Assembly of alternating polycation and DNA multilayer films by electrostatic layer-by-layer adsorption

The assembly of alternating DNA and positively charged poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDDA) multilayer films by electrostatic layer-by-layer adsorption has been studied. The real-time surface plasmon resonance (BIAcore) technique was used to characterize and monitor the formation of multilayer films in solution in real time continuously. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and UV-vis absorbance measurements were also used to study the film assembly, and linear film growth was observed. All the results indicate that the uniform multilayer can be obtained on the poly(ethylenimine)- (PEI-) coated substrate surface. The kinetics of the adsorption of DNA on PDDA surface was also studied by the real-time BIAcore technique; the observed rate constant was calculated using a Langmuir model (k(obs) = (1.28 +/- 0.08) x 10(-2) s(-1).

Component Assembling Model and Its Application to Quasi-Brittle Damage

Potential energy can be approximated by ‘‘pair-functional’’ potentials which is composed of pair potentials and embedding energy. Pair potentials are grouped according to discrete directions of atomic bonds such that each group is represented by an orientational component. Meanwhile, another kind of component, the volumetric one is derived from embedding energy. Damage and fracture are the changing and breaking of atomic bonds at the most fundamental level and have been reflected by the changing of these components’ properties. Therefore, material is treated as a component assembly, and its constitutive equations are formed by means of assembling these two kinds of components’ response functions. This material model is referred to as the component assembling model. Theoretical analysis and numerical computing indicate that the proposed model has the capacity of reproducing some results satisfactorily, with the advantages of physical explicitness and intrinsic induced anisotropy, etc.

Microcystin-RR induced apoptosis in tobacco BY-2 suspension cells is mediated by reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial permeability transition pore status

When tobacco BY-2 cells were treated with 60 mu g/mL MC-RR for 5 d, time-dependent effects of MC-RR on the cells were observed. Morphological changes such as abnormal elongation, evident chromatin condensation and margination, fragmentation of nucleus and formation of apoptotic-like bodies suggest that 60 mu g/mL MC-RR induced rapid apoptosis in tobacco BY-2 cells. Moreover, there was a significant and rapid increase of ROS level before the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi(m)) and the onset of cell apoptosis. Ascorbic acid (AsA), a major primary antioxidant, prevented the increase of ROS generation, blocked the decrease in Delta Psi(m) and subsequent cell apoptosis, indicating a critical role of ROS in serving as an important signaling molecule by causing a reduction of Delta Psi(m) and MC-RR-induced tobacco BY-2 cell apoptosis. In addition, a specific mitochondrial permeability transition pores (PTP) inhibitor, cyclosporin A (CsA), significantly blocked the MC-RR-induced ROS formation, loss of Delta Psi(m), as well as cell apoptosis when the cells were MC-RR stressed for 3 d, suggesting that PTP is involved in 60 mu g/mL MC-RR-induced tobacco cell apoptosis signalling process. Thus, we concluded that the mechanism of MC-RR-induced apoptosis signalling pathways in tobacco BY-2 cells involves not only the excess generation of ROS and oxidative stress, but also the opening of PTP inducing loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Infection and propagation of lymphocystis virus isolated from the cultured flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in grass carp cell lines

The causative agent of lymphocystis disease that frequently occurs in cultured flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in China is lymphocystis virus (LV). In this study, 13 fish cell lines were tested for their susceptibility to LV. Of these, 2 cell lines derived from the freshwater grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus proved susceptible to the LV, and 1 cell line, GCO (grass carp ovary), was therefore used to replicate and propagate the virus. An obvious cytopathic effect (CPE) was first observed in cell monolayers at 1 d post-inoculation, and at 3 d this had extended to about 75% of the cell monolayer. However, no further CPE extension was observed after 4 d. Cytopathic characteristics induced by the LV were detected by Giemsa staining and fluorescence microscopic observation with Hoechst 33258 staining. The propagated virus particles were also observed by electron microscopy. Ultrastructure analysis revealed several distinct cellular changes, such as chromatin compaction and margination, vesicle formation, cell-surface convolution, nuclear fragmentation and the occurrence of characteristic 'blebs' and cell fusion. This study provides a detailed report of LV infection and propagation in a freshwater fish cell line, and presents direct electron microscopy evidence for propagation of the virus in infected cells. A possible process by which the CPEs are controlled is suggested.

