38 resultados para fleshy fruits
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Peritrophin, one of the components of the peritrophic matrix, was first isolated from the intestine of insects. It is thought to protect insects from invasion of microorganisms and to stimulate digestion of food. Peritrophin-like proteins have also been found in crustaceans, as a component of the egg layer. In this study, one fragment of the peritrophin-like gene was obtained from fleshy prawn (Chinese shrimp) (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) by panning the T7 phage display library constructed with the shrimp hemocyte cDNA. The total sequence of the peritrophin cDNA was cloned by modified SMART cDNA and LD-PCR methods. The full cDNA is 1048 bp and the deduced protein is composed of 274 amino acids, including 21 amino acid signal peptide, and four peritrophin A domains and the latter three forming three chitin-binding domains. Similarity analysis results showed that the peritrophin-like protein from F chinensis has significant similarities with peritrophin-like and cortical rod proteins from other shrimp. It was inducing expression in hemocytes, heart, stomach, gut, and gills of the infected shrimp, and constitutive expression in the ovaries. No expression signal was detected in the hepatopancreas of either infected or noninfected shrimp. The recombinant peritrophin-like protein has the activity of binding Gram-negative bacteria and strong binding activity to chitin. Therefore, the bacteria and chitin binding activities of the peritrophin-like protein suggest that it may plays a role in immune defense and other physiological resposes. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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本论文研究了我国云南龙陵大坝和镇安、昌宁红星晚上新世以及楚雄洲吕合晚中新世191个化石木标本,鉴定出7种化石木类型,其中越桔型木属为新属,越桔型木、常绿杜鹃型木和龙陵杜鹃型木为新种。并利用化石木的现存种或现存亲缘种的生态环境对化石产地的气候和环境进行了讨论。 木材种类的特征如下: 华山松(Pinus armandii Franchet):生长轮明显,早材至晚材渐变。交叉场纹孔主为窗格型。木射线具单列射线和纺锤状射线。射线管胞内壁平滑或微锯齿状。具正常轴向和径向树脂道,由薄壁泌脂细胞组成。 云南铁杉(Tsuga dumosa Eicher):生长轮明显,早材至晚材略急变至渐变。管胞径壁具缘纹孔单列;具缘纹孔膜上明显具棒状延伸;纹孔膜下具缘纹孔外表面具明显的瘤状层,瘤状突起大小相近。交叉场纹孔式柏木型。木射线主为单列;由射线薄壁细胞和射线管胞组成;射线细胞水平壁厚,纹孔明显,数多;端壁节状加厚明显。轴向木薄壁组织细胞数少,轮界状;其端壁节状加厚明显。 柳杉型木(Taxodioxylon cryptomeripsoides Schonfeld):生长轮明显,早材至晚材略急变。管胞径壁纹孔1列,偶尔成疏松排列的2列;晚材弦壁纹孔明显可见。交叉场具1-4枚杉木型纹孔。