47 resultados para cucumber


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Phyllophorus (Phyllophorus) maculatus new species is described from a depth of 22-45 meters near the western edge of the Yellow Sea. The body is cylindrical, with body wall ossicles present only in the anal region. Ossicles are four-pillared tables with low spires and indented disc margin. A revised key to the eleven phyllophorine (Family Phyllophoridae, Subfamily Phyllophorinae) species now known from China is presented.

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The apodous holothurian species originally described by Ohshima ( 1915) as Toxodora pacifica has been rediscovered, and its known geographic range extended from Suruga Bay, Japan to the western side of the Yellow Sea, China. As the genus name Toxodora is no longer available, a new genus name, Neotoxodora Liao, Pawson, and Wei, is proposed. The type material of Neotoxodora pacifica is lost, and a Neotype is named for this species.

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Influence of La3+ on the accumulation of trace elements (Se-75, Co-56, Rb-83, V-48, (95)mTc, and Ga-67) in chloroplasts of cucumber seedling leaves was studied by a radioactive multitracer technique. At the same time, chloroplast contents of different concentrations of La3+ treatment were calculated. It was observed that chloroplast contents peaked at 0.02 mM La3+ treatment and that the uptake and distribution of these trace elements in chloroplasts of cucumber seedling leaves are different under different La3+, treatments. With the increase of lanthanum concentrations from 0.002 to 2 mM, the uptake percentages of Se-75, Co-56, and Rb-83 presented an obvious increase and then sharply decreased in contrast to the nonlanthanum treatment, whereas there appeared a sharp decrease and then restored control level in the uptake of V-48. The other two trace elements, namely Tc-95m and Ga-67, were accumulated only in the presence of 0.02 mM La3+. The results indicate that lanthanum treatments to growing the cucumber lead to the change of trace element uptake in the chloroplasts of leaves, which suggest that lanthanum might influence the accumulation of trace elements in chloroplasts of cucumber seedling leaves by regulation of various ion transport mechanisms, thus affecting the photosystem of leaves.

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The effects of La3+ on the antioxidant enzyme activities and the relative indices of cellular damage in cucumber seedling leaves were studied. When cucumber seedlings were treated with low concentrations of LaCl3 (0.002 and 0.02 mM), peroxidase (PO) activity increased, and catalase (CAT) activity was similar to that of control leaves at 0.002 mM La3+ and increased at 0.02 mM La3+, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity did not change significantly. The increase in the contents of chlorophyll (including chlorophylls a and b), carotenoids in parallel with the decrease in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) suggested that low concentration of La3+ promoted plant growth. However, except the increase in SOD activity at 2 mM La3+, CAT and PO activities and the contents of pigments decreased at high concentrations of La3+ (0.2 and 2 mM), leading to the increase of MDA content and the inhibition of plant growth. It is suggested that lanthanum ion is involved in the regulation of active oxygen-scavenging enzyme activities during plant growth.

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The effects of La3+ on the uptake of trace elements (Se, Co, V, and Tc) in cucumber plants were studied by a radioactive multitracer technique. It was observed that the uptake and distribution of these trace elements in roots, stems, and leaves are different under different La3+, treatments. Furthermore, in the control, the plant accumulates Se-75, Co-56, and V-48 all in the order roots>leaves>stems, whereas Tc-95m was in the order leaves>stems>roots. The accumulations of Se-75 and Tc-95m in plants treated with different La3+ concentration were in the same order as those in the control, but the uptakes percentages of other kinds of element changed differently. The results indicate that lanthanum treatments to a growing cucumber lead to the change of uptake of trace elements, which suggest that a rare earth element is directly or indirectly involved in the ion transport of the plant and affects plant growth by regulating the uptake and distribution of elements that influence the plant cell physiology and biochemistry.

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Multitracer technique was used to study the uptake and distribution of some relatively long half-life radionuclides Be, Na, Mn, Co, Sc to growing cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) with two different treatments. In Hoagland solution, only Mn-54 and Co-60 accumulated in the every part of plants. Mn-54, Co-60 and other radionuclides were absorbed in distilled water. The results indicate that there were major differences in the accumulation of trace elements between the two different treatments.