construction of feature-matching perception in virtual assembly

An important characteristic of virtual assembly is interaction. Traditional di-rect manipulation in virtual assembly relies on dynamic collision detection, which is very time-consuming and even impossible in desktop virtual assembly environment. Feature-matching isa critical process in harmonious virtual assembly, and is the premise of assembly constraint sens-ing. This paper puts forward an active object-based feature-matching perception mechanism and afeature-matching interactive computing process, both of which make the direct manipulation in vir-tual assembly break away from collision detection. They also help to enhance virtual environmentunderstandability of user intention and promote interaction performance. Experimental resultsshow that this perception mechanism can ensure that users achieve real-time direct manipulationin desktop virtual environment.

Controllable synthesis of metal hydroxide and oxide nanostructures by ionic liquids assisted electrochemical corrosion method

Cu(OH)(2) nanowires have been synthesized by anodic oxidation of copper through a simple electrolysis process employing ionic liquid as an electrolyte. Controlling the electrochemical conditions can qualitatively modulate the lengths, amounts, and shapes of Cu(OH)(2) nanostructures. A rational mechanism based on coordination self-assembly and oriented attachment is proposed for the selective formation of the polycrystalline Cu(OH)(2) nanowires. In addition, the FeOOH nanoribbons, Ni(OH)(2) nanosheets, and ZnO nanospheres were also synthesized by this route, indicative of the universality of the electrochemical route presented herein. The morphologies and structures of the synthesized nanostructures have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric (TG). (C) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved

Preparation and application of single polyelectrolyte microcapsules possessing tunable autofluorescent properties

Autofluorescent single polyelectrolyte microcapsules, exemplified by poly-L-lysine (PLL), have been prepared through glutaraldehyde-mediated covalent layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly and subsequent core removal. CaCO3 microparticles were used as template cores for the LbL deposition and removed by treatment of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA). The prepared microcapsules, without conjugating an exterior fluorochrome, exhibited evenly distributed fluorescence.

Metal-containing molecular wires and their electron transportation properties

Metal-containing conjugated bisthioester 1 was synthesized. It was fabricated into "gold electrode - molecular wires monolayers - gold nanoparticles" junction using self-assembly and nanoparticles deposition techniques. The junction is suitable for investigating the electron transportation property of molecular wires.

Tuning The Geometrical Parameters Of Biomimetic Fibrillar Structures To Enhance Adhesion

Fibrillar structures are common features on the feet of many animals, such as geckos, spiders and flies. Theoretical analyses often use periodical array to simulate the assembly, and each fibril is assumed to be of equal load sharing (ELS). On the other hand, studies on a single fibril show that the adhesive interface is flaw insensitive when the size of the fibril is not larger than a critical one. In this paper, the Dugdale Barenblatt model has been used to study the conditions of ELS and how to enhance adhesion by tuning the geometrical parameters in fibrillar structures. Different configurations in an array of fibres are considered, such as line array, square and hexagonal patterns. It is found that in order to satisfy flaw-insensitivity and ELS conditions, the number of fibrils and the pull-off force of the fibrillar interface depend significantly on the fibre separation, the interface interacting energy, the effective range of cohesive interaction and the radius of fibrils. Proper tuning of the geometrical parameters will enhance the pull-off force of the fibrillar structures. This study may suggest possible methods to design strong adhesion devices for engineering applications.

