Energy Principle And Nonlinear Electric-Mechanical Behavior Of Ferroelectric Ceramics

Many experimental observations have shown that a single domain in a ferroelectric material switches by progressive movement of domain walls, driven by a combination of electric field and stress. The mechanism of the domain switch involves the following steps: initially, the domain has a uniform spontaneous polarization; new domains with the reverse polarization direction nucleate, mainly at the surface, and grow though the crystal thickness; the new domain expands sideways as a new domain continues to form; finally, the domain switch coalesces to complete the polarization reversal. According to this mechanism, the volume fraction of the domain switching is introduced in the constitutive law of the ferroelectric material and used to study the nonlinear constitutive behavior of a ferroelectric body in this paper. The principle of stationary total potential energy is put forward in which the basic unknown quantities are the displacement u(i), electric displacement D-i and volume fraction rho(I) of the domain switching for the variant I. The mechanical field equation and a new domain switching criterion are obtained from the principle of stationary total potential energy. The domain switching criterion proposed in this paper is an expansion and development of the energy criterion established by Hwang et al. [ 1]. Based on the domain switching criterion, a set of linear algebraic equations for determining the volume fraction rho(I) of domain switching is obtained, in which the coefficients of the linear algebraic equations only contain the unknown strain and electric fields. If the volume fraction rho(I) of domain switching for each domain is prescribed, the unknown displacement and electric potential can be obtained based on the conventional finite element procedure. It is assumed that a domain switches if the reduction in potential energy exceeds a critical energy barrier. According to the experimental results, the energy barrier will strengthen when the volume fraction of the domain switching increases. The external mechanical and electric loads are increased step by step. The volume fraction rho(I) of domain switching for each element obtained from the last loading step is used as input to the constitutive equations. Then the strain and electric fields are calculated based on the conventional finite element procedure. The finite element analysis is carried out on the specimens subjected to uniaxial coupling stress and electric field. Numerical results and available experimental data are compared and discussed. The present theoretic prediction agrees reasonably with the experimental results.

Sidewall flow stability in the MHD channel flows

The velocity distribution between two sidewalls is; M-shaped for the MHD channel flows with rectangular cross section and thin conducting walls in a strong transverse magnetic field. Assume that the dimensionless numbers R(m) much less than 1, M, N much greater than 1, and sigma

SiC_p/6151Al复合材料的微结构效应

利用分离式Hopkinson压杆和MTS通用材料试验机研究了SiC_p/6151Al颗粒增强复合材料在不同应变率下的变形行为和增强颗粒的尺寸对复合材料微结构及变形行为的影响。结果表明，对于在不同应变率下的SiC_p/6151Al复合材料，增强颗粒尺寸大小的流动应力高于增强颗粒尺寸的流动应力。根据位错强化理论中的Hall-Petch关系对这个结果进行了解释。首次在实验上观测到增强颗粒对复合材料微损伤-微带形成的影响，并根据微带（microband）形成的双位错墙理论（double dislocation walls）, 分析了增强颗粒对复合材料微带损伤及力学性能影响的微结构效应。

Experimental Characterization Of Electrical Current Leakage In Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) Microfluidic Devices

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is usually considered as a dielectric material and the PDMS microchannel wall can be treated as an electrically insulated boundary in an applied electric field. However, in certain layouts of microfluidic networks, electrical leakage through the PDMS microfluidic channel walls may not be negligible, which must be carefully considered in the microfluidic circuit design. In this paper, we report on the experimental characterization of the electrical leakage current through PDMS microfluidic channel walls of different configurations. Our numerical and experimental studies indicate that for tens of microns thick PDMS channel walls, electrical leakage through the PDMS wall could significantly alter the electrical field in the main channel. We further show that we can use the electrical leakage through the PDMS microfluidic channel wall to control the electrolyte flow inside the microfluidic channel and manipulate the particle motion inside the microfluidic channel. More specifically, we can trap individual particles at different locations inside the microfluidic channel by balancing the electroosmotic flow and the electrophoretic migration of the particle.