轴向木薄壁组织细胞数多,星散状或有时成短弦线状;端壁节状不明显或略现。木射线单列,全由射线薄壁细胞组成;射线细胞水平壁薄,纹孔缺乏,端壁平滑。 杉木型木(Taxodioxylon cunninghamioides Watari):生长轮明显,早材至晚材渐变。管胞径壁纹孔1-2列;晚材弦壁纹孔明显可见。交叉场1-4枚杉木型纹孔。轴向木薄壁组织丰富,星散状或有时成短弦线状;端壁节状不明显或略现。木射线单列全由射线薄壁细胞组成;射线细胞水平壁薄;端壁薄,平滑。 龙陵杜鹃型木(新种)(Ericaceoxylon longlingense sp. nov.):生长轮明显,散孔材。导管横切面为多角形,单管孔,散生。螺纹加厚仅出现导管分子尾端。梯状穿孔为主。管间纹孔式为对列或梯状对列。轴向薄壁组织量少,疏环管状。纤维分子细胞壁厚度中等。射线宽1-6细胞。多列射线的中部多为横卧细胞,边缘有1-4(6)行直立和/或方形细胞。射线导管间纹孔式梯状对列,类似导管间纹孔式。 常绿杜鹃型木(新种)(Ericaceoxylon hymenanthesoides sp. nov.):生长轮明显,半环孔材。导管横切面为多角形,单管孔,散生。螺纹加厚出现整个导管分子壁上。复穿孔,梯状穿孔为主。管间纹孔式为互列。轴向薄壁组织量少,疏环管状;端壁节状加厚不明显。纤维分子细胞壁厚度中等;径壁和弦壁均具有具缘纹孔。射线宽1-4细胞;多列射线的中部多为横卧细胞,边缘有1-9行直立和/或方形细胞。射线导管间纹孔式互列,类似导管间纹孔式。 常绿杜鹃型木(相似种)(Ericaceoxylon cf. hymenanthesoides):生长轮明显,半环孔材。单管孔;导管散生。梯状穿孔板;管间纹孔式为互列;射线导管间纹孔式多对列,类似导管间纹孔式。螺纹加厚出现在导管分子壁上。木纤维细胞壁中等厚度。射线宽1-3细胞。 越桔型木(新种)(Vacciniaceoxylon vacciniumoides sp. nov.):生长轮略明显,散孔材。单管孔,散生;整个导管分子上具螺纹加厚。网状和梯状穿孔。轴向薄壁组织量少,星散状或疏环管状。纤维分子径壁和弦壁都具有具缘纹孔。射线多列和单列射线组成,两种大小,1-4细胞宽。射线导管间纹孔式互列,纹孔有明显的纹孔缘。 化石木植物群及其所反映的古植被和古气候如下: 楚雄吕合化石木植物群4个标本中鉴定出两种木材类型—柳杉型木和杉木型木。由于化石标本少,不足以反映植被面貌,两种杉科植物的出现反映其生长地为亚热带温暖湿润环境。 龙陵大坝和镇安化石木植物群95个标本中鉴定出四种木材类型:华山松、常绿杜鹃型木、越桔型木和龙陵杜鹃型木。他们反映的古植被为针阔混交林,生长于亚热带温凉湿润的山地气候环境中,当时当地的海拔高度在1800-3000米之间。 昌宁红星化石木植物群92个标本中鉴定出三种木材类型:华山松、云南铁杉、常绿杜鹃型木(相似种)。他们反映的古植被为针阔混交林,生长于亚热带温凉湿润的山地气候环境中,当时当地的海拔在2200-3000米之间。
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研究化石果实和种子的古果实学在欧洲和北美开展较早,近年来发展迅速,我国在这个领域的研究相对薄弱,迄今为止尚没有专项的研究工作。本论文首次对我国云南和山西晚第三纪的果实和种子进行专门研究,并根据它们对应的现存最近亲缘植物的分布及生态特征分析和重建了当时当地的吉植被、古环境和古气候。 1.云南省西部陇川盆地芒旦地区早一中中新世被子植物果实和种子植物群,包括果实和种子29种,详细研究了14种,隶属于ll科12属:壳斗科的石栎属、金缕梅科的蜡瓣花属、金丝桃科的金丝桃属、樟科的木姜子属、木兰科的木兰属和鹅掌楸属、桑科的榕属、杨梅科的杨梅属、蓝果树科的蓝果树属、芸香科的花椒属、清风藤科的清风藤属以及山矾科的山矾属。所有这些果实和种子的化石在中国均为首次报道,其中蜡瓣花属、鹅掌楸属、蓝果树属、清风藤属和山矾属还是该属在中国的首次大化石记录。在植物群组成中,石栎属占绝对优势,其他主要类群有蜡瓣花属、木姜子属、木兰属、花椒属和山矾属等。芒旦果实和种子植物群反映当时当地为亚热带常绿阔叶林的森林面貌和温暖湿润的亚热带气候条件。 2.山西省榆社盆地张村地区晚上新世( 2.3 Ma-3.5 Ma)水生植物川蔓藻属(Ruppia)果实和种子的大量发现及其与川蔓藻属2个化石种和5个现代种的比较表明,这些果实和种子属于一个新种—榆社川蔓藻Ruppia yushensis sp. nov。该新种的主要特征为内果皮卵形、表面光滑、侧面具两个显著的窄椭圆形凹陷、顶端具一个明显的小尖突,以及种子顶端具显著的球形膨大的种脐。榆社川蔓藻将川蔓藻属的第三纪地理分布范围从欧洲延伸到了东亚,并且填补了它在上新世地层的空缺。榆社川蔓藻作为榆社盆地晚新生代水生植物的发现,指示了当时当地的咸水环境。根据川蔓藻属植物的现代生态资料并结合其它矿物学和生物学指标,可以推测晚上新世张村地区为一个浅而平静的微咸水湖。榆社川蔓藻果实和种子的大量出现说明该植物可能在该水域形成了单一的优势类群,其光滑的内果皮表面指示当时当地为暖温带或温带气候。