纳米结构界面组装及电化学SPR研究

围绕论文题目“纳米结构界面组装及电化学SPR研究”，我们将SPR与电化学技术有机的结合起来，建立了电化学SPR（EC-SPR）技术，开展了相关的EC-SPR研究工作。同时，在一些特殊纳米结构的界面组装方面进行了创新研究。本论文研究工作的主要内容和创新点表现在以下几个方面：1．首次成功地将纳米粒子自组装膜模板与化学镀金技术相结合成功地用于湿化学法制备SPR响应基片，攻克国际上仅用物理法制备SPR镀金片的局限和困难，为SPR技术的进一步普及奠定了一定的基础。2．此外，还成功地将纳米粒子自组装膜模板与化学镀金技术相结合，制备了Au（III）单晶纳米岛阵列薄膜及电极。3．在国内率先将电化学和表面等离子体共振（SPR）光谱技术相结合，构建了EC-SPR仪器操作系统；并将此技术用于现场原位表征和研究导电聚合物薄膜和生物大分子（DNA和电活性蛋白质分子）纳米结构组装体的光电特性。4. 首次合成并报道了纳米粒子模板法制备中空的银／金表面钉状双金属纳米粒子，及其在水和空气界面受扩散受限聚集控制的二维介观分形聚集。丰富和拓展了纳米粒子二维分形聚集的研究。5．将欠电位沉积电化学方法拓展用于表面微加工。实验结果表明，对化学镀制备的多晶金SPR响应基片进行连续的银欠电位沉积与溶出电化学处理，不仅可以改善金膜表面的粗糙度，还能对表面的原子进行结构重排，使其具有An（III）的电化学响应特征；SPR信号对SPR响应金膜表面的原子排列非常灵敏。6．将欠电位沉积电化学法用于新颖的纳米催化剂设计，首次制备了铂原子单层沉积的纳米金单层膜并成功地用于4电子氧催化还原反应。大基于纳米受限环境下水的特殊性质（不挥发性）的启示，成功地进行了DDAB表面活性剂泡囊和环状多金属氧酸盐（POM）纳米簇的仿生超分子模板界面静电组装。

金属纳米材料的合成，组装及电化学性质的研究

利用Brust的两相法制备了一系列Au纳米粒子，重点选择了三种代表性的硫醇配体：包括电活性的4-二茂铁苯硫酚配体，刚性的琉基一三苯基甲烷配体和树枝状硫醇配体。摸索了实验条件对Au纳米粒子粒径的影响。其中重点研究了电活性配体4-二茂铁苯硫酚包覆的Au纳米粒子的电化学性质，它受表面波控制。制备了梭酸配体包覆的水溶性的Au纳米粒子，讨论了梭酸配体在Au纳米粒子表面构向的不同对电解质诱导的Au纳米粒子聚沉的影响。利用双硫醇与4-二茂铁苯硫酚包覆的Au纳米粒子发生配体交换后，将这种电活性的Au纳米粒子组装在金电极表面。XPS结果证明了这个组装的过程，研究了这种电活性Au纳米粒子在电极表面的电化学行为，包括式量电位，峰峰电位差，覆盖度等等。重点讨论了这种组装在电极表面的Au纳米粒子的式量电位发生负移的原因。制备了水溶性的3一琉基甘油包覆的Au纳米粒子，利用微分脉冲伏安（DPv）技术发现了这种Au纳米粒子在水溶液中的量子化充放电现象。3一琉基甘油在Au纳米粒子表面的特殊结构，即大量存在的分子间氢键，避免了水分子渗入硫醇配体层带来的高介电常数的干扰，试验得到了这种Au纳米粒子的电容值，与经典的导电同心球模型计算的理论值接近。利用水溶性的Au纳米粒子为催化剂，催化一个经典的胶体催化的氧化还原反应：铁氰化钾与硫代硫酸钠之间的反应。其催化反应机理为：胶体金作为电子转移媒介体，铁氰根离子和硫代硫酸根离子在胶体金表面交换电子，促进氧化还原反应的进行．利用该氧化还原反应的速度，计算了电子在金纳米粒子表面的三维自组装膜中的电子转移速度。制备了一种空心CdTe＠Au核一壳结构的复合纳米材料。与传统方法制备的实心CdTe＠Au相比，这种空心的纳米材料仍然保留了cdTe的荧光性能．这种空心材料增加了CdTe导带电子和Au之间的电子传递距离，减弱了Au对CdTe发光的淬灭。这种可发光的空心的半导体一金属核一壳纳米材料，有望在光催化，太阳能电池，表面增强拉曼检测，生物标记等诸多领域获得应用．

