25 resultados para Velleius Paterculus, ca. 19 B.C.-ca. 30 A.D.


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本论文对滇金足草(Goldfussia yunnanensis)、凋缨菊(Camchaya loloana)和长喙吴萸(Evodia vestia)的化学成分进行了研究,通过色谱分离得到40个化合物。主要基于波谱数据鉴定了它们的结构,其中10个为新化合物。 1.从滇金足草地上枝叶的95%乙醇提取物中共分离鉴定了16个化合物:泽漆内酯A(1)、18-羟基泽漆内酯A(2)、18-氧代泽漆内酯A(3)、18-羟基-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-泽漆内酯A(4)、3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-泽漆内酯A(5)、3-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖-泽漆内酯A(6)、6-E-肉桂酰哈巴俄苷(7)、E-哈巴俄苷(8)、5,6-异亚丙二氧基哈巴俄苷(9)、β-谷甾醇(10)、β-胡萝卜苷(11)、齐墩果酸(12)、肉桂酸(13)、麦角固醇(14)、硬脂酸(15)和丁二酸(16)。其中2-7为新化合物。5,6-异亚丙二氧基哈巴俄苷(9)以人工产物形式得到。 2.从凋缨菊地上枝叶的95%乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定了13个化合物:凋缨菊内酯A~C (17-19)、1β-乙酰基凋缨菊内酯C(20)、b-谷甾醇(10)、β-胡萝卜苷(11)、羽扇豆醇(21)、桦木醇(22)、桦木酸(23)、芥子醇(24)、紫丁香苷(25)、咖啡酸(26)和熊果酸(27)。其中化合物17-20为桉叶烷内酯类新化合物。化合物17、18、20对细胞株HepG2的GI50依次为7.80、7.08、4.99 µg/mL。 3.从长喙吴萸(E. vestia)地上枝叶的95%乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定了13个化合物:佛手内酯(28)、花椒毒素(29)、异茴芹内酯(30)、七叶内酯(31)、东莨宕素(32)、瑞香素(33)、异紫花前胡内酯(34)、茵芋碱(35)、山刈碱(36)、白鲜碱(37)、黄柏酮(38)、柠檬苦素(39)和对羟基苯甲醛(40)。 4.综述了1990—2007年期间从菊科植物中发现的桉叶烷-12,6内酯的化学结构、生物活性、生物转化及化学合成方面的研究进展。 Phytochemical investigation on Goldfussia yunnanensis, Camchaya loloana, and Evodia vestia, led to the isolation of 40 compounds, 10 of which were new ones. 1. Six new compounds were isolation from 95% ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of G. yunnanensis, and identified as 18-hydroxyhelioscopinolide A (2), 18-oxohelioscopinolide A (3), 18-hydroxy-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylhelioscopinolide A (4), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylhelioscopinolide A (5),3-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl helioscopinolide A (6), 6-O-trans-cinnamoyl E-harpagoside (7). The known compounds isolated were helioscopinolide A (1), E-harpagoside A (8), 5,6-isopropylidene E-harpagoside A (9), β-sitosterol (10), β-daucosterol (11), oleanolic acid (12), cinnamic acid (13), ergosterol (14), stearic acid (15) and succinic acid (16). Compound 9 was an artifact. 2. Four new compounds, loloanolides A – C (17 - 19) and 1β-acetoxy-loloanolide C (20), were isolation from 95% ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of C. loloana. The known ones were β-sitosterol (10), β-daucosterol (11), lupeol (21), betulin (22), betulinic acid (23), sinapyl (24), syringin (25), caffeic acid (26) and ursolic acid (27). The GI50 values of compounds 17, 18 and 20 to HepG2 cell line were 7.80, 7.08 and 4.99 µg/mL, respectively. 3. Thirteen were isolated from 95% ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of E. vestia for the first time. They were determined to be bergapten (28), xanthotoxin (29), isopimpinellin (30), esculetin (31), scopoletin (32), daphnetin (33), marmesin (34), skimmianine (35), confusameline (36), dictamine (37), obacunone (38), limonin (39) and p-hydroxy phenyl aldehyde (40). 4. The structures, biological activities, biotransformation and chemical syntheses of eudesmane-12, 6-olides from the Asteraceae during 1990-2007 were reviewed.