Numerical Investigation On The Flowfield Of "Swallowtail" Cavity For Supersonic Mixing Enhancement

A "swallowtail" cavity for the supersonic combustor was proposed to serve as an efficient flame holder for scramjets by enhancing the mass exchange between the cavity and the main flow. A numerical study on the "swallowtail" cavity was conducted by solving the three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations implemented with a k-epsilon turbulence model in a multi-block mesh. Turbulence model and numerical algorithms were validated first, and then test cases were calculated to investigate into the mechanism of cavity flows. Numerical results demonstrated that the certain mass in the supersonic main flow was sucked into the cavity and moved spirally toward the combustor walls. After that, the flow went out of the cavity at its lateral end, and finally was efficiently mixed with the main flow. The comparison between the "swallowtail" cavity and the conventional one showed that the mass exchanged between the cavity and the main flow was enhanced by the lateral flow that was induced due to the pressure gradient inside the cavity and was driven by the three-dimensional vortex ring generated from the "swallowtail" cavity structure.

Phase variations and phase shift in a TE011 mode microwave cavity used for in a miniature Rb fountain frequency standard

It is the first time in China that the phase variations and phase shift of microwave cavity in a miniature Rb fountain frequency standard are studied, considering the effect of imperfect metallic walls. Wall losses in the microwave cavity lead to small traveling wave components that deliver power from the cavity feed to the walls of cavity. The small traveling wave components produce a microradian distribution of phase throughout the cavity ity, and therefore distributed cavity phase shifts need to be considered. The microwave cavity is a TE011 circular cylinder copper cavity, with round cut-hole of end plates (14mm in diameter) for access for the atomic flux and two small apertures in the center of the side wall for coupling in microwave power. After attenuation alpha is calculated, field variations in cavity are solved. The field variations of the cavity are given. At the same time, the influences of loaded quality factor QL and diameter/height (2a/d) of the microwave cavity on the phase variations and phase shift are considered. According to the phase variation and phase shift of microwave cavity we select the parameters of cavity, diameter 2a = 69.2mm, height d = 34.6mm, QL = 5000, which will result in an uncertainty delta(Delta f / f0 ) < 4.7 x 10(-17) and meets the requirement for the miniature Rb fountain frequency standard with accuracy 10(-15).

Phase mapping of domain kinetics in lithium niobate by digital holographic interferometry

The phase mapping of domain kinetics under the uniform steady-state electric field is achieved and investigated in the LiNbO3 crystals by digital holographic interferometry. We obtained the sequences of reconstructed three-dimensional and two-dimensional wave-field phase distributions during the electric poling in the congruent and near stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystals. The phase mapping of individual domain nucleation and growth in the two crystals are obtained. It is found that both longitudinal and lateral domain growths are not linear during the electric poling. The phase mapping of domain wall motions in the two crystals is also obtained. Both the phase relaxation and the pinning-depinning mechanism are observed during the domain wall motion. The residual phase distribution is observed after the high-speed domain wall motion. The corresponding analyses and discussions are proposed to explain the phenomena.