两亲性三嵌段共聚物在选择性稀溶液中的自组装及应用

本论文主要研究了ABA和ABC型两亲性三嵌段共聚物在选择性稀溶液中的自组装行为，得到了多种形态新颖、结构复杂多样的胶束，研究了这些复杂胶束的形成过程，探讨了影响胶束形态的各种因素并通过适当的方法对胶束形态进行调控。研究了聚乙烯基毗陡（P4VP）／聚苯乙烯（PS）三嵌段共聚物P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP在二氧六环／水中的自组装行为，成功得到了嵌段共聚物环状胶束，并通过实验研究了环状胶束的形成过程。结果表明，胶束形态依赖于退火时间的长短。随着退火时间的延长，胶束结构从棒状过渡到环形结构。以实验结果为基础提出了环状胶束形成的新的机理，即囊泡塌陷形成环。同时，通过改变实验条件还得到了一些新型的环状复合结构，如环套环形、鸟状、哑铃形、戒指形、网络状等结构，并得到了与计算机模拟一致的结果。通过不同的方法对ABA型三嵌段共聚物（P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP）在选择性溶液中的自组装胶束形态进行调控：首先，详细研究了P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP在不同的共溶剂中的自组装行为。结果表明通过单纯改变共溶剂的性质可以很方便地调节胶束的形态，得到了球、棒、囊泡等结构。并用混合溶剂的方法得到了长度和直径可控的纳米线胶束。同时，通过加入第二种选择性溶剂（核层嵌段PS的选择性溶剂甲苯）的方法使形成胶束的核层嵌段在胶核中的伸展程度增加，从而使胶束形态发生转变。其次，研究了加入表面活性剂十五烷基苯酚（PDP）以构建分子间氢键来调节P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP的胶束形态。结果表明，通过调节PDP的加入量可以使胶束形态发生从球到棒，到网络状、再到囊泡结构的转变。通过实验对比系统地研究了PDP的加入对胶束形态转变的影响，提出了相应的形态转变机理。再次，研究了不同分子量的嵌段共聚物之间共混及共聚物与均聚物共混对胶束形态的影响。结果表明加入亲油嵌段的均聚物对共聚物胶束形态影响非常明显，胶束形态与加入的均聚物的分子量及加入量直接相关。同时得到了一些新形态的胶束，如海绵状、笼子状等。共聚物共混的研究结果表明：通过两种不同分子量的共聚物共混可以得到这两种共聚物胶束的过渡态结构。用共聚物混合的方法还可以得到一些具有生物模拟性的胶束结构，如乌贼状、章鱼状等。这加深了人们对囊泡的形成机理及各种胶束形态之间形态转变的认识。P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP通过在二氧六环／水中的自组装形成了囊泡，结果表明囊泡的尺寸依赖于初始状态下共聚物在共溶剂中的浓度及退火时间。除得到常规的球形囊泡外，还得到一些非球形囊泡，如长条形、三角形、项链形等囊泡结构。结合计算机模拟的方法研究了囊泡的形成机理，发现这些不同结构的囊泡的形成是由于初始状态下密度涨落所引起的。研究了实验中经常出现的各种胶束形态共存现象的原因，发现体系中亚稳态的存在是多形态共存的重要原因之一。通过聚苯乙烯一左聚乙烯基毗睫一左聚氧乙烯（PS一b一PZVP一b一PEO）在THF／水中的二次自组装首次得到了一种具有生物模拟性的巨大的节状蠕虫胶束（SWM）。研究发现，SWM是由重复单元盘状结构和丝状结构相连组成的。最令人吃惊的是这种SWM与自然界中的一些生命体如蛆叫、蛹、昆虫类的幼虫结构非常相似。通过对SWM形成过程中的中间态胶束结构的深入研究发现SWM是由球形胶束通过二次自组装形成的。SWM的形成过程可以分为三个阶段：ABC三嵌段共聚物先组装形成球形结构；这些球型结构粘连在一起形成梭形的中间结构；这些梭状中间结构中的球经过重组和重新调整各嵌段的排布最终形成SWM。用所得到的嵌段共聚物胶束为模板，采用无电沉积的方法成功制备了各种形态的金属一有机高分子纳米复合材料。用简单的方法还得到了导电金属金一银的双金属纳米结构材料。这些纳米结构材料在微电子器件等领域有潜在应用价值。以上研究结果丰富了人们对嵌段共聚物在选择性介质中自组装行为的理解，为人们提供了对生物材料自组装本质的理解的依据。这在两亲性分子在溶液中自组装的基础研究方面以及基于这些自组装形态而构建结构及功能更复杂的纳米结构材料等方面都有一定的意义。

