Sedimentary processes and development of the Zenisu deep-sea channel, Philippine Sea

Zenisu deep-sea channel originated from a volcanic arc region, Izu-Ogasawara Island Arc, and vanished in the Shikoku Basin of the Philippine Sea. According to the swath bathymetry, the deep-sea channel can be divided into three,segments. They are Zenisu canyon, E-W fan channel and trough-axis channel. A lot of volcanic detritus were deposited in the Zenisu Trough via the deep-sea channel because it originated from volcanic arc settings. On the basis of the swath bathymetry, submersible and seismic reflection data, the deposits are characterized by turbidite and debrite deposits as those in the other major deep-sea channels. Erosion or few sediments were observed in the Zenisu canyon, whereas a lot of turbidites and debrites occurred in the E-W channel and trough axis channel. Cold seep communities, active fault and fluid flow were discovered along the lower slope of the Zenisu Ridge. Vertical sedimentary sequences in the Zenisu Trough consist of the four post-rift sequence units of the Shikoku Basin, among which Units A and B are two turbidite units. The development of Zenisu canyon is controlled by the N-S shear fault, the E-W fan channel is related to the E-W shear fault, and the trough-axis channel is related to the subsidence of central basin.

The variability of eddy kinetic energy in the South China Sea deduced from satellite altimeter data

We used fifteen years (1993-2007) of altimetric data, combined from different missions (ERS-1/2, TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, and Envisat), to analyze the variability of the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the South China Sea (SCS). We found that the EKE ranged from 64 cm(2)/s(2) to 1 390 cm(2)/s(2) with a mean value of 314 cm(2)/s(2). The highest EKE center was observed to the east of Vietnam (with a mean value of 509 cm(2)/s(2)) and the second highest EKE region was located to the southwest of Taiwan Island (with a mean value of 319 cm(2)/s(2)). We also found that the EKE structure is the consequence of the superposition of different variability components. First, interannual variability is important in the SCS. Spectral analysis of the EKE interannual signal (IA-EKE) shows that the main periodicities of the IA-EKE to the east of Vietnam, to the southwest of Taiwan Island, and in the SCS are 3.75, 1.87, and 3.75 years, respectively. It is to the south of Taiwan Island that the IA-EKE signal has the most obvious impact on EKE variability. In addition, the IA-EKE exhibit different trends in different regions. An obvious positive trend is observed along the east coast of Vietnam, while a negative trend is found to the southwest of Taiwan Island and in the east basin of Vietnam. Correlation analysis shows that the IA-EKE has an obvious negative correlation with the SSTA in Nio3 (5A degrees S-5A degrees N, 90A degrees W-150A degrees W). El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects the IA-EKE variability in the SCS through an atmospheric bridge-wind stress curl over the SCS. Second, the seasonal cycle is the most obvious timescale affecting EKE variability. The locations of the most remarkable EKE seasonal variabilities in the SCS are to the east of Vietnam, to the southwest of Taiwan, and to the west of Philippines. To the east of Vietnam, the seasonal cycle is the dominant mechanism controlling EKE variability, which is attributed primarily to the annual cycle there of wind stress curl. In this area, the maximum EKE is observed in autumn. To the southwest of Taiwan Island, the EKE is enlarged by the stronger SCS circulation, which is caused by the intrusion branch from the Kuroshio in winter. Finally, intra-annual and mesoscale variability, although less important than the former, cannot be neglected. The most obvious intra-annual and mesoscale variability, which may be the result of baroclinic instability of the background flow, are observed to the southwest of Taiwan Island. Sporadic events can have an important effect on EKE variability.