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分离和筛选了5种能有效防治采后果实病害的拮抗菌。其中,季也蒙假丝酵母(Candida guiliermondii(Cast) Langeroret Guerra)从引种拮抗菌中筛选获得,枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)B-912从土壤中分离筛选获得,膜醭毕赤酵母(Pichia membranefaciens hansen)从桃果实伤口上分离获得,隐球酵母(Cryptococcus albidus (Saito) Skinner)和丝孢酵母(Trichosporon sp.)从桃果实表面分离获得。本文主要研究了这些拮抗菌对桃、油桃、苹果、梨和柑桔等我国主要水果采后病害的防治效果,并对其可能的抑菌机理进行了初步研究。结果如下: 1. Sx108 CFU/mL的C.guiliermondii和P.membranefaciens悬浮液可完全抑制病菌孢子浓度为5x104个/mL时桃和油桃果实软腐病(Rhizopus stolonifer(Ehrenb.ex Fr.) Vuill.)在25℃,15℃和3℃下的发生。lx108 CFU/mL的C.albidus和Trichosporon sp.悬浮液可完全抑制孢子浓度分别为lx105个/mL和5x104个/mL时苹果灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)和青霉病(Penicillum expansum)在23℃-25℃和1℃下的发生。C.albidus和Trichosporon sp.对梨灰、青霉病也有一定抑制效果。B-912对柑桔果实青霉病(Penicillium italicum)、绿霉病(Penicillium digitatum)和核果类果实褐腐病(Monilinia fructicola)也有极好的抑制效果。生物防治效果与拮抗菌的浓度成正比,与病菌孢子浓度成反比。 2.拮抗酵母菌在室温和冷藏条件下都能迅速在果实伤口定殖,接种酵母菌48 h后,数量可增加20倍以上。拮抗菌和病菌孢子的接种时间与生物防治效果有关,先接种拈抗菌的抑菌效果显著地好于同时或后于病菌接种的效果。 3.温度对拮抗酵母菌的抑菌活力没有明显影响,无论是在室温还是在冷藏条件下,拮抗酵母菌都有同样的抑菌效果。但拮抗细菌B-912的抑菌效果与温度有一定关系。较高的温度有利于细菌拮抗作用的发挥。 4.拮抗菌能与常规的果实采后处理措施如钙处理、化学杀菌剂、冷藏和气调贮藏相结合。酵母菌与2% CaC12配合能明显地增强其抑菌能力;拮抗菌与低浓度的杀菌剂如扑海因混合使用,可达到高浓度杀菌剂的抑病效果;C.albidus和Trichosporon sp.对果实采后气调贮藏环境有良好的适应性,它们在气调下对采后苹果、梨的灰霉病和青霉病的抑制效果比冷藏条件下的好。 5.细菌B-912的抑菌机理与其产生抗菌素有关,B-912的滤液在in vitro上能有效地抑制病菌孢子的萌发,在invivo上也能明显地抑制果实采后病害的发生。拮抗酵母菌的抑菌机理则较复杂,但主要与病菌竞争营养有关,同时,C.guilliermondii和P.membranefaciens对软腐菌的抑制还通过产生水解酶如β-1,3一葡聚糖酶和几丁酶与病原菌直接作用,并参与诱导寄主产生抗性等
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本文以我国目前主要栽培的甜樱桃早、中、晚熟品种“红灯”、“佐藤锦”、“那翁”、“拉宾斯”和“砂蜜豆”等为试材,系统地研究了甜樱桃果实在不同O2和CO2浓度气调贮藏条件下的生理特性、风味品质和贮藏性,提出了适合于甜樱桃果实生理特性的气调指标和贮藏时间;分析了甜樱桃在不同贮藏条件下果实中乙烯、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD) 和丙二醛(MDA)的变化情况,揭示了它们与甜樱桃果实衰老、褐变及耐贮性的关系;分析了甜樱桃果实在不同贮藏条件下乙醇、色泽、硬度、可溶性固形物、酸和维生素C等物质成分的含量变化及与果实风味品质的关系;同时,还分析了不同甜樱桃品种果皮的结构特征及与耐藏性的关系,以及不同成熟度的甜樱桃果实在气调贮藏中的生理反应和品质变化。为形成甜樱桃果实采后商业化贮藏的系列配套技术提供了理论依据。 本文的主要研究内容包括:不同CO2浓度的气调贮藏对甜樱桃果实采后生理及品质的影响;高O2或高CO2浓度处理对甜樱桃果实褐变、衰老及风味品质的影响;动态气调贮藏和非动态气调贮藏对甜樱桃生理特性、风味品质和耐藏性的影响;不同成熟度及不同品种对甜樱桃耐藏性的影响;不同药剂配合包装处理对甜樱桃果实耐藏性及品质的影响。试验结果表明: 1. 甜樱桃果实适合于较高CO2浓度的CA贮藏:与自发性气调贮藏(MAP)相比,气调贮藏(CA)更能明显地延缓果实衰老,减少腐烂和褐变,保持风味品质和延长1.5~2倍的贮藏时间。其中以较高CO2浓度的(5% O2 + 10% CO2)气调贮藏效果最好,早熟品种“红灯”的贮藏期为60天,而中、晚熟品种“最上锦”、“佐藤锦”、“那翁”、“拉宾斯”和“砂蜜豆” 的贮藏期可达80-100天。果实在25℃下的货架存放时间为2-3天,在低温条件下(3-5℃)的货架时间是6天以上。 2. 高O2浓度气调对甜樱桃果实易造成伤害:用高O2浓度(70% O2 + 0% CO2)气调贮藏甜樱桃,在短期内可以抑制果实腐烂、减少果肉中挥发性代谢产物乙醇含量,但果实中的丙二醛含量上升迅速,褐变加剧,造成高氧伤害。 3. 