Heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production

The production of biodiesel is greatly increasing due to its enviromental benefits. However, production costs are still rather high, compared to petroleum-based diesel fuel. The introduction of a solid heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production could reduce its price, becoming competitive with diesel also from a financial point of view. Therefore, great research efforts have been underway recently to find the right catalysts. This paper will be concerned with reviewing acid and basic heterogeneous catalyst performances for biodiesel production, examining both scientific and patent literature.

Gasoline-range hydrocarbon synthesis over cobalt-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts supported onSiO2/HZSM-5

Two types of SiO2 with different mesopore size and HZSM-5 zeolite were used to prepare hybrid supported cobalt-based catalysts. The textual and structural properties of the catalysts were studied using N-2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and H-2 temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) techniques. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) performances of the catalysts were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor. The combination effects of the meso- and micropores of the supports as well as the interaction between supports and cobalt particles on FTS activity are discussed. The results indicate that the catalyst supported on the tailor-made SiO2 and HZSM-5 hybrid maintained both meso- and micropore pores during the preparation process without HZSM-5 particles agglomerating. The mesopores provided quick mass transfer channels, while the micropores contributed to high metal dispersion and accelerated hydrocracking/hydroisomerization reaction rate. High CO conversion of 83.9% and selectivity to gasoline-range hydrocarbons (C-5-C-12) of 55%, including more than 10% isoparaffins, were achieved simultaneously on this type of catalyst.

Upgrading bio-oil over different solid catalysts

Solid acid 40SiO(2)/TiO2-SO42- and solid base 30K(2)CO(3)/Al2O3-NaOH were prepared and compared with catalytic esterification activity according to the model reaction. Upgrading bio-oil by solid acid and solid base catalysts in the conditioned experiment was investigated, in which dynamic viscosities of bio-oil was lowered markedly, although 8 months of aging did not show much viscosity to improve its fluidity and enhance its stability positively. Even the dehydration by 3A molecular sieve still kept the fluidity well. The density of upgraded bio-oil was reduced from 1.24 to 0.96 kg/m(3), and the gross calorific value increased by 50.7 and 51.8%, respectively. The acidity of upgraded bio-oil was alleviated by the solid base catalyst but intensified by the solid acid catalyst for its strong acidification. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the ester reaction in the bio-oil was promoted by both solid acid and solid base catalysts and that the solid acid catalyst converted volatile and nonvolatile organic acids into esters and raised their amount by 20-fold. Besides the catalytic esterification, the solid acid catalyst carried out the carbonyl addition of alcohol to acetals. Some components of bio-oil undertook the isomerization over the solid base catalyst.

通过阴离子转Ziegler-Natta聚合机理转换合成PS-b-EPM

能够作为聚烯烃材料与其它聚合物材料共混增容剂的、含有聚烯烃链段的嵌段共聚物的合成，对于扩大聚烯烃材料的应用，获得性能优良的共混型聚合物材料具有重要意义。烯烃类单体聚合方法单一，而且其通用的聚合方法，Ziegler-Natta聚合，不是令人满意的合成嵌段共聚物的方法。因此，含有聚烯烃链段的嵌段共聚物的合成一直是比较困难的研究课题之一，近年来发展起来的阴离子转Ziegler-Natta聚合方法为合成这类嵌段共聚物开辟了新途径。阴离子转Ziegler-Natta聚合是利用阴离子聚合所得到的活性聚合物及其反离子与过渡金属化合物组成“Ziegler-Natta”催化剂使烯类单体聚合，从而得到含有聚烯烃链段和阴离子聚合物链段的嵌段共聚物的一种新的合成方法。这种结合两种聚合机理的聚合方法能够有效地避免单一机理聚合方法对单体的要求和限制，从而扩大了嵌段共聚物的合成范围。目前，有关阴离子转Ziegler-Natta聚合方法的研究工作尚属于初步阶段，许多基本问题还没有统一的结论。本工作的目的就是对这一聚合方法的聚合规律，特点等基本问题进行初步探讨，为今后这方面工作的开展奠定初步基础。本工作以阴离子转Ziegler-Natta聚合为方法，以PS-EPM嵌段共聚物为合成对象，并通过对产物的组成、分子量、序列分布、温度转变行为及形态的表征，可初步得到以下结论。1、在较低的催化剂浓度下，可使催化效率比较高。在本聚合体系下，最高可达694克EPM段/克Ti。这一数值与一般非载体钛催化体系相比是比较高的。2、在合适的聚合条件下，如聚合时间较短，聚合温度较低，可得到分子量分布较窄的嵌段共聚物，并且基本上不含有非嵌段烯烃共聚物。3、以聚苯乙烯作为阴离子段聚合物，可发生较明显的β-消除反应，使产物中含有难以分离的烯烃共聚物，本工作以几个单元的聚异戊二烯作为聚苯乙烯活性离子的端基，有效地抑制了β-消除反应的发生，得到了比较纯净的PS-EPM嵌段共聚物。5、由阴离子转来的“Ziegler-Natta聚合具有阴离子聚合和Ziegler-Natta聚合的共同特点，是介于阴离子聚合和Ziegler-Natta聚合之间的一种特殊聚合形式；在聚合初期主要呈现阴离子聚合特征随着聚合的进行，逐渐向具有Ziegler-Natta聚合特征的聚合形式过渡。

Ziegler-Natta锆催化剂下的烯烃聚合

本工作研究了均相和载体催化体系下Kaminsky催化剂的烯烃聚合行为，利用自制的两类载体催体催化剂开展了乙烯/α-烯烃共聚合的研究，并对共聚物的分子链结构及其它物理性能进行了表征。