草地生态系统碳循环及其对全球变化的响应_锡林河流域羊草草原生态系统循环研究

本研究从三个方面研究了草地生态系统的碳循环及其对全球变化的响应： 1)系统整理了世界范围内各种类型草原群落碳循环主要过程和影响因素的有关资料，在此基础上，对草地生态系统巾的碳素贮量和主要流量进行了全球估计;在CENTURY模型碳循环业模型的基础上，对草地生态系统碳循环的分室模型进行了说明;阐述了土壤呼吸作用在草地碳循环中的作用，综述了草地土壤呼吸的测定方法、影响草地呼吸的主要环境因素，对世界范围内草地土壤呼吸量和土壤中的有机碳周转速度进行了初步估计;讨论了全球气候变化、 C02浓度增加和土地利用变化对草地生态系统的可能影响。 2)对内蒙古锡林河流域一个固定样地内的羊草草原群落的碳循环特点进行了初步研究;采用实测数据和CENTURY模型模拟相结合，对该群落中碳素的输入与输出量，碳素贮量和土壤中有机碳的周转口寸间进行了首次估计，得出了“未利用状态下羊草草原群落基本处于碳素平衡状态”的结论。 3)对世界范围内草地利用现状的资料分析表明，全世界70%的草地出现了不同程度的退化， 过度放牧是导致草地退化的主要原因，在退化草地总面积中，约有35%是由于过度放牧造成的。过度放牧是锡林河流域羊草草原退化的主要入为因素，40年来，过度放牧共导致了羊草草地O - 20cm土层中23%的土壤有机碳损失。结合CENTURY模型的预测结果，土地利用变化对羊草草原土壤有机碳贮量的影响将比气候变化和C02浓度增加的影响更加重大。

内蒙古锡林河流域草原群落土壤呼吸的时空变异及其影响因子研究

　　土壤呼吸是全球碳循环中的一个重要环节，其对全球碳平衡的影响是近年来人们关注的焦点之一。探讨碳素的失汇(missing sink)问题，对陆地生态系统土壤呼吸的研究是必不可少的。环境因子与土壤呼吸之间的关系可以用于将土壤呼吸从“chamber”水平的测量放大到整个生态系统或更大尺度。而温度、水分和植被状况都是对土壤呼吸有重要影响的因子，随着全球气候的变化，这些因子也会发生相应的改变，在这种情况下，它们极有可能与土壤CO2排放之间形成正反馈。温带草原是主要的陆地生态系统类型之一，目前非常缺乏有关土壤呼吸的研究资料。因此，在2001年生长季，我们在内蒙古锡林河流域南部集水区设定了一条东西长约160km、南北宽约30km的样带，从中选择了11个不同的植物群落，采用碱液吸收法周期性地对这些群落的土壤呼吸速率进行同步测定，并对土壤呼吸的时空动态及其与温度、土壤水分和植被状况之间的关系进行了研究。现将主要研究结果概述如下： 　　①锡林河流域南部集水区的土壤呼吸表现出明显的季节变化和空间变异。温度是影响土壤呼吸季节变化的主要因子之一，指数模型能够较好地揭示各群落土壤呼吸对温度变化的响应，但低温时模型的拟合效果更好。各群落土壤呼吸的季节动态与温度变化不完全同步，表明温度并不是影响土壤呼吸的唯一因子 。 　　②土壤呼吸的温度敏感性在各群落之间存在着一定的差异。春小麦群落的Q10值高于草原群落，说明不同的土地利用方式会影响到土壤呼吸对温度变化的敏感程度。水分对土壤呼吸的温度敏感性有重要影响，秩相关分析的结果表明，土壤水分与Q10值之间存在着显著的正相关关系。此外，依据不同土壤层次的温度得出的Q10值各不相同，基于变化幅度大的浅层土壤温度和气温得出的Q10值较小，而根据变化幅度小的深层土壤温度得出的Q10值较大。 　　③水分对各群落的土壤呼吸也有较大影响，但其影响程度有一定的季节差异，生长旺季水分对土壤呼吸的影响显著高于其它季节。从各群落的具体情况来看，水分对土壤呼吸的影响明显受制于群落的水分供应状况。水分供应状况比较好的和水分变化幅度小的群落中，土壤呼吸与水分之间没有显著的函数关系，而水分相对欠缺的群落则存有显著的线性关系。消除温度的影响后，这种线性关系显著增强。土壤水分含量较低的芨芨草群落中，土壤呼吸与表层水分之间的关系也不明显，这与芨芨草根系分布较深，能够利用土壤中较深层次的水分有关。 　　④土壤呼吸季节变化与植被之间的关系与各群落内水分状况以及植被对水分的利用机制有关。所有群落土壤呼吸速率随着绿色活体生物量的增长有上升趋势，且在水分供应充足的群落和植被较为耐旱或能够利用深层土壤水的群落中，这二者之间呈显著或极显著的指数关系，其它群落中相关关系不够显著。由于植被立枯量大小反映了水热的综合状况，所以群落的土壤呼吸速率随立枯量的增长呈下降趋势，二者之间的关系也可以用指数方程来表示。 　　⑤土壤呼吸在锡林河流域南部的空间变异主要受水分和植被状况的影响。总体来看，土壤水分含量高、地上生物量（包括绿色活体生物量）大或地上净第一性生产力高的草地群落，其土壤呼吸速率也较高。基础呼吸速率对于改进土壤呼吸模型在时间和空间上的预测精度有重要意义。我们的研究结果表明，在平均温度低、水分状况好、地上和地下生物量大、地上净第一性生产力高的地方，基础土壤呼吸速率也相应较高。