动态气调贮藏更有利于延长甜樱桃果实的贮藏期:与非动态气调贮藏相比,贮藏前期用较高浓度CO2(20%)处理甜樱桃果实可有效控制维生素C含量的降低,丙二醛含量上升的速率较慢,可明显减少贮藏后期果实褐变和腐烂,保持风味品质。 4. 成熟度较高的甜樱桃果实适合于气调贮藏:成熟度较高(深红色时采收)的甜樱桃果实比成熟度低(鲜红色时采收)的果实耐藏性好。 5. 果实的耐藏性与果皮结构有关:耐藏性强的品种表皮细胞较小,排列紧密,细胞壁和外层蜡脂均较厚,果肉内部的维管束螺纹排列致密,果肉的薄壁细胞也排列得比较致密。 6. MAP与生物药剂配合有利于延长甜樱桃的贮藏期:生物1号药剂与加有TBZ的低密度塑料薄膜袋包装配合使用对控制甜樱桃果实腐烂、抑制果肉乙烯和乙醇生成、保持品质特性和延长贮藏时间都很有效。 7. 膜质过氧化是造成甜樱桃果实褐变的主要因素:甜樱桃果实褐变与PPO活性关系不大,但与膜质过氧化作用的产物—丙二醛(MAD)含量变化显著相关。
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衰老和冷害是果实采后极易发生的两种重要的生理性失调,严重影响了果实的商品质量和市场价值。本论文选用在采后贮藏期间容易衰老和出现冷害的枇杷、杧果和桃果实作为研究材料,比较深入系统地研究了这些果实采后衰老或冷害的机理和调控。主要的研究内容包括:(1)枇杷果实在不同贮藏条件下(低温、气调)的生理代谢、品质变化、衰老进程和贮藏性;(2)杧果果实采后生理特性及外源草酸和水杨酸处理对杧果冷害、品质和活性氧代谢的影响;(3)桃果实在低温贮藏下冷害发生特征,并从氧化还原平衡和蛋白质组表达方面探讨了桃果实采后冷害的发生机理。 试验结果表明:(1)与自发气调包装(MAP)相比,气调(CA, 10% O2+1%CO2)能更有效的抑制枇杷果实的腐烂、延缓衰老、保持品质,以及控制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性。枇杷果实在1 ºC气调下贮藏50天,腐烂指数低于7%,并保持固有的风味品质。短时间的高氧处理对果实腐烂和品质影响不大,促进了贮藏后期果实内乙醇的积累;(2)外源草酸和水杨酸处理显著减轻了杧果果实在贮藏期间的冷害程度,但对果实的硬度、可溶性固型物和可滴定酸含量影响不大。外源草酸和水杨酸提高了果实内抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽的还原状态、提高了H2O2含量、降低了O2-含量和脂氧合酶活性,并提高了超氧化物岐化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸氧化酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶的活性;(3)与非冷害桃果实相比,冷害桃果实呈现较低的H2O2含量、较高的膜透性、较高的酚类物质含量以及较高的抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽还原状态。水杨酸对果实内H2O2含量、膜透性、酚类物质含量有显著的影响。冷害桃果实与非冷害桃果实的蛋白质表达也有明显的区别,32个差异表达蛋白依其功能分为8类,分别为能量产生、代谢、次生代谢、抗性、蛋白质的分布、基因转录、细胞结构和细胞生长。水杨酸对其中20个蛋白质的表达有显著影响。烯醇化酶、脂质运载蛋白、脱水蛋白、分支酸变位酶以及桂醇脱氢酶等与桃冷害发生有密切关系。 通过对上述结果的分析,得出如下结论:(1)与MAP相比,CA(10% O2 + 1% CO2)可显著延缓枇杷果实的衰老、腐烂和品质下降,CA延缓枇杷衰老的作用机理可能与其减轻果实内氧胁迫、降低PG和PPO活性有关;(2)用外源草酸或水杨酸处理杧果,可减轻贮藏期间果实的冷害程度,其调控机制可能与提高果实抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽的还原状态、抑制O2-含量和提高H2O2含量有关;(3)在低温贮藏下,桃冷害发生与果实内较低的H2O2含量、生物膜完整性的破坏以及酚类物质含量增加密切相关,果实生物膜完整性的破坏与烯醇化酶、脂质运载蛋白、过敏蛋白以及脱水蛋白的下调表达有关,而酚类物质含量的增加与分支酸变位酶、桂醇脱氢酶的上调表达有关。
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角质层是果实抵御外界环境胁迫的一个屏障,既能调节果实自身的生理活动,也能增加对病原菌入侵的抵抗力,在果实贮藏保鲜中具有重要的作用。本文利用傅里叶变换红外光谱检测(Fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy)法,重点研究了不同贮藏条件下果实角质层和果肉细胞壁成分变化,及对果实品质和贮藏性的影响,为进一步阐明角质层在果实贮藏保鲜中的作用提供依据。研究内容包括:(1)壶瓶枣果实在冷藏和气调下软化率、品质、角质层和果肉细胞壁成分变化;(2)即时冷藏和延迟冷藏下,桃果实好果率、品质、角质层和果肉细胞壁成分变化;(3)采前喷施氯化钙或油菜素内酯对甜樱桃单果重、品质、果肉细胞壁结构以及耐贮性的影响。 试验结果表明:(1)与冷藏(-1±1 ºC)相比,气调贮藏(10% O2 + 0% CO2, -1±1 ºC)能够显著降低壶瓶枣软化率,更好地保持果实的硬度、可溶性固形物(SSC)和可滴定酸(TA)含量以及较高含量的果肉细胞壁物质和较低含量的角质层物质。