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Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in vegetables were determined by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and capillary gas chromatography with thermionic specific detection (TSD). Hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsioxane (PDMS) prepared by sol-gel method was used as extraction phase. The effects of extraction temperature, salting out, extraction time on extraction efficiency were studied. The detection limits of OPPs in water were <= 1.2 ng/l. This method was also applied to the analysis of OPPs in vegetable samples and matrix effect was studied. Linear ranges of OPPs in vegetable samples were 0.05-50 ng/g with detection limits <= 0. 15 ng/g and the repeatability of the method was less than 20% relative standard deviation. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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本研究通过探讨毛乌素沙地主要早生植物和中生植物的水分关系。对“早生植物”的概念作了进一步的分析的阐述,探讨了蒸腾作用、光合作用的气乳调节与植物叶片水分平衡的相互关系,并提出了以蒸腾“午体”为基础的关于划分植物水分生态类型的新概念。上述问题的探讨可作为对中国毛鸟素沙化化草地植物环境系统优化模式的水平衡假说的难证。探讨了为合理确定在研究地区种草造林的最佳密度所需进一步研究的内容:水分亏缺对植物量累积的抑制作用。并对该地区主要植物种的季节蒸腾耗水量作了估算。研究了依赖于主导环境因子的沙生植物蒸腾速率的回归模型。得出结论认为:对于蒸腾速率和叶面积指数,建立多元非线性回归可以取得较好结果。最后,对几个重要的蒸散预测模型和土壤水分运动的物理模型进行了评述,并探讨了这些模型对于干旱区蒸散预测研究的可行性,作为本研究的未来探讨的课题。

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细胞分裂素是一类重要的植物激素,它参与调节许多植物的生命活动过程。本文从几个方面研究了细胞分裂素的作用。 在细胞分裂素的活性测定中,通过改进尾穗蔸苋红素合成法建立了一种简便、准确的生物试法,同时还建立了根据物理化学和免疫学原理而测定细胞分裂素的HPLC和ELISA方法,使得细胞分裂素的定量更加准确。经过对上述三种方法的相互验证实验表明,同时采用二种方法可以保证细胞分裂素分析的准确和可靠。 细胞分裂素可以促进黄瓜子叶的扩张。利用离体黄瓜子叶,分析BA诱发其扩张与子叶内源细胞分裂素之间的关系,实验证明,BA能促进玉米素及其核苷的迅速积累,进而诱发子叶的扩张。上述结果还表明,黄瓜子叶可能具有合成细胞分裂素的能力。 荸荠球茎是一种贮藏器官,但实验测定发现其中含有细胞分裂素的生理活性形式——异戊烯基腺嘌呤核苷(iPA),而且合成它的前体腺嘌呤的含量也十分丰富,考虑到球茎与种子的类似之处,推测它可能做为合成细胞分裂素的一个源,而且其合成途径可能有别于植物其它组织。 农杆菌中的异戊烯基转移酶(ipt)基因是负责细胞分裂素生物合成的关键基因。将ipt基因克隆后对其启动子进行了改造,分别构建了如下三种基因:(1) ipt启动子+ipt编码区和3,区(ipt),(2)磷酸核酮糖羧化酶小亚基启动子SSU 301+ipt编码区和3,区(SSU -ipt),(3)豌豆种子特异性启动子viciln+ipt编码区和3,区(vic-ipt)。上述三种基因经农杆菌介导转化烟草,获得了16株再生植株,经Southern杂交证明其中15株的基因组上含有正常整合的ipt基因。Northern杂交表明有13株转基因烟草中的ipt基因能转录出大小正常的ipt mRNA并促进了细胞分裂素的生物合成。 实验表明,转基因烟草中ipt基因的表达受到多种因素的调控。首先启动子决定了ipt基因的表达模式,SSU -ipt基因的表达受光的诱导,黑暗中这种基因的转录完全停止,而vic-ipt基因的表达是种子特异性的,它不在烟草营养生长器官如根、茎、叶和愈伤组织中表达。第二,生长素能降低ipt基因的表达活性。第三,在整体植物的根中,存在某些反式因子,能够控制ipt基因的过量表达,这其中可能涉及到细胞内的蛋白因子、基因的甲基化作用及细胞分裂素的反馈调节等。 vic-ipt基因在烟草种子中的特异性表达导致种子内形成了一个细胞分裂素合成的源(source)。对种子中营养物质积累的研究表明,ipt基因的表达促进了种子干物质的积累,其中作用最明显的是增加种子内蛋白质的合成。转入vic-ipt基因后的烟草种子其萌发率没有显著变化,但幼苗的生长速率明显加快,这表明细胞分裂素能调节植株的生长。 通过Northern杂交检测转基因烟草中基因表达的调控,实验证明,ipt基因的表达明显抑制一组植物病理相关蛋白(PR)基因的转录活性,这组基因编码:几丁质酶,β-1,3一葡萄糖苷酶,伸展蛋白和渗调蛋白。对这些调控作用的生理学意义还有待进一步探索。 上述结果表明,在高等植物中,除了传统上认为根是合成细胞分裂素的部位之外,其它组织和器官也具有合成细胞分裂素的能力,其中合成能力最强的是一些离体组织和贮藏器官。农杆菌中的细胞分裂素生物合成基因(ipt)能够在高等植物的基因组中正常的整合和表达,并受到植物体内生理、发育等多种因素的调控,而与整体植物的正常生理过程协调一致。ipt基因的表达还能够调节植物体的生长和发育,包括种子发育时营养物质的积累、幼苗的生长和某些相关基因的表达。对上述问题的深入研究,必将促进细胞分裂素及其相关生理学和发育学研究的进展。