苯乙炔类分子导线的合成、组装及电子传输性能

分子导线作为未来分子电子器件的重要组成部分，其合成，组装及电子传输性能研究是当今化学、物理、生物和微电子工程等领域里一个非常热门的研究课题。本论文在齐聚苯乙炔及齐聚苯乙炔一唾吩乙炔分子导线的合成、组装及电子传输性能研究方面进行了一些工作，主要成果有以下几个方面：一、官能化短链分子导线的合成与表征比较系统地合成不同端基，不同分子长度和不同主链结构的乙酞琉基官能化的齐聚苯乙炔类分子导线，以便比较系统地研究各种因素对这类分子导线的自组装及电子传输性能的影响。对所有合成的官能化分子导线进行了红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和质谱表征以确定其结构。二、长链分子导线的合成与表征用溶液和固定相快速合成方法合成了一系列苯乙炔齐聚物及苯乙炔一（蜜份乙炔交替共聚齐聚物：1）采用简便的路线，用溶液和固定相方法快速合成出十二烷氧基取代的苯乙炔齐聚物，最一长达到了八聚体。（2）采用一条最简便的路线，用固定相方法快速合成了异丙基取代的苯乙炔齐聚物，最长达到了八聚体。（3）用溶液和固定相方法首次合成了苯乙炔一唾吩乙炔交替共聚齐聚物。（4）用一种新颖的“现场去保护／偶联”二倍速方案快速合成出十二烷氧基取代的苯乙炔齐聚物，最长达到了八聚体。该方案最大的优点在于无需分离出对空气敏感的芳香端炔化合物，从而简化了实验操作以及提高了产物的纯度。对所有合成的齐聚物进行了红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、核磁共振碳谱和激光质谱表征以确定其结构。三、官能化分子导线的组装及电子传输性能研究（l）用STM和CP-AFM研究了合成的官能化分子导线在金基底的自组装行为，发现形成的自组装单层缺陷很少，而且自组装单层非常均一。（2）用电化学和导电原子力显微镜技术研究了上述官能化齐聚苯乙炔分子导线的电子传输性能，发现界面接触和分子长度对分子导线的电子传导能力有很大的影响，而链结构的影响则相对要小些。此外，我们还发现齐聚苯乙炔体系的电子传输衰减系数β值仅为0.19A-1，说明它是一类性能优异的分子导线侯选物。（3）通过量子化学计算，我们对实验结果进行了初步解释。

金纳米粒子的合成、组装及应用研究

本文尝试发展各种方法来合成金属纳米粒子，特别是金纳米粒子，成功地获得了不同粒径大小及形状的金纳米粒子，并且通过层层组装方法在各种基底上形成稳定的金纳米粒子多层膜。在此基础上，利用金属纳米粒子作为纳米填充物，制备出一系列的金属粒子纳米复合物。 1．发展了一种简单合成金属纳米粒子的绿色合成方法，利用自然界广泛存在的聚多糖（壳聚糖和肝素）同时作为还原剂和稳定剂，通过一步法成功地合成出壳聚糖稳定的金纳米粒子和肝素稳定的银纳米粒子。研究表明，调节聚多糖和金属盐的浓度，可以控制金、银纳米粒子的粒径大小和形貌。2．发展了一种简捷、实验条件温和的制备余纳米粒子的方法。利用3一噬吩乙酸（TA）同时作为还原剂和稳定剂，通过一步法制备出稳定的金纳米粒子。金纳米粒子的粒径大小及形状，可以通过调节TA的浓度或TA与金盐的比例来控制。利用现场光谱和透射电镜技术对TA还原氯金酸制备金纳米粒子这一反应过程进行实时监控，观测金纳米粒子的形成和生长过程。3．利用壳聚糖分子与金纳米粒子之间的静电作用力，成功地在各种修饰基底（包括石英玻璃片、玻璃碳和镀金膜）上组装了稳定的金纳米粒子多层膜。利用这种方法制备的金纳米粒子多层膜，具有一定的金属导电性。4利用硼氢化钠在壳聚糖溶液中原位还原金属盐，制备出一系列稳定的金属（包括金、银、铂和把）一壳聚糖纳米复合物。通过对这四种不同金属一壳聚糖纳米复合物性质的对比研究，结果表明，生成的银纳米粒子粒径最大，且银一壳聚糖纳米复合物薄膜形成一种片状结构，其他的三种纳米复合物薄膜则形成枝状结构，并且这种枝状结构与金属粒子的种类有关。