(2)与延迟冷藏(25 ºC,48 h后转入0 ºC)相比,即时冷藏使“八月脆”桃果实能保持较高的果实硬度和好果率,显著减慢TA含量下降,能保持较高含量的果肉细胞壁物质和角质层物质,但对SSC和Vc含量没有显著的影响。(3)与对照相比,采前喷施CaCl2(1%,m/v)能够增加“红灯”(6.94%)的单果重,对甜樱桃果实的品质指标(硬度、SSC、TA)和细胞壁结构没有明显的影响。(4)与对照相比,采前喷施0.15 mg•L-1油菜素内酯能增加“红灯”(3.68%)和“大紫”(8.61%)的单果重,降低“红灯”果实的自然腐烂率,并不影响果实的品质指标(硬度、SSC、TA)。 这些研究结果说明:(1)与冷藏(-1±1 ºC)相比,气调贮藏(10% O2 + 0% CO2, -1±1 ºC)更利于壶瓶枣果实贮藏保鲜;(2)与延迟冷藏(25 ºC,48 h后转入0 ºC)相比,即时冷藏(0 ºC)更利于“八月脆”桃果实贮藏保鲜;(3)气调贮藏和即时冷藏通过调节果实角质层和细胞壁代谢等途径发挥作用。气调贮藏会降低壶瓶枣果实角质层物质含量,增强其透气性,减少壶瓶枣酒软发生;但即时冷藏会延缓“八月脆”桃果实角质层降解,维持角质层物质较高的含量以及结构完整性,以充分发挥角质层的保护作用,减缓果实的软化进程,维持果实硬度和品质;(4)采前适当浓度的钙或油菜素内酯处理对增加甜樱桃单果重,降低自然腐烂率有一定的作用,但在不同品种中的作用效果有差异。
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在果实采后贮藏过程中,病原真菌的侵染会引起果实腐烂,造成巨大的经济损失。利用生物和非生物因子诱导果实抗病性,已经成为采后病害防治领域的一个研究热点。本文主要利用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆果实抗病相关基因,通过分子杂交和蛋白羰基化免疫检测技术,研究了外源SA和酵母拮抗菌诱导果实抗病性机理,结果表明: 1. 通过优化RNA提取方法,能从含有多糖的冬枣、葡萄、甜樱桃、桃、番茄等果实中提取到质量较好的RNA,用于RT-PCR和Northern杂交。 2. 采用RT-PCR和RACE方法,从甜樱桃果实克隆了两个抗氧化相关基因CAT2(Genbank:EF165590)和GPX(Genbank:EF165591)和两个PR基因GLU-1(Genbank:EF177487)和GLU-3(Genbank:EF177488)。其中CAT2全长cDNA序列为1479 bp,编码492个氨基酸;GPX全长cDNA序列为513 bp,编码170个氨基酸;GLU-1全长cDNA序列为1050 bp,编码349个氨基酸;GLU-3部分cDNA序列为454 bp,编码141个氨基酸。 3. 酵母拮抗菌Pichia membranaefaciens处理不同成熟度的甜樱桃果实,能显著降低果实贮藏期间青霉病(Penicillium expansum)的发生,并且对低成熟度果实的病害防治效果更为明显。酵母拮抗菌的抑病机理与减轻了甜樱桃果实蛋白羰基化程度,诱导了果实抗氧化酶基因(CAT和GPX)和PR基因(GLU-1)的表达和提高了抗氧化酶(CAT和GPX)和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性有关。 4. 四种酵母拮抗菌P. membranaefaciens, Cryptococcus laurentii, Candida guilliermondii和Rhodotorula glutinis处理桃果实,可显著降低贮藏期间的褐腐病(Monilinia fructicola)。这是由于酵母拮抗菌能抑制病原菌侵染造成的氧化胁迫和蛋白羰基化。此外,酵母拮抗菌处理还能显著诱导CAT、POD、几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性及相应基因的表达。 5. 水杨酸(SA,2 mM)处理采后不同成熟度的甜樱桃果实,能显著降低青霉病的危害。其抑病机理与SA处理能减轻P. expansum侵染引起的果实蛋白羰基化程度,显著提高CAT、GPX和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因的表达和相关的酶的活性有关。而2 mM的SA处理对P. expansum的生长没有直接抑制作用。 6. 水杨酸(SA,2 mM)与P. membranaefaciens(1×108 CFU/ml)配合处理能显著降低低温贮藏期间桃果实的褐腐病,并能提高几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和POD的活性和相关基因的表达。另外,2 mM的SA对拮抗菌P. membranaefaciens的生长没有影响,但能够抑制病原菌M. fructicola的孢子萌发和菌丝扩展。