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为了阐明蕨类植物铁芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma Bernh.)体内稀土元素的分布及其光合特性,采用电感耦合等离子质谱分析了中国江西省龙南县轻、重稀土矿区和非矿区铁芒萁植物体内的稀土元素含量,并采用透射电子显微镜对其叶片细胞内的稀土元素进行精确定位。还比较系统的研究了自然条件下的铁芒萁与高浓度稀土元素处理条件下的非稀土元素富集植物黄瓜(Cucumis sativus Linn)的光合特性。结果表明: 1、0.5 mmol•L-1 LaCl3处理黄瓜后,可以诱导激发能向PS II分配。1和2 mmol•L-1 LaCl3处理黄瓜后,对黄瓜幼苗抑制作用表现在对其生长率,光合放氧活性和叶绿体完整率的抑制。这是由于LaCl3对黄瓜细胞结构和叶绿体膜结构的破坏所致。其表现为对类囊体膜结构的破坏,而导致PS II光合活性下降,并最终抑制黄瓜生长。 2、铁芒萁可以富集稀土元素,轻、重稀土矿区铁芒萁植物稀土元素的分布规律为叶片>根>土壤>茎>叶柄,非矿区铁芒萁植物稀土元素的分布规律为叶片>根>茎>叶柄。稀土元素在铁芒萁体内的运输和迁移过程中,发生了明显的分异作用,茎、叶柄、叶片中的重稀土相对贫乏,叶片中可以富集高浓度的轻稀土元素。 3、稀土元素可以进入完整的铁芒萁表皮细胞和叶肉细胞中,但多以沉淀的形式聚集在一起。非矿区铁芒萁叶绿体中的稀土元素含量约占其叶片中含量的5%。轻稀土矿区铁芒萁叶绿体中的稀土元素含量约占其叶片中含量的10%。部分稀土元素定位于富含PS II的基粒片层上。 4、铁芒萁富集稀土元素受环境和遗传特性的双重影响,但主要由其自身的生理、生化特性决定。其富集稀土元素的机制是隔离稀土元素在细胞壁、液泡中和分泌结合物质使稀土元素成为沉淀沉积下来,从而避免对光合活性的破坏。 5、与非矿区铁芒萁相比,轻稀土矿区植物叶绿体膜的全链电子传递速率增加了34.9%,PS II的电子传递活性增高了252.9%,PS I的电子传递活性增加了16.8%。轻稀土矿区铁芒萁全链电子传递活性的增加主要来自PS II电子传递活性的大幅提高,这可能与其调节激发能更多向PS II分配,提高PS II反应中心色素蛋白复合体(67.0%)和捕光色素蛋白复合体的含量相关。 6、与非矿区铁芒萁相比,重稀土矿区植物叶绿体膜的全链电子传递速率增加了46.3%,PS II的电子传递活性增高了23.8%,PS I的电子传递活性增加了60.4%。重稀土矿区铁芒萁电子传递活性的提高主要来自PS I电子传递活性的大量增加,这可能与其PS I反应中心蛋白复合体含量的提高(60.0%)有关。 铁芒萁富集并吸收稀土元素主要是由自身的理化特性决定的。它能够将稀土元素以沉淀的形式固定在细胞内部,并通过改变生理代谢来避免高浓度稀土元素对其光合作用的影响。可以在治理稀土元素污染的环保工程中用作植物修复材料。

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以津优1号黄瓜为试材,设3个土壤相对含水量水平(50%~60%、70%~80%、90%~100%)和2个肥料追施量(600kgN·hm-2和420kgP2O5·hm-2,420kgN.hm-2和294kgP2O5·hm-2)处理,研究了不同水肥供应对日光温室黄瓜土壤养分、酶活性及微生物多样性的影响.结果表明:土壤中NH4+-N含量随施肥量的增加而提高,随土壤相对含水量的增加而降低;水肥供给的增加有利于提高土壤中速效磷含量和蔗糖酶活性;肥料增加使土壤中蛋白酶活性降低,而水分降低使土壤中脲酶活性提高.土壤中微生物多样性与土壤中养分含量无显著相关性,与土壤脲酶活性呈显著正相关,与蔗糖酶活性呈显著负相关.土壤相对含水量70%~80%、氮肥追施量600kgN·hm-2和420kgP2O5.hm-2处理的土壤养分含量、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性较高,且土壤中微生物多样性和均匀度显著高于其他处理,土壤生产潜力最优.