内蒙古锡林河流域草原植物和群落热值的时空变异研究

第一部分：内蒙古锡林河流域草原植物种群和群落热值的时空变异研究 热值的研究是评价生态系统能量固定、传输和转化的基础，也是评价植物光合作用效率和植物营养值的有用参数。同种植物热值会随着植物部位、光照、养分条件、季节、土壤类型和气候条件的不同而发生变化。不同的种类和类群之间热值也存在差异。本项研究以内蒙古锡林河流域中段草原植物群落为对象，研究了植物种群和群落热值的时空变异规律。 对内蒙古羊草草原群落不同植物种群热值的时问动态研究结果表明，42种植物地上部分的热值在13.16土1.14 kJ.g-l和18.14土0.53 kJ.g-1之间变动，所有物种的平均热值为16.90土0,84 kJ.g-1，种间变异系数4.9%。小叶锦鸡儿(Caraganamicrophylla)具有最高的热值。禾草的平均热值高于杂草。根据生活型和生长型，草本物种被进一步分组，热值从高到低的排列顺序为：高禾草>豆科植物>矮禾草>其余杂草>半灌木>一二年生植物。 主要植物种群地下部分热值的分布范围为15.05-16.41 kJ.g-1。其中根茎型草地下部分热值较高。不同种类植物地下部分热值差异并不与地上部分一致。根茎型禾草地上、地下部分热值差异较小，而须根型植物差异较大。不同种群的植物地上部分热值随植物物候期的不同而波动，其变化规律是与植物种群本身的生物学特性相联系的。不同植物种群热值的年际波动规律有所不同，羊草(Leymuschinensis)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)和洽草(Koeloria cristata)的年际热值波动相关显著，但与生长季降水量和生长季累积日照时数之间无明显相关性。在某种程度上，植物热值的种内变化反映了植物生长状况的差异。 42种植物的热值和它们在群落中的相对生物量存在显著正相关关系。表现为优势种(17.74 kJ.g-1)>伴生种(17.24 kJ．g-l)>偶见种(16.65 kJ.g-1)。高热值的植物更具竞争力，在群落中通常占据优势地位，而低热值的植物竞争力通常较弱，构成草原群落的伴生种或偶见种。 以内蒙古锡林河流域3个草原群落类型（羊草典型草原，大针茅典型草原，羊草草甸草原）的放牧退化梯度系列（包括未退化，轻度退化，中度退化和重度退化4个强度）为研究对象，对主要植物种群和群落热值随草原类型和退化梯度的空间变异规律及热值与其他群落和土壤性质的相关性进行了研究。 结果表明，研究区出现的60个植物种平均热值为17.25土0.92 kJ.g-1，变异系数5.4%．热值大于18.00 kJ.g-1的高能植物包括3种优势高禾草(羊草、大针茅和羽茅(A. sibiricum))和一些有毒植物，热值小于17.00 kJ.g-1的低能值植物包括多数一年生杂草;热值在17.00-18.00 kJ.g-1之间的中能值植物包括大多数多年生杂草和矮禾草。 按照生活型分类，灌木的热值最高，多年生禾草显著高于一二年生植物，半灌木和多年生杂草介于二者之间。按照水分生态类型分类，旱生植物、中旱生、旱中生和中生植物之间在热值上没有明显差异。不同科之间热值存在显著差异，禾本科、豆科、菊科植物热值较高，藜科植物平均热值最低。 二因素方差分析结果表明，主要优势物种热值在不同草原类型之间存在显著差异，表现为羊草草甸草原>羊草典型草原>大针茅典型草原。对于大多数优势禾草，热值没有随退化梯度发生明显变化，洽草(K. cristata)、冰草(A．ctistatum)和所有优势杂草随退化程度的增强热值趋于下降。对于大多数优势物种，热值随不同草原类型的空间变异大于放牧退化所导致的空间变异。 不同草原类型的群落热值为羊草草甸草原>羊草典型草原>大针茅典型草原，群落平均热值表现出随退化强度的增加而下降的趋势，这主要归因于沿退化梯度不同物种构成比例的变化，即随退化程度的加剧，高能值植物在群落中的比例下降。其次是特定物种热值随退化梯度的变化。在同一草原区，放牧对群落热值的影响大于立地条件之间的差异。 群落和主要物种热值均表现出与某些群落特征和土壤性质的相关性。 关键词：内蒙古，锡林河流域，羊草草原;物种和群落热值，时空变异，退化梯度，草原类型，土壤性质 第二部分内蒙古羊草草原17年刈割演替过程中功能群组成动态及其对群落净初级生产力稳定性的影响 基于17年的野外实验数据，研究了内蒙古羊草草原群落刈割演替过程中的功能群组成动态，探索功能群组成变化与群落净初级生产力(ANPP)之间的关系，分析结构参数怎样影响功能参数。结果显示：在17年的割草演替过程中，群落的结构与功能均发生了变化。随着羊草群落刈割演替的进行，群落的功能群组成发生了显著变化，根茎禾草在群落中的优势地位相继被一二年生植物，高丛生禾草，矮丛生禾草所取代。到17年末，群落变成根茎禾草，矮丛生禾草，高丛生禾草共同建群的群落。在对照群落中ANPP与年降水量显著相关，但在刈割群落中二者则不相关。年降水量解释对照群落ANPP变异的62%，而连年的刈割干扰则是刈割群落中ANPP动态的主要驱动因子。群落净初级生产则显出对刈割干扰的抵抗能力，在刈割干扰的前几年，依靠群落内功能群组成的不断调节，保持相对稳定的水平，当刈割进行5年之后，群落结构的变化积累到一定程度，净初级生产迅速下降到一个较低的水平，此后依靠群落结构的不断调节来维持这一功能水平。因此，群落结构是以渐变的方式改变的，而群落功能的下降则是以跃变的形式完成的。群落依赖于结构的不断调整来保持功能的相对稳定，但结构变化到一定程度也会导致功能的衰退。 关键词：内蒙古，羊草草原;刈割演替;功能群组成;净初级生产;群落;稳定性

Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, in the Poyang Lake belong to the Ganjiang River population rather than the Changjiang River population

The Poyang Lake is the largest lake and the main nursery area in the middle basin of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. We compared molecular genetic markers of silver carp among populations of the Changjiang River, the Ganjiang River and the Poyang Lake using the ND5/6 region of mtDNA. Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of this region revealed distinct variation between the Ganjiang River and the Changjiang River populations. The Poyang Lake is linked with the Ganjiang River and the Changjiang River. Shared RFLP fragments between the Ganjiang River population and the Poyang Lake population are as high as 61.4%. The value is 47.74% between the populations of the Changjiang River and that of the Poyang Lake. Frequencies of bands peculiar to the Ganjiang River population are the same as in the Poyang Lake population. We conclude that the Poyang Lake silver carp population consists mainly of the Ganjiang River population. The water level of the Poyang Lake outlet, which is higher than that of the Changjiang River in the silver carp spawning season, supports this conclusion.

PLANKTON AND SESTON STRUCTURE IN A SHALLOW, EUTROPHIC SUBTROPICAL CHINESE LAKE

The seasonal dynamics in the nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll-a amount (Chl-a), total algal volume (CV), Chl-a/CV ratio, seston structure were studied at two sampling stations in a shallow, highly eutrophicated subtropic lake (the Guozheng Hu area of the East Lake) on the plain of the middle basin of the Chang Jiang (the Yangtze River) of China. The lake ecosystem of the Guozheng Hu area is dominated by two planktivorous fishes (silver carp and bighead carp), phytoplankton and zooplankton. Macrophytes are extremely scarce in this area. Concentrations of the total dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus in the Guozheng Hu area in 1990 were very high. Fish yield, of which, more than 90 % was composed of silver carp and bighead carp in the Guozheng Hu area was very high (ca. 1140 kg/ha or 45.6 g/m3 in 1990). Grazing pressure by the fishes on the plankton community is considered to be rather strong. The annual average biomass of zooplankton was ca. 1/3 - 1/2 that of phytoplankton. On the average, dry matter in the living plankton only constituted ca. 3-7 % of the total dry seston, and plankton carbon only constituted ca. 5 - 10 % of the seston carbon. The present results indicate that, in the Guozheng Hu area of the East Lake, of the organic part of the seston, detritus is quantitatively an important constituent, while living plankton is only a very small component.