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以成熟果实中不同葡萄糖/果糖(G/F)类型的6个桃品种(G/F≈1品种:‘冈山白’、‘山一白桃’和‘燕红’;高G/F品种:‘张黄7号’、‘龙246’和‘临白7号’)为试材,采用高效液相色谱法测定果实发育期果实和叶片中可溶性糖含量,并在盛花后74 d或101 d测定了‘冈山白’、‘山一白桃’、‘张黄 7号’和‘龙 246’新梢韧皮部中可溶性糖的含量;测定了果实发育过程中‘山一白桃’和‘临白7号’果实中的可溶性糖和淀粉代谢相关酶的活性。研究成熟果实中不同G/F类型桃果实内G/F差异的部位和时期;分析桃果实内G/F差异的可溶性糖代谢调控机理。 成熟果实中不同G/F类型桃果实中均以蔗糖作为主要碳水化合物积累形式,花后43–85 d蔗糖含量很低,随后持续快速积累直至果实成熟;花后43–85 d山梨醇有升高趋势,在果实成熟前40 d左右迅速降低;葡萄糖和果糖含量在果实发育早期较高,之后逐渐降低;但两类不同G/F桃在整个果实发育过程中G/F值与果实成熟时相似。叶片中贮藏的可溶性糖主要是蔗糖和山梨醇,在果实整个发育期间,G/F≈1品种叶片中G/F约1-3,而高G/F品种叶片中G/F约为2-7。G/F≈1品种‘冈山白’和‘山一白桃’与高G/F品种‘张黄 7号’和‘龙 246’韧皮部中山梨醇占总可溶性糖47-63%,显著高于蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖的含量,G/F为0.8-0.91,且两类不同G/F桃品种间G/F值不存在显著差异。 成熟果实中G/F≈1类型的‘山一白桃’和高G/F值类型的‘临白7号’整个果实发育过程中,葡萄糖、山梨醇和淀粉的含量在这两个品种间一般没有明显差异;‘山一白桃’果实中的果糖含量显著高于‘临白7号’果实中的果糖;果实最后迅速生长期,‘山一白桃’果实中的蔗糖明显高于‘临白7号’。‘山一白桃’和‘临白7号’果实中的NAD+依赖型山梨醇脱氢酶(NAD+-SDH)活性低,两者有相似的变化趋势,一般无显著差异。‘临白7号’果实中的NADP+依赖型山梨醇脱氢酶(NADP+-SDH)和山梨醇氧化酶(SOX)活性一直高于‘山一白桃’,两者NADP+-SDH和SOX的活性分别在花后93-123 d和花后43-93 d有显著差异。‘临白7号’果实中的果糖激酶(FK)活性一般高于‘山一白桃’。花后43-93 d,‘临白7号’果实中的磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性一般显著‘山一白桃’。果实最后迅速生长期,蔗糖快速积累,葡萄糖、果糖、山梨醇和淀粉含量迅速降低,同时伴随有SPS和SS活性的迅速升高。在整个果实发育过程中,两个品种果实中的淀粉酶活性较高,其果实中的淀粉含量和淀粉酶活性都有明显的下降趋势。 研究结果表明,整个果实发育过程中桃果实中均存在G/F≈1和高G/F现象,光合产物在韧皮部的运输对桃果实的G/F没有显著的影响,果实中G/F的差异主要由于果实内糖代谢差异所导致。‘临白7号’果实中山梨醇向果糖方向的转化能力与‘山一白桃’一般没有显著差异,由于不同时期较高的NADP+-SDH和SOX活性,使得山梨醇向葡萄糖方向的转化能力明显高于‘山一白桃’,同时,‘临白7号’果实中的FK活性一般高于‘山一白桃’,因此导致‘临白7号’果实中G/F高于‘山一白桃’。
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What the real trade-off is among fig-supported wasps and the viable seeds of figs is heatedly debated in the studies of fig/fig wasp mutualism. In the present study, we collected wasp offspring (galls) and the viable seeds of premature fruits, and determined the foundress number in receptive fruits and all the types of wasps supported by Ficus racemosa L. during both the rainy and dry seasons in Xishuangbanna, China. The data show that the galls were positively correlated with viable seeds (n=32;r=0.74; P < 0.001) when the proportion of vacant female flowers (PVFF) was high, in April (68.0%), and were negatively correlated with viable seeds (n=48;r=-0.59; P < 0.05) when PVFF were limited (PVFF 42.6%) during a colder month (January). The mean foundress number per fruit during the colder months is significantly lower than during the warmer months (F-5,F-603 = 27.9; P < 0.001) and pollinator wasps can live longer