Microstructure, deformation and failure of polymer bonded explosives

Polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) are highly particle filled composite materials comprised of explosive crystals and a polymeric binder (ca. 5-10% by weight). The microstructure and mechanical properties of two pressed PBXs with different binder systems were studied in this paper. The initial microstructure of the pressed PBXs and its evolution under different mechanical aggressions were studied, including quasi-static tension and compression, ultrasonic wave stressing and long-pulse low-velocity impact. Real-time microscopic observation of the PBXs under tension was conducted by using a scanning electron microscope equipped with a loading stage. The mechanical properties under tensile creep, quasi-static tension and compression were studied. The Brazilian test, or diametrical compression, was used to study the tensile properties. The influences of pressing pressures and temperatures, and strain rates on the mechanical properties of PBXs were analyzed. The mesoscale damage modes in initial pressed samples and the samples insulted by different mechanical aggressions, and the corresponding failure mechanisms of the PBXs under different loading conditions were analyzed.

Microstructures of explosively consolidated rapidly solidified aluminum and Al-Li alloy powders

The microstructures and the characteristics of water-atomized, nitrogen gas-atomized Al powders and ultrasonic argon gas-atomized Al-Li alloy powder were investigated by means of metallography, SEM, Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Rapidly solidified powders were explosively consolidated into different sized cylinders under various explosive parameters. The explosively consolidated compacts have been tested and analysed for density microhardness, retention of rapidly solidified microstructures, interparticle bonding, fractography and lattice distortion. It is shown that the explosive consolidation technique is an effective method for compacting rapidly solidified powders. The characteristics of surface layers play a very important role in determining the effectiveness of the joints sintered, and the Al-Li alloy explosive compacts present an abnormal softening appearance compared to the original powder.

高能、含铝和温压炸药爆炸抛撒实验研究

采用高速运动分析系统观察了高能炸药、含铝炸药和温压炸药爆炸产物抛撒的过程;分析比较了三种炸药的爆炸产物抛撒运动及后燃特点,得到了温压炸药具有爆炸和后燃二个过程,爆炸场范围大,温度高,后燃持续时间长;高能炸药与温压炸药相比爆炸场范围小,温度低,几乎没有后燃过程;含铝炸药介于温压炸药和高能炸药之间。

温压炸药爆炸抛撒的运动规律

采用高速运动分析系统观察了高能炸药、含铝炸药和温压炸药爆炸产物抛撒的过程;比较了这3种炸药的爆炸产物抛撒运动及后燃特点,通过比较直观地观察到温压炸药爆炸和后燃2个过程,以及后燃火球的成长历程,根据实验结果确定了温压炸药爆炸产物抛撒半径随时同变化的数学表达式.

钛合金TC4材料热处理工艺对圆筒在内爆炸载荷下膨胀半径的影响

对采用两种不同热处理工艺的钛合金TC4材料进行了Hopkinson拉伸实验、圆筒爆炸实验和数值仿真,从而确定了两种不同热处理工艺的优劣并通过微观分析揭示了钛合金TC4材料微观组织结构对内爆炸载荷下圆筒膨胀半径的影响.实验和数值分析表明:采用双重退火热处理工艺的钛合金TC4材料具有良好的动态力学性能.在相同的加载条件下,经此工艺处理的TC4圆筒在爆轰产物未泄漏之前有着充分的膨胀半径,而且也不容易形成绝热剪切破坏.同时,给出的依据高速摄影照片确定筒壳断裂点的方法是切实可行的,获得的断裂时间与数值分析结果吻合.

Simulation of Vibration Caused by Blasting for a Layered Slope

Recent studies showed that vibration caused by blasting mainly reflects the property of geological structure itself neighboring the blasting center. Different vibration signals can be collected for different geological structures under blasting. Hence, vibration signal can be used to identify geological structure, especial for a slope with a weak layer. As the geological structure for a practical slope is usually complicated, the simulation of vibration caused by blasting should be carried out first. Generally, the material in a certain zone near the blasting center will undergo damage, so the physical model to simulate this region is the most concerned. In this paper, the damaged zone near blasting center is neglected, and the blasting load can be considered being applied on the interface between the damaged zone and undamaged zone. Regarding the relations between the weight of explosive, the size of damaged zone, and the dynamic loading to propagate out away, the vibration caused by blasting for a practical layered slope is simulated. Compared with the measured signal in site, it can be seen that the simulating result is in well agreement with that of practical testing. The results also indicate that the farther the testing point apart from the blasting center, the more accurate the simulation is.

Propagation of Explosion Wave in Hard-Soft-Hard Layered Media

The paper presents a reasonable analysis for dynamic response and failure process of a plane multi-layered media, which are subjected to a blast loading. This blast loading is induced by a cylindric explosive put on the center of top surface of the layered media. With the help of numerical simulation technique provided by LS-DYNA software, the whole process of explosion wave propagation and attenuation can be revealed. The feature of local failure around the blasting site is also discussed in some detail. Our focus will be on the explosion wave attenuation for the hard-soft-hard sandwich layers. As seen in the paper, the computational results are delivered in a feasible way by comparing with experimental data.

Adiabatic shear localization: occurrence, theories, and applications

New Numerical Algorithms in SUPER CE/SE and Their Applications in Explosion Mechanics

The new numerical algorithms in SUPER/CESE and their applications in explosion mechanics are studied. The researched algorithms and models include an improved CE/SE (space-time Conservation Element and Solution Element) method, a local hybrid particle level set method, three chemical reaction models and a two-fluid model. Problems of shock wave reflection over wedges, explosive welding, cellular structure of gaseous detonations and two-phase detonations in the gas-droplet system are simulated by using the above-mentioned algorithms and models. The numerical results reveal that the adopted algorithms have many advantages such as high numerical accuracy, wide application field and good compatibility. The numerical algorithms presented in this paper may be applied to the numerical research of explosion mechanics.