退耕还林(草)和降雨变化对延河流域土壤侵蚀的影响

通过定量评估退耕还林(草)和降雨变化对延河流域土壤侵蚀的影响,为延河流域水土保持效益评价、流失治理和环境建设提供决策参考。【方法】利用延河流域日降雨、数字高程模型、土壤类型图、土地利用图和植被覆盖图,运用RUSLE模型,在ArcGIS平台的支持下计算流域1997年和2000年土壤侵蚀量,并分别模拟了退耕还林(草)和气候变化对土壤侵蚀的影响。【结果】由于降雨的变化,研究区年降雨侵蚀力均值由1997年的775.32MJ·mm·hm-2·h-1·a-1增加到了2000年的1292.07MJ·mm·hm-2·h-1·a-1,降雨大大加剧了流域土壤侵蚀;由于退耕还林(草)政策的实施,坡耕地面积大大减少,林草面积增加,植被覆盖和管理因子值显著减少,由退耕还林(草)前的0.1714下降到了退耕还林(草)后0.1592,减小了流域土壤侵蚀;由于退耕还林(草)的实施、气候变化以及水土保持工程措施和耕作措施变化共同影响,单位面积平均土壤侵蚀量由退耕还林(草)前的3012t·km-2·a-1增加到了退耕还林(草)后4671t·km-2·a-1,年土壤侵蚀总量2314×104t增加到了3589×104t。【结论】降雨变化使得...

延河流域种子植物区系特征与物种空间分布

以延河流域为例,采用环境梯度分层采样技术,对该流域种子植被的区系成分进行调查分析。结果表明,延河流域主要的种子植物区系共涉及57个科、148属、211种,其中裸子植物3科3属3种,被子植54科145属208种。从植物区系科属的分布型看,热带亚热带成分占31.57%,温带成分占28.07%;从属的分布型看,热带亚热带成分占11.72%,温带成分占60.54%。温带成分构成了本区系的主体,本区种子植物区系属温带性质。虽然数量上较整个黄土高原的植物区系成分较少,但这些物种却是该流域种子植物群落的主要构成种,对该区的生态恢复具有更重要的意义。在此基础上,进一步借助物种空间分布与环境要素响应图,分析211个物种分布的环境梯度空间,结果表明,它们可直接满足生态恢复重建的物种选择等需求,具有较好的应用价值。

辽宁太子河流域枯季水资源实时预报研究

太子河流域位于辽河中下游，区内分布有我国重要的钢铁、石化和粮食生产基地，是辽宁社会和经济发达地区。当前，太子河流域水资源短缺、水污染和地下水超采问题突出，水资源已成为制约当地社会经济持续、健康、稳定发展的重要因素。针对当前太子河流域严峻的水资源开发利用态势，论文提出了水资源实时评价的内容和方法，根据水资源实时监控管理的实际需要，将水资源实时评价分为汛末水资源实时评价和汛前水资源实时评价两部分。其中汛末评价主要是为计划用水和节约用水服务，而汛前评价主要是为抗旱减灾服务。在实时评价基础上，将水资源实时预报分为面向实时管理的水资源实时预报和面向实时调度的水资源实时预报两部分。建立了基于人工神经网络的地表径流实时预报模型和基于数值模拟技术的地下水可开采量（可供水量）实时预报模型，并进行了模型的率定、识别和验证。此外，借助由水资源实时预报模型和水资源实时管理模型构成的水资源实时预报管理祸合计算模式及计算流程，经模型祸合迭代计算，得出了太子河流域枯水期（2001～2002年度）水资源实时管理方案。上述研究成果，可以为辽宁太子河流域实现“计划用水和节约用水”提供决策依据，并可为北方干旱、半干旱地区流域水资源的“统一管理、动态管理和科学管理”提供可借鉴模式。