during the colder months, During the colder months, the proportions of non-pollinators and wasp offspring are higher than those found during other months, whereas the proportion of viable seeds is not different compared with that of other months. Non-pollinator wasps tend to oviposit the female flowers that have been oviposited by pollinator wasps. The non-pollinators only negatively affect pollinator wasps and there is no obvious negative effect of non-pollinator wasps on viable seeds, so ovipositing by non-pollinator wasps will not result in the extinction of the figs during the process of evolution. The results of the present study indicate that figs can allow less foundresses to be in fruit cavities when PVFF are limited, which provides supporting evidence for the previous assumption that the plants have developed a mechanism to maintain a stable system because of the conflicts between the parties involved.
Resumo:
Habitat fragmentation usually results in alteration of species composition or biological communities. However, little is known about the effect of habitat fragmentation on the fig/fig wasp system. In this study, we compared the structure of a fig wasp community and the interaction between figs and fig wasps of Ficus racemosa L. in a primary forest, a locally fragmented forest and a highly fragmented forest. Our results show that, in the highly fragmented forest, the proportion of pollinator wasps is lower and the proportion of non-pollinator wasps is higher compared with the primary forest and locally fragmented forest. The proportion of fruits without pollinator wasps in mature fruits is also greatly increased in the highly fragmented forest. The proportion of galls in all female flowers increases in the highly fragmented forest, whereas the proportion of viable seeds does not change considerably. The disruption of groups of fig trees results in a decrease in pollinator wasps and even might result in the extinction of pollinator wasps in some extreme cases, which may transform the reciprocal interaction between figs and fig wasps into a parasite/host system. Such an effect may lead to the local extinction of this keystone plant resource of rain forests in the process of evolution, and thereby, may change the structure and function of the tropical rain forest.