生长素水平以及光敏色素基因表达与水稻生殖生长的关系

第一部分 光敏核不育水稻农垦58S花药IAA的免疫组织化学分析 光周期敏感核不育水稻农垦58S是研究光周期调节花发育作用机理的好材料。在此方面已取得很大进展。有关植物激素的研究已发现长日照诱导农垦58S不育的信号传导环节之一是IAA的亏缺。本文首次应用免疫组织化学分析方法对长日和短日处理后的农垦58S和对照农垦58花药中的IAA进行了定位研究和相对水平的比较。结果表明此方法可反映游离态IAA在花药中的分布及其相对水平的变化。从雌雄蕊原基形成期至单核晚期的五个时期中，经长日照处理的农垦58S花药中的IAA水平都低于短日照处理的农垦58S及在不同光周期处理下的家垦58花药。对花药中生长素的亏缺与育性的关系以及IAA亏缺的原因也进行了讨论。 第二部分 不同水稻品种成花诱导阶段光周期敏感性及光敏色素mRNA丰度的比较 对光敏核不育水稻十多年的研究表明，光敏色素是感受光周期信号调节水稻成花诱导和育性转换的主要光受体。同时还发现光敏核不育基因导入不同遗传背景后，其基因表达条件，如临界光长、光敏温度范围、光温互补作用强弱等都表现明显差异。为了进一步探讨水稻光周期反应的作用机理，了解不同品种遗传背景对光周期信号感受的特点，我们选取籼稻、粳稻、早熟、晚熟共11个品种，比较光照阶段在长同、短同条件下叶片光敏色素B mRNA含量的差异。初步结果表明，光敏色素B的转录不受光调控，在长日、短日处理条件下没有明显差别。在多数品种间光敏色素B表达没有明显差异，说明其与品种感光性、籼粳性无明显相关。只有早熟粳稻铁粳23的光敏色素B mRNA含量较高，是一个例外。实验结果尚需进一步重复。这方面的工作可以为水稻发育光温互作本质的研究积累一些初步资料。

玉米的单倍体育种及基因转化的研究

玉米的单倍体育种，是利用花药培养或孤雌生殖产生单倍体后，进行人工或自然加倍，迅速获得稳定的新品种的育种方法。单倍体育种可以缩短育种时间，单倍体培养体系如果作为转基因的受体，可保证外源基因在后代中稳定遗传，而不发生分离。因此，玉米单倍体育种无论在实践中还是在理论研究方面都具有重大的意义。 本文针对玉米花药培养中长期以来未能解决的诱导频率低、基因型之间差异大、小苗移栽不容易成活等问题，重点探讨了各种因素对玉米花药培养的影响。结果表明：不同基因型之间的诱导频率差异明显，杂交种的诱导频率比纯系高，并选择出诱导频率高达20%的材料“中0198”;接种时花药中的花粉处于单核中期时，其诱导频率最高;采用液体培养基比采用固体培养基诱导频率提高一倍;培养基中加入0.5%的活性炭，可使诱导频率由5.25%提高到9.35%;15%的蔗糖浓度对玉米的花药培养是最适宜的，培养2周后，将培养基的蔗糖浓度从15%调整为10%，将明显提高诱导频率;培养基中高浓度的KT和低浓度的BA有利于诱导体细胞胚的发生，而低浓度的KT和高浓度的BA有利于诱导芽的发生;接种前将花药在4℃条件下进行低温预处理，可将诱导频率从3.13%提高到11.71%;培养基中添加2 mg/l的多效唑，可有效地促进小苗的生根;再生植株于冬季拿到海南种植，可明显提高移栽的成活率。 在玉米孤雌生殖的实验中，将未受粉的玉米雌穗接种在成份为N6 + 2,4-D 1mg/L + NAA 1mg/L + BA 1mg/L + CH 200mg/L + colchicine 2 mg/L + sucrose 5% + agar 0.7% 的培养基上。第一轮实验共接种了三个材料的26个雌穗（约3900个未受精的子房）。每种材料均有单性结实，诱导频率由高到低分别3.06%，2.29%，1.90%。直接获得了5株再生植株，通过染色体检查，发现其中3株为单倍体（n=10），另外2株为二倍体。移栽到土壤中后，有4株成活，其中一株二倍体植株能够正常开花、结实。得到的种子播种于实验田中，表现整齐一致，有纯系的特征，而且出现了2株白化苗。通过石蜡切片初步观察了孤雌生殖的胚胎发生过程，发现胚胎发生是从胚囊里的单倍体细胞起源的。第二、三轮实验又接种了10个基因型的玉米材料，证实了上述结果。 外源基因转导是利用生物技术进行玉米育种的一个有效途径。本文首次尝试了用离体子房注射法对玉米进行基因转化。首先构建了含有开花促进因子基因FPF1及植物选择标记抗除草剂基因pat的植物表达载体pFBR，采用离体注射培养法，取授粉24小时后的玉米雌穗，剥去苞叶，在超净工作台进行微量注射，然后切成小块接种在培养基上，在光照培养箱内培养，3-4周可直接获得种子或小植株。种子萌发后进行植株抗性筛选和分子检测，共注射了3个品种的47个雌穗（约16450个子房）得到再生植株109株，其中经PPT筛选有抗性的植株为23株，占再生植株的21.1%。经PCR检测，13株植株有阳性反应。但Southern杂交检测有杂带出现。出现杂带的原因、RNA水平的分子检测、转基因后代T1代的分子检测和早开花农艺性状的观察，由于时间关系没有完成，还需要进一步的实验。实验初步证明了离体子房注射法对玉米进行基因转化的可行性，而且与田间注射法相比，此方法具有省力省时，容易控制污染，转化效率提高的优点, 克服了玉米培养再生植株受基因型限制的困境, 将为玉米分子育种的基因工程提供更易行的手段。 同时，也为子房较大的其它植物的基因转化提供了方法。