基于SHAW模型的黄土高原半干旱区农田土壤水分动态模拟

黄土高原半干旱区土壤蒸发强烈,准确地掌握土壤水分动态对于旱地农业水分管理至关重要。应用基于物理基础的一维水热耦合SHAW(The Simultaneous Heat and Water)模型,模拟了陕西子洲岔巴沟流域1964~1967年土壤水分和土壤蒸发的动态特征,以及神木六道沟流域2006年坡地和梯田土壤水分变化。结果表明,除表层土壤水分模拟结果偏差较大,其他土层模拟值与实测值基本吻合,模拟期土壤水分模拟的相对平均绝对误差(Relatively Mean Absolutely Error,RMAE)为5.2%~11.4%。1964~1967年土壤累积蒸发量模拟值与实测值平均相对偏差为0.8%~6.1%,土壤蒸发的模拟值与实测值较为一致。因此,SHAW模型可以用于黄土高原半干旱区农田土壤水分动态规律研究。

陕北黄土区生物结皮条件下土壤养分的积累及流失风险

分析了陕北黄土高原典型流域生物结皮的形成和发育对土壤养分的积累效应,同时对生物结皮条件下土壤养分的流失风险进行评价.结果表明:生物结皮生长发育后能够迅速增加结皮层及2cm土层的养分含量,但对深层土壤影响较小;退耕0～20年间结皮层的养分含量与退耕年限之间的关系可用指数函数(y=a[b-exp(-cx)])拟合,其中有机质、全氮和碱解氮在退耕20年间的增加速度变化不大,而全磷、速效磷和速效钾在退耕初期增加迅速,后期增加缓慢;自然发育生物结皮对土壤养分的年均净贡献量为:有机质50.15g.m-2、全氮1.95g.m-2、全磷0.44g.m-2、碱解氮164.33mg.m-2、速效磷9.64mg.m-2和速效钾126.21mg.m-2,人工培育条件下生物结皮发育更快,对养分尤其是速效养分的贡献速率更高;生物结皮条件下养分含量的提高增加了养分流失风险,尤其是养分随泥沙流失大幅度增加,生物结皮增加的养分中平均有39.06%随泥沙流失,仅有60.94%得以保留.总之,生物结皮可迅速、全面增加表层土壤养分,但同时会加大养分流失风险.尽管如此,土壤养分的净增加量仍相当可观,显示生物结皮具有较好的土壤养分积累效应.

Petroleum geological framework and hydrocarbon potential in the Yellow Sea

Sedimentary basins in the Yellow Sea can be grouped tectonically into the North Yellow Sea Basin (NYSB), the northern basin of the South Yellow Sea (SYSNB) and the southern basin of the South Yellow Sea (SYSSB). The NYSB is connected to Anju Basin to the east. The SYSSB extends to Subei Basin to the west. The acoustic basement of basins in the North Yellow Sea and South Yellow Sea is disparate, having different stratigraphic evolution and oil accumulation features, even though they have been under the same stress regime since the Late Triassic. The acoustic basement of the NYSB features China-Korea Platform crystalline rocks, whereas those in the SYSNB and SYSSB are of the Paleozoic Yangtze Platform sedimentary layers or metamorphic rocks. Since the Late Mesozoic terrestrial strata in the eastern of the NYSB (West Korea Bay Basin) were discovered having industrial hydrocarbon accumulation, the oil potential in the Mesozoic strata in the west depression of the basin could be promising, although the petroleum exploration in the South Yellow Sea has made no break-through yet. New deep reflection data and several drilling wells have indicated the source rock of the Mesozoic in the basins of South Yellow Sea, and the Paleozoic platform marine facies in the SYSSB and Central Rise could be the other hosts of oil or natural gas. The Mesozoic hydrocarbon could be found in the Mesozoic of the foredeep basin in the SYSNB that bears potential hydrocarbon in thick Cretaceous strata, and so does the SYSSB where the same petroleum system exists to that of oil-bearing Subei Basin.