Cluster explosion investigated by linearly chirped spectral scattering of an expanding plasma sphere

Femtosecond explosive processes of argon clusters irradiated by linearly chirped ultraintense laser pulses have been investigated by 90 degrees side spectral scattering. The spectral redshift and blueshift, which correlate with the cluster explosion processes have been measured for negatively and positively chirped driving laser pulses, respectively. The evolution of the heated-cluster polarizability indicates that the core of the cluster is shielded from the laser field in the beginning of the explosion and enhanced scattering occurs after the fast explosion initiates. Evidence of resonant heating is found from the coincidence of enhanced scattering with enhanced absorption measured using the transmitted spectra. Anomalously large-size clusters with very low gas density have been observed in this way and can be used as clean and important cluster targets.

Intense local plasma heating by stopping of ultrashort ultraintense laser pulse in dense plasma

Self-trapping, stopping, and absorption of an ultrashort ultraintense linearly polarized laser pulse in a finite plasma slab of near-critical density is investigated by particle-in-cell simulation. As in the underdense plasma, an electron cavity is created by the pressure of the transmitted part of the light pulse and it traps the latter. Since the background plasma is at near-critical density, no wake plasma oscillation is created. The propagating self-trapped light rapidly comes to a stop inside the slab. Subsequent ion Coulomb explosion of the stopped cavity leads to explosive expulsion of its ions and formation of an extended channel having extremely low plasma density. The energetic Coulomb-exploded ions form shock layers of high density and temperature at the channel boundary. In contrast to a propagating pulse in a lower density plasma, here the energy of the trapped light is deposited onto a stationary and highly localized region of the plasma. This highly localized energy-deposition process can be relevant to the fast ignition scheme of inertial fusion.

Diet overlap between the endemic fish Anablariflus grahami(Cyprinidae) and the exotic noodlefish Neosalanx taihuensis (Salangidae) in lake Fuxian, China

We studied diet composition and overlap of the exotic noodlefish (Neosalanx taihuensis) and the endemic fish Anaborilius grahami in a deep, oligotrophic lake in the Yunnan Plateau. A. grahami dominated the fish community in Lake Fuxian before the invasion of N. taihuensis in 1982, but it is now in the process of extinction, corresponding with an explosive increase in N. taihuensis population. Schoener's index (alpha=0.773) indicate that N. taihuensis and A. grahami have significant diet overlap, with both fish feeding mainly on zooplankton. An increased proportion of littoral prey, such as Procladius spp., Coleoptera, and epiphytes, in the diet of A. grahami indicated that this endemic fish shifted its main habitat from the off-shore zone in the late 1980s to the littoral zone at the present. A difference in reproduction between the two fishes, along with the overfishing, may have exacerbated the occupation of A. grahami's pelagic niche by N. taihuensis. The endemic species has shown large competitive disadvantage for food and space in the presence of N. taihuensis.

Effect of pulse heating parameters on the microscale bubble dynamics at a microheater surface

We study the effects of pulse heating parameters on the micro bubble behavior of a platinum microheater (100 mu m x 20 mu m) immersed in a methanol pool. The experiment covers the heat fluxes of 10-37 MW/m(2) and pulse frequencies of 25-500 Hz. The boiling incipience is initiated at the superheat limit of methanol, corresponding to the homogeneous nucleation. Three types of micro boiling patterns are identified. The first type is named as the bubble explosion and regrowth, consisting of a violent explosive boiling and shrinking, followed by a slower bubble regrowth and subsequent shrinking, occurring at lower heat fluxes. The second type, named as the bubble breakup and attraction, consists of the violent explosive boiling, bubble breakup and emission, bubble attraction and coalescence process, occurring at higher heat fluxes than those of the first type. The third type, named as the bubble size oscillation and large bubble formation, involves the initial explosive boiling, followed by a short periodic bubble growth and shrinking. Then the bubble continues to increase its size, until a constant bubble size is reached which is larger than the microheater length. 

Calculation of Hugoniot properties for shocked nitromethane based on the improved Tsien's EOS

We have calculated the Hugoniot properties of shocked nitromethane based on the improved Tsien's equation of state (EOS) that optimized by "exact" numerical molecular dynamic data at high temperatures and pressures. Comparison of the calculated results of the improved Tsien's EOS with the existed experimental data and the direct simulations show that the behavior of the improved Tsien's EOS is very good in many aspects. Because of its simple analytical form, the improved Tsien's EOS can be prospectively used to study the condensed explosive detonation coupling with chemical reaction.

岩体中爆腔内压力脉动特征和爆炸能量分布的数值模拟

分析了对岩体中爆炸能量分布和爆腔内压力研究的现状, 为进行这方面的研究, 在块体离散元基础上独立开发了可变形多尺度计算模型和爆源模型, 改进后的数值模型适合研究爆源近区的爆炸效应. 通过该模型对岩体中爆腔内压力和爆炸能量分布进行了数值模拟, 分析了爆腔内压力脉动特征, 指出爆源近区岩体结构性质对爆腔内压力脉动规律影响不大, 爆腔内压力峰值与炸药量无关; 结合热力学和弹性力学知识分析了不同条件下爆炸能量分布规律, 研究了岩体破坏对爆炸能量分布的影响, 给出了岩石断裂破坏消耗能量、变形能、用于抛掷的能量的比例