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All Sinocrossocheilus species, except S. microstomatus, are reviewed. Four new species, S. labiata, S. papillolabra, S. nigrovittata, and S. longibulla, are described. The genus Sinocrossocheilus differs from other genera of Cyprinidae by the last simple dorsal fin ray being unserrated and unossified, the last unbranched anal fin ray being unserrated and unossified, the 5-branched anal fin rays, the mouth gap being inferior, the rostral cap covering the lower jaw and connecting directly with the lower lip, a row of fleshy lobes on the lower jaw, and a cloudy black spot above the pectoral fin. Sinocrossocheilus labiata is small and has 22 predorsal scales; S. longibulla has a very large air bladder; S. papillolabra possesses a well-developed ventral fin and a wide band covered by fleshy papillae on the lower lip; and S. nigrovittata possesses black longitudinal stripes along the lateral line. Crossocheilus bamaensis and Crossocheilus liuchengensis are transferred to the genus Sinocrossocheilus. Sinocrossocheilus species are endemic to the central and eastern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of China, where river systems are anfractuous, including seasonal rivers, cave rivers, underground rivers, and streamlets between mountains. These separated rivers probably provide conditions for the allopatric speciation of the Sinocrossocheilus.
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Natural food plants of partly provisioned groups of Macaca thibetana included about 196 species belonging to 135 genera and 72 families. The macaques consumed mainly bamboo shoots and fruits for about 2 months in autumn, whereas they relied on active or passive provisions from visitors, a variety of structural parts of plants and a small amount of invertebrates in late spring and summer and ate mainly mature leaves and bark for the rest of the year. About half of the species eaten came from the dense herb and shrub layers. This forest-dwelling species shows a distinctive feeding and foraging pattern in comparison with other macaques, explaining why M. thibetana has the largest body weight of all macaques.
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Feeding and vocal behaviours of wild black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) were observed from 1987 to 1989 in south-western Yunnan, notably H. concolor jingdongensis at Mt. Wuliang (24-degrees 18-42'N, 100-degrees 30-50'E) in the early spring of 1989. 12 plant species were observed to have been eaten by the gibbons; these included tree species, lianas and epiphytes. Approximately 21 % of feeding time was devoted to eating fruits, 61 % to leaf buds and shoots, 7 % to flowers and 11 % to leaves. The gibbons preferred fruits to leaves even though they commonly ate leaves. In this study, the morning songs (duet and solo), reponsive (territorial) songs, alarm calls and communication calls were recorded. The gibbons sang their morning songs mainly in the early morning, with a single bout lasting more than 10 min on average. The singing of a group would trigger other groups, and all groups in an area tended to sing sequentially. The morning duet song bout was dominated by an adult male. The male emitted booms, aa notes, early multimodulated figures, intermediate multimodulated figures and codas, the latter occurring only in duets following the female's great call. The female uttered great calls and abortive great calls. The subadults or juveniles also took part in the morning songs. Lone males were heard to utter solos which lasted longer than the duets of the pairs.
Resumo:
Sinocrossocheilus was recently diagnosed by Su et al. (2003) as consisting of nine species, i.e. S. bamaensis, S. guizhouensis, S. liuchengensis, S. longibullus, S. tridentis, S. microstomatus, S. nigrovittatus, S. labiatus, and S. papillolabrus. It is actually a catch-all genus that is composed of some species misidentified from Pseudocrossocheilus and Hongshuia. Sinocrossocheilus is here redefined based mainly on the details of the lower lip morphology; it is easily separated from all other Asian Labeonini genera in possessing a lower lip with its median lobe modified into a densely papillated, greatly protruded, crescentic fold and a papillose, slightly protruded, triangular fleshy pad which is posteriorly continuous with the mental region. Two species are recognized in this genus: S. guizhouensis and S. labiatus. Detailed redescriptions are given for the two species. All remaining species do not fit with the new definition of Sinocrossocheilus; six species, i.e. S. papillolabrus, S. nigrovittatus, S. bamaensis, S. longibullus, S. liuchengensis, and S. tridentis, should be moved to Pseudocrossocheilus and S. microstomatus to Hongshuia.