柴达木盆地地震勘探关键技术研究

The rugged surface topography determined the seismic data acquisition construction conditions and the seismic wave explosive and receiver quality in Qaidam Basin. This dissertation systematically researched the seismic acquisition, imaging process and the attribute analysis techniques of complicated oil and gas reservoir. The main research achievements and cognitions are as follows: 1. Through the stimulation effects research and analysis from the aspect of lithologic water-containing differences, it’s specific that stable hydrous sand layer can effectively enhance the stimulation effects combined with the corresponding field tests. The seismic data S/N ratio has been improved due to the combination explosive stimulation. Through the fold number and maximum offset analyses of target horizon, the complicated geometry has been optimized and the S/N ratio of seismic data has been improved, which made an important basis for improvement of 3D seismic data. 2. It has been proved that the first arrival refraction static correction method under the model constraint of fine surface survey is suitable to the Qaidam Basin of western areas by the real seismic data processing. Although the refraction horizon of near surface has some changes in a certain extent, it’s steady basically. The refraction horizon can be continuously traced in sections, so it’s qualified for the refraction static correction method on the whole. 3. The research is based on the curved-ray pre-stack time migration techniques of rough topography, and improved the imaging precision of complex areas. This techniques adopted the constant and variable velocity scanning mode and enhanced the velocity analysis precision. The 3D pre-stack time migration techniques reasonably solved the imaging and velocity multiple solutions problems of steep-dip faults and the intersections of horizontal layers. What’s more, fine velocity analysis and mute are very important to enhance the imaging precision of the seismic data in complicated Wunan areas. 4. The 3D seismic data edge-preserving processing methods have been realized due to the image process techniques. Because this method uses the large range filter, it can attenuate the noise maximally. The faults, break points, lithologic pinchout points and lithologic body of small scale such as river will not be influenced by blur because of the edge-preserving characterization of the method which is really an effective assistant technique of low S/N ratio seismic data attribute analysis. 5. The use of spectral decomposition technique can effectively identify the reservoirs. The special geology body which will not be identified (or without obvious characters) in the seismic profile may be found through the details changes of different frequencies in the amplitude profiles.

塔克拉玛干沙漠地球化学研究

The Taklamakan Desert, lying in the center Tarim Basin of sourthern Xinjiang, is the largest sand sea in China and well known in the world as its inclemency. For understanding the formation and evolution of the Taklamakan Desert, it is very important to identify the provenance of aeolian sediments in the extensive dune fields, but the opinions from earlier studies are quite different. In this study, we examined the major- and trace-element compositions, mineral compositions and grain-size distributions of some Quaternary aeolian and nonaeolian sediments collected from the Taklamakan Desert, together with the variation of chemical and mineralogical compositions of different grain-size fraction. At the same time, we also studied the chemistries of some natural water samples (river water and groundwater) with the items of TDS, pH, Alkalinity, conductivity and major cation and anion compositions. Our results of analysis show some significant opinions as follow: Most of the frequency-distribution curves of grain size of dune sand samples are simgle peak, but that of the river and lacustrine sediment are most double peak or multi-peak. The grain-size distribution of dunefield sand changed gradually from north to south with the major wind direction in large scale, but there are many differences in regional scale. The major, REE, trace element compositions and mineral compositions are very different among the coarse, fine fraction and bulk samples due to the influence of grain-size. Most of the fine fractions are geochemically homogenous, but the coarse fractions and bulk samples are heterogenous. All the surface and ground waters are limnetic or sub-salty, their chemical compositions are mainly controlled by rock-weathering and crystallization- evaporation processes, and mainly come from the evaporate, while the contributions of the carbonate and silicate are little, excluding the influence on oasis water by carbonate. The mineral compositions of selected samples are stable, mainly composed of the strongly resistant mineral types. The mineral maturity of them are more immature at whole compared with other sandy sediments in the world, and they have experienced less degree of chemical weathering and recycling, being lying in the early stage of continental weathering. Among these sediments, the river sediments are relatively primitive. The sources of these sediments are maybe mainly terrigenous, silicic and subaluminous/ metalunious rocks, such as the granodiorite and its metamorphic rock. The geochemical compositions of dunefield sand are similar with those of the river sediments and dune sands near the river way; There are not only the resemblances but also the differences on geochemistry and granularity between north and south dunesands; The sediments from same section have different age but same trace-element compositions; The sediments from the south edge of Tarim Basin are all somewhat geochemically similar with the palaeo-river-sediment on the south edge of studying area. The REE data support the idea that the south dunesands are a little older than the north dunesands, and the tectonic settings of source area are mainly active continental margin based on the major-element compositions, so they indicate that the sediment of Taklamakan Desert maybe come mainly from the rock-weathering production of north part of the Kunlun Mountains. Compared with the sands of other dune field in north of China, the sands of the Taklamakan Desert are distinct by REE composition, but similar with the Luochuan loess, center China, and the two sandy dusts of Beijing, eastern China.