The Effects of Visual Object Size in The Depth Perception in KM Mouse

Whether mice perceive the depth of space dependent on the visual size of object targets was explored when visual cues such as perspective and partial occlusion in space were excluded. A mouse was placed on a platform the height of which is adjustable. The platform located inside a box in which all other walls were dark exception its bottom through that light was projected as a sole visual cue. The visual object cue was composed of 4x4 grids to allow a mouse estimating the distance of the platform relative to the grids. Three sizes of grids reduced in a proportion of 2/3 and seven distances with an equal interval between the platform and the grids at the bottom were applied in the experiments. The duration of a mouse staying on the platform at each height was recorded when the different sizes of the grids were presented randomly to test whether the Judgment of the mouse for the depth of the platform from the bottom was affected by the size information of the visual target. The results from all conditions of three object sizes show that time of mice staying on the platform became longer with the increase in height. In distance of 20 similar to 30 cm, the mice did not use the size information of a target to judge the depth, while mainly used the information of binocular disparity. In distance less than 20 cm or more than 30 cm, however, especially in much higher distance 50 cm, 60 cm and 70 cm, the mice were able to use the size information to do so in order to compensate the lack of binocular disparity information from both eyes. Because the mice have only 1/3 of the visual field that is binocular. This behavioral paradigm established in the current study is a useful model and can be applied to the experiments using transgenic mouse as an animal model to investigate the relationships between behaviors and gene functions.

A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae

Isolation of high neutral lipid-containing microalgae is key to the commercial success of microalgae-based biofuel production. The Nile red fluorescence method has been successfully applied to the determination of lipids in certain microalgae, but has been unsuccessful in many others, particularly those with thick, rigid cell walls that prevent the penetration of the fluorescence dye. The conventional "one sample at a time" method was also time-consuming. In this study, the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was introduced to microalgal samples as the stain carrier at an elevated temperature. The cellular neutral lipids were determined and quantified using a 96-well plate on a fluorescence spectrophotometer with an excitation wavelength of 530 nm and an emission wavelength of 575 run. An optimized procedure yielded a high correlation coefficient (R-2 = 0.998) with the lipid standard triolein and repeated measurements of replicates. Application of the improved method to several green algal strains gave very reproducible results with relative standard errors of 8.5%, 3.9% and 8.6%, 4.5% for repeatability and reproducibility at two concentration levels (2.0 mu g/mL and 20 mu g/mL), respectively. Moreover, the detection and quantification limits of the improved Nile red staining method were 0.8 mu g/mL and 2.0 mu g/mL for the neutral lipid standard triolein, respectively. The modified method and a conventional gravimetric determination method provided similar results on replicate samples. The 96-well plate-based Nile red method can be used as a high throughput technique for rapid screening of a broader spectrum of naturally-occurring and genetically-modified algal strains and mutants for high neutral lipid/oil production. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.

In situ studies on the distribution patterns and dynamics of microcystins in a biomanipulation fish - bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis)

The distribution and dynamics of microcystins in various organs of the phytoplanktivorous bighead carp were studied monthly in Lake Taihu, which is dominated by toxic cyanobacteria. There was a good agreement between LC-MS and HPLC-UV determinations. Average recoveries of spiked fish samples were 63% for MC-RR and 71% for MC-LR. The highest MC contents in intestine, liver, kidney and spleen were 85.67, 2.83, 1.70 and 1.57 mu g g(-1) DW, respectively. MCs were much higher in mid-gut walls (1.22 mu g g(-1) DW) than in hind- and fore-gut walls (0.31 and 0.18 mu g g(-1) DW, respectively), suggesting the importance of mid-gut wall as major site for MC absorption. A cysteine conjugate of MC-LR was detected frequently in kidney. Among the muscle samples analyzed, 25% were above the provisional tolerable daily intake level by WHO. Bighead is strongly resistant to microcystins and can be used as biomanipulation fish to counteract cyanotoxin contamination in eutrophic waters. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Gut contents of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and the processing and digestion of algal cells in the alimentary canal

Bighead carp is one of the most important freshwater filter-feeding fish of Chinese aquaculture. In recent decades, there have been a number of contradictory conclusions on the digestibility of algae by bighead carp based on the results from gut contents and digestive enzyme analysis or radiolabelled isotope techniques. Phytoplankton in the gut contents of bighead carp (cultured in a large net cage in Lake Donghu) were studied during March-May. In biomass, the dominant phytoplankters in the fore-gut contents were the centric diatom Cyclotella (average 54.5%, range 33.8-74.3%) and the dinoflagellate Cryptomonas (average 22.8%, range 6.8-55.8%). Phytoplankton in water samples were generally present in proportionate amounts in samples from the fore-guts of bighead carp. The size of most phytoplankton present in the intestine of bighead carp was between 8 and 20 mum in length. Bighead carp was also able to collect particles (as small as 5-6 mum) much smaller than their filtering net meshes, suggesting the importance of mucus in collecting small particles, Examination of the change in the integrity of Cyclotella on passage through the esophagus of bighead carp indicated that disruption of the algal cell walls is principally by the pharyngeal teeth, explaining the previous contradictory conclusions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Gut contents of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, and the disruption of a centric diatom, Cyclotella, on passage through the esophagus and intestine

The digestibility of algae by stomachless filter-feeding fish has been debated for decades. Results from gut contents and digestive enzyme analysis suggest poor utilization, while the measurement of food assimilation using radiolabeled isotope techniques indicate reasonable assimilation efficiency. Phytoplankton in the gut contents of the planktivorous filter-feeding silver carp were studied during March-May. The fish were cultured in a large net cage in a shallow, hypertrophic subtropical Chinese lake, Lake Donghu. In terms of biomass, the dominant phytoplankton in the fore-gut contents were Cyclotella (average 77.8%, range 69.7-93.5%) and Cryptomonas (average 9.57%, range 0-20.4%). The Ivlev's electivity index E of silver carp was much higher for Cyclotella (1.54) than for Cryptomonas (0.56). The majority of the phytoplankton found in the intestines of silver carp were 8-20 mu m, but they were also able to collect particles as small as 4.5-10 mu m, smaller than their filtering net meshes, suggesting that the secretion of mucus may play an important role in collecting such small particles. We conclude that disruption of cell walls is principally by the pharyngeal teeth, explaining previous contradictory conclusions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Mode Simulation for Midinfrared Microsquare Resonators With Sloped Sidewalls and Confined Metals

EQUILATERAL-TRIANGLE; MU-M; LASERS; MICROLASERS; MICRODISK Abstract: Mode characteristics for midinfrared microsquare resonators with sloped sidewalls and confined metal layers are investigated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) techniques. For a microsquare with a side length of 10 mu m, the mode quality (Q)-factors of 8329, 4772, and 2053 are obtained for TM5,7 mode at wavelength 7.1 mu m by three-dimensional FDTD simulations, as the tilting angles of the side walls are 90 degrees, 88 degrees, and 86 degrees, respectively. Furthermore, microsquare resonators laterally surrounded by SiO2 and metal layers are investigated by the two-dimensional FDTD technique for the metal layers of Au, Ti-Au, Ag-Au, and Ti-Ag-Au, respectively.