ACHT操作引起黑麦(Secale cereale)染色体的畸变和重建

用ACHT处理黑麦萌动种子，对修复前后材料的观察和分析结果表明：1. ACHT操作引起染色体数目变化和染色体断裂损失。在一定 条件和范围内，不同处理引起的这种变化具有显著差异，条件越剧烈，染色体数目变化的范围和频率愈大，断片发生的数量和频率 也愈高，同时修复前后染色体数目的变化范围和频率与断片发生的数量和频率以及它们的修复频率均表现明显的相关性。2. ACHT 操作引起染色体畸变的多样性。经ACHT处理后，胚根细胞染色体有4种断裂方式，包括着丝粒断裂、次溢痕断裂、长臂断裂和短臂 断裂等，其中着丝断裂频率最高；产生6种断片类型，包括有着丝粒和端粒的、有着丝粒而无端粒的、有部分着丝粒和端粒的、有 部分着丝粒而无端粒的、只有端粒的、既无着丝粒也无端粒的断片等。3. ACHT操作引起遗传结构重建的多样性。经ACHT处理后， 对修复24-72小时材料进行核型比较(按Stebbins 和 Levan 标准)和随体分析，处理细胞在染色体数目、大小、形态、位置等方面 均发生显著变化，说明ACHT处理使这些细胞的染色体结构和染色体组型发生了深刻变化。进一步通过Giemsa C— 带分析，观察到 多种重建染色体类型，包括易位型染色体、附加型染色体、无着丝粒染色体、化染色体、增加的m染色体以及某些带型特异的染色 体等。4. RAPD 分析从分子水平上验证了ACHT能有效地引起遗传结构的改变。所用10种引物对处理和对照材料基因组DNA的扩增产 物在条带数目、条带位置及带型特征等方面均有明显差异，其中4种引物出现条带减少，6种引物出现条带增加，后者还包括一个带 位移动。这说明两种材料的基因组DNA具有明显的RAPD反应多态性差异。This paper descripes some results draw on the basis of the observation and analysis on the rye before and after repaired through treating its budding seeds by ACHT in contrast to without ACHT: 1. ACHT manipulation caused the number variation and breakage damage of rye chromosome. Within certain conditions and timits, this phenomenon caused by different treats had signifcant difference: the more the treatment condition is drastie, the more the chageable range and frequence of rye chromosomae number, and so is the produced fragments. Meanwhile, there existed striking relationship among the changeable range and frequence of rye chromosome, the produced number and frequence of fragments and repairing frequence. 2. ACHT manipulafion engendered the diversify of rye chromosomal aberration. Four breakage patterns and six sorts of fragment were observed by watching the chromosome of the rye radicle treated by ACHT, including centric breakage (occuring in the highest frequence), secondary constriction breakage, long arm breakage and short arm breakage to the former, Comprising that with both centromere and telomere, that with centromere and without telomere, that with partial centromere and with telomere, that with partfial ceetromere and without telomere, that only with telomere and that neither with centromere nor with telomere, etc. 3. ACHT manipulation engendered the diversify or rye genetic structs reconstruction. Karureotype analysis(according to Stebbins and Levan) and satellite anaeysis were carried out to rye radicle through 24-72-hour-long recoverage after ACHT manipulation, which showed remarkable change happened on the rye chromosomal number、shape、arm ration and pattern, etc. and also on the satellite number、size、shape and location etc. Those indicated that ACHT manipulation engendered violent changes to rye chromatin structure and chromosome type. Further Giemsa C-banding analysis showed many types of reconstructed chromosome, such as translocation、addition、without centromere、st and other chromosome. 4. RAPD analysis checked the validity of ACHT on changing genetic structure of rye on the level of molecular biology. The treated and recovered rye has different amplifying band pattern by using IO valid arbitary primers selected from 40 comparing with the control.