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采用小区试验研究了不同灌溉方式对津春4号黄瓜根系特性与产量的影响。结果表明,不同灌水方式之间黄瓜根系的特征值差异达到显著水平,前期交替沟灌结果期常规沟灌处理单株根条数、根长、根体积、根冠比均高于其余五种处理,根系伤流量为19.86 mg/min,根系活力高达0.55 mg/(g.h)。灌水方式对黄瓜单果重的影响不大,前期交替沟灌结果期常规沟灌处理的单株产量显著高于常规沟灌。因此,前期交替沟灌结果期常规沟灌有利于黄瓜根系的发育与产量的提高。

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试验研究了在延安日光温室不同前茬作物条件下,黄瓜随着生长季节的变化其产量和品质及土壤呼吸和酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,前茬为豇豆的黄瓜产量和土壤碱性磷酸酶活性较高,前茬为番茄的黄瓜可溶性糖含量和土壤呼吸强度较高,前茬为四季豆的黄瓜维生素C含量较高,前茬为翻青玉米的黄瓜硝酸盐含量和土壤脲酶活性较高,前茬为翻青黑豆的土壤蔗糖酶活性较高。从提高黄瓜产量的角度出发,豇豆-黄瓜是最佳模式,而从改善黄瓜品质的角度出发,番茄-黄瓜和四季豆-黄瓜是最优模式

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为研究水肥耦合对陕北日光温室内黄瓜产量和品质的影响,2006年和2007年在安塞日光温室隔水小区内采用完全随机设计,设置了WhFh,WmFh,WlFh,WhFl,WmFl和WlFl共6个处理。结果表明:①不同水肥处理影响了黄瓜品质,但所有处理瓜条NO3--N含量都低于432mg/kg(鲜样),WmFh处理黄瓜可溶性糖、VC和可溶性蛋白质含量都显著高于其它处理;②黄瓜产量随水肥供给增加而增加,水分利用效率总体上与肥料量正相关,与供水量负相关。可得出结论:WmFh处理(田间持水量75%~90%,600kg/hm2N和420kg/hm2P2O5)的水肥能满足黄瓜整个生育期的水分和养分需求,能实现黄瓜的高产、优质、高效生产。

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黄瓜枯萎病(Cucumber fusarium Wilt)又称萎蔫病、蔓割病,是一种世界性的植物维管束病害。1925年Weber 首次报道在美国佛罗里达州发生。该病由半知菌亚门,镰刀菌属尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)侵染所致,是一类主要经土壤传播的维管束病害,在我国瓜类种植区也普遍发生,在北方地区尤为严重。近年来随着蔬菜栽培面积的增加,土壤菌量逐年积累,此病的发生日趋严重。据统计,每年黄瓜枯萎病的发病率可达20%,严重时高达80%-90%,甚至全部毁种,导致了黄瓜的严重减产。 本论文从56株选自与海洋动、植物共生/共栖的细菌为资源,以黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)为靶菌,通过平板对峙试验筛选出8株具有较强抑黄瓜枯萎病菌作用的菌株,其中以海洋细菌3512A的抑菌效果最好。室内模拟实验表明该菌株能够在灭菌土和有菌土中高密度定殖,促进黄瓜幼苗的生长。盆栽试验表明其能够有效的防治黄瓜枯萎病,防效达64.29%~73.62%,还能促进黄瓜的生长,提高叶绿素含量,增加黄瓜的产量,可认为是一株植物根际促生菌(PGPR)采用传统的细菌学和分子生物学的鉴定方法对其进行了菌种鉴定,为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacilluss subtilis)。 通过对抗菌谱的研究,发现海洋细菌3512A除了对黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum) 有很强的抑菌活性外,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌和多种植物病原真菌都具有较强的抑制作用,抗菌范围广,可进一步做对其它农作物病害的防治实验。 海洋细菌3512A在盆栽试验中对黄瓜枯萎病的成功防治以及促生作用,为其良好的使用提供了指导并为其进一步的研究提供了基础。