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青稞,是我国藏区居民对裸大麦的称谓,它不仅是藏民的主要食粮、燃料和牲畜饲料,而且也是啤酒、医药和保健品生产的原料;青稞不仅为藏区人民的健康和经济发展做出了很大的贡献,而且对人类健康和社会经济的可持续发展都有重要的意义。青藏高原是我国及世界上青稞分布和种植面积最大的地区,资源极其丰富。虽然从经典遗传直到分子标记对我国大麦遗传多样性都有研究,但研究手段、数量仍然不够深入,对我国大麦资源遗传多样性研究的信息非常有限,不能很好地满足大麦遗传研究和育种应用的需要,尤其是对西藏栽培大麦的遗传多样性的研究还只是刚刚开始,关于栽培青稞多态性的研究报道很少。本研究采用SSR标记和蛋白质电泳两类技术,从SSR标记位点、单体醇溶蛋白、B组醇溶蛋白和淀粉粒结合蛋白(SGP)等四个方面对我国青藏高原栽培青稞的遗传多样性进行了综合评价。 SSR标记具有基因组分布广泛、数量丰富、多态性高、容易检测、共显性、结果稳定可靠、实验重现性好、操作简单、经济、易于高通量分析等许多优点,被认为是用于遗传多样性、品种鉴定、物种的系统发育、亲缘关系及起源等研究的非常有效的分子标记。本研究采用SSR标记分析了64份青藏高原栽培青稞的遗传多样性,同时评估SSR标记在我国大麦育种和品种鉴定中的应用潜力。选择了30个已知作图位点SSR标记,其中25个标记与重要性状的控制位点连锁紧密。选择的30个SSR标记,5个未得到很好的扩增产物,3个无多态性。22个多态性SSR标记位点中,每位点检测出等位基因2~15个,共检测出等位基因132个,平均每位点6.0 个。各多态位点检测出基因型为2~11种,位点HVM33的基因型最多。各多态位点的多态信息指数为0.16~0.91, 平均为0.65。根据PIC值选择了13个SSR标记用于我国青藏高原栽培青稞基因型鉴定,这些标记的PIC值为0.6以上。结合PIC值和基因型差异,选择了8个多态信息含量高的SSR标记,构建了高效指纹图谱,此图谱能把64份材料完全区分。 贮藏蛋白电泳分析是研究相关编码蛋白基因多态性的非常有效的方法。大麦单体蛋白与小麦醇溶蛋白相对应,具有丰富的多态性,可用于大麦遗传多样性、品种鉴定和群体进化等研究。本研究通过A-PAGE电泳技术研究了84份青藏高原栽培青稞的单体醇溶蛋白多态性。大麦单体醇溶蛋白图谱与小麦醇溶蛋白电泳图谱类似,所分离的蛋白清晰地分为ω-,γ-,β-和α-四个部分。青藏高原栽培青稞单体醇溶蛋白具有丰富的多态性,84份青稞材料中存在43条不同的蛋白带,75种组合带谱;其中67种为单一材料所独有,另8种则分别包含了2-3份材料。每份材料中拥有醇溶蛋白带为6-16条,含有6-10条单体醇溶蛋白带材料较多。西藏和四川材料群体单体醇溶蛋白多态性不同,具有区域特异性。西藏材料中发现了40条不同蛋白带,3条特异带,46 种蛋白组合;四川材料中出现了40种不同蛋白带,26种条带组合, 3条特异带。基于单体蛋白多态性的聚类与材料的来源有一定的相关性。A-PAGE单体蛋白具有丰富的多态性,可作为遗传研究和品种鉴定的标记。 大麦醇溶蛋白(hordein)是大麦籽粒的主要贮藏蛋白,与大麦的营养品质和加工品质密切相关,而且具有丰富的多态性,广泛用于品种鉴定、种质筛选、遗传多样性和亲缘关系研究。B组醇溶蛋白是主要的醇溶蛋白组份,约占总醇溶蛋白的80%,而且具有丰富的多态性。本研究采用SDS-PAGE分析了72份青藏高原栽培青稞B组醇溶蛋白的遗传多样性。青藏高原栽培青稞B组醇溶蛋白具有丰富的多态性,72份青稞材料中存在15种蛋白带,30种组合带谱,其中15种为单一材料所独有,另15种则分别包含了2-10份材料。每份材料中B组醇溶蛋白条带数为4-8条,含5、6条的材料较常见。不同来源的群体材料间B组醇溶蛋白组成存在差异,西藏青稞含有26种蛋白组合带谱,其中有19种特异带谱;四川群体中共发现11种蛋白组合带型,其中有4种特有带谱。两群体中都存在稀有条带。聚类分析将材料分成三组,材料聚类与材料来源地没有明显的相关性。 淀粉粒蛋白(Starch granule proteins, SGPs)是一类与淀粉粒结合的微量蛋白,一些淀粉粒蛋白具有淀粉生化合成中主要的酶蛋白功能,其变异会影响淀粉含量和特性,从而影响淀粉的应用。关于我国大麦淀粉粒组成研究还未见报道。本实验首次开创了我国大麦淀粉粒结合蛋白的研究工作。采用SDS-PAGE电泳技术研究了青藏高原栽培青稞的SGP组成,并分析了不同SGP组合间淀粉含量的差异,初步探索了所分离的SGP蛋白与淀粉合成的关系。66份青稞材料中分离了10种主要的SGP,其表观分子量为40-100KD,低于60KD的SGP带有7条,共有16种组合带谱;各SGP蛋白和组合带谱出现的频率存在差异,青藏高原青稞的SGP组成存在多态性。西藏青稞和四川青稞的SGP组成有很大差异,SGP组成具有地域差异性,西藏青稞含有12种蛋白组合带谱,其中有9种特异带谱;四川群体中共发现7种蛋白组合带型,其中有4种特有带谱;两群体中仅有3种共同的蛋白组合带谱。SGP蛋白特性将66份青稞分为三组, 即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ,材料聚类与材料来源具有一定的相关性。不同组合带谱材料间淀粉含量差异显著性检验结果显示,不同带谱间材料的总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量和支链淀粉含量有差异,带谱2(SGP1+3+7+9+10)和8(SGP1+2+4+6+8)的总淀粉含量及支链淀粉含量显著大于组合带谱3(SGP1+3+7+10)的总淀粉含量。组合带谱7(SGP1+2+6+8)的直链淀粉含量显著低于带谱11(SGP1+5+8)的直链淀粉。带谱SGP2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10可能参与淀粉合成,SGP9可能与高支链淀粉的合成相关。 SSR标记位点、单体醇溶蛋白、B组醇溶蛋白、淀粉结合蛋白等四个方面的研究结果表明青藏高原SSR标记多态性、单体醇溶蛋白多态性、B组醇溶蛋白多态性和SGP多态性都非常丰富,与青藏高原是栽培青稞的多样性分布中心的观点一致。 青藏高原栽培青稞的SSR标记、单体醇溶蛋白、B组醇溶蛋白和SGP多