,REE在高岭土上的吸附表现出弱的pH依赖性;而随pH增加REE在蒙脱土上的吸附呈下降趋势,显示交换反应为吸附过程的主要因素。在两种粘土中REE吸附均为随离子强度增加而降低,反应了Na质量效应。8、腐殖物质在粘土表面的吸附改变了吸附剂的属性。HA存在时REE在固液界面的分配反应了REEHA在固液界面的分配和HA在高岭土或蒙脱土/水界面上的分配,其他如静电吸附等机制也影响了吸附:在高岭土中,HA会增加低pH(<4)吸附,随pH增加(>5)HA会降低吸附。与此不同,在整个PH范围(3-10),HA的存在明显降低了REE在蒙脱土上的吸附。REE吸附在高岭土上随队含量增加是先增加后降低。而蒙脱土实验中,在低HA含量(<5mg/L)处,RE阮吸附率与HA含量增加呈线性降低至几个百分比,而在高队含量处,REEs吸,附率无明显变化。这些清楚地说明水体环境中有机物的存在通常降低微量金属吸,附在微粒上,增加微量金属在水体中的溶解量,从而促进微量金属在水体环境中的长距离迁移。9、HA存在和不存在时,吸附/解吸过程中的REE分馏随pH或离子强度的变化都不明显,但由于REE系列与腐殖物质和矿物络合的差异,会随队含量的变化发生明显变化。通常溶液中高队含量增加了LREE在高岭土/蒙脱土上的吸附。这些结果是在HA存在时,微粒相上产生LREE富集的一个实验证实,也和大多数天然水体中的REEs分馏相一致。

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The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) for environmental analysis has been mainly focused on qualitative analysis of high-mass molecules, such as toxins, humic acid, and microorganisms. Herein,we describe a novel MALDI-TOF-MS method with a matrix of oxidized carbon nanotubes for analysis of low-mass compounds in environmental samples. A number of chemicals in the environment were qualitatively analyzed by the present method, and it was found that most of them, especially the highly polar chemicals, were measurable with high sensitivity. With the intrinsic ability to measure high-mass chemicals, this method can compensate for the current shortage of methods for environmental analysis for the measurement of highly polar or high-mass chemicals. For sample analysis, arsenic speciation in Chinese traditional medicines was qualified and diphenylolpropane in water samples was quantified. With the relatively high tolerance of the method to interfering molecules, a simple pretreatment or even no pretreatment could be employed before MS detection. Furthermore, this method can be employed in a high-throughput format.

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Natural humic water was treated with ultraviolet (UV) light and UV + hydrogen peroxide . The effects on the dissolved organic carbon content (DOC), the UV-absorbance at 254 nm (UV-abs.), the molecular size distribution, pH, and mutagenic activity were monitored, and the identity and concentrations of the most abundant gas chromatographable organic degradation products were determined. The DOC content and the UV-abs. of the water decreased substantially during treatment with. The decreases were dependent on the time of irradiation (UV dose) as well as on the H2O2 dose applied. The humus macromolecules were degraded to smaller fragments during irradiation. At higher UV doses, however, part of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) was found to precipitate, probably as a result of polymerization. Oxalic acid, acetic acid, malonic acid, and n-butanoic acid were the most abundant degradation products detected. These acids were found to account for up to 20% and 80% of the DOM in UV- and waters, respectively. No mutagenic activity was generated by the UV irradiation or the treatment. It is further concluded that the substantial mutagenic activity formed during chlorination of humic waters cannot be decreased by using UV irradiation as a pretreatment step.

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Amino acid substitution matrices play an essential role in protein sequence alignment, a fundamental task in bioinformatics. Most widely used matrices, such as PAM matrices derived from homologous sequences and BLOSUM matrices derived from aligned segments of PROSITE, did not integrate conformation information in their construction. There are a few structure-based matrices, which are derived from limited data of structure alignment. Using databases PDB_SELECT and DSSP, we create a database of sequence-conformation blocks which explicitly represent sequence-structure relationship. Members in a block are identical in conformation and are highly similar in sequence. From this block database, we derive a conformation-specific amino acid substitution matrix CBSM60. The matrix shows an improved performance in conformational segment search and homolog detection.

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首次在涂敷PEI的玻璃表面上制备了癸酸及全氟癸酸的单分子层膜。研究了成膜机理及摩擦特性。结果表明。脱水剂DCCD促进了癸酸或全氟癸酸与PEI酞胺化的反应。导致两种羧酸在PEI表面产生了靠化学键(酞胺键)连接的稳定的单分子层膜,摩擦、磨损实验表明。单分子层有机膜的摩擦特性受膜的组成、表面能及有序性和堆积密度的重要影响。表面能越低,有序性和堆积密度越高。摩擦系数越低。与碳氢化合物相比。碳氟化合物形成的有序膜具有更高的强度和抗磨性能。

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We present a good alternative method to improve the tribological properties of polymer films by chemisorbing a long-chain monolayer on the functional polymer surface. Thus, a novel self-assembled monolayer is successfully prepared on a silicon substrate coated with amino-group-containing polyethyleneimine (PEI) by the chemical adsorption of stearic acid (STA) molecules. The formation and structure of the STA-PEI film are characterized by means of contact-angle measurement and ellipsometric thickness measurement, and of Fourier transformation infrared spectrometric and atomic force microscopic analyses. The micro- and macro-tribological properties of the STA-PEI film are investigated on an atomic force microscope (AFM) and a unidirectional tribometer, respectively. It has been found that the STA monolayer about 2.1-nm thick is produced on the PEI coating by the chemical reaction between the amino groups in the PEI and the carboxyl group in the STA molecules to form a covalent amide bond in the presence of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) as a dehydrating regent. By introducing the STA monolayer, the hydrophilic PEI polymer surface becomes hydrophobic with a water contact angle to be about 105degrees. Study of the time dependence of the film formation shows that the adsorption of PEI is fast, whereas at least 24 h is needed to generate the saturated STA monolayer. Whereas the PEI coating has relatively high adhesion, friction, and poor anti-wear ability, the STA-PEI film possesses good adhesive resistance and high load-carrying capacity and anti-wear ability, which could be attributed to the chemical structure of the STA-PEI thin film. It is assumed that the hydrogen bonds between the molecules of the STA-PEI film act to stabilize the film and can be restored after breaking during sliding. Thus, the self-assembled STA-PEI thin film might find promising application in the lubrication of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS).

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Receptor/ligand interactions are basic issues to cell adhesion, which are important to many physiological and pathological processes such as lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, tumor metastasis and inflammatory reactionl. Selectin/carbohydrate ligand bindings have been found to mediate the fast rolling of leukocytes on activated endothelial monolayer. Kinetic rate and binding affinity constants are essential determinants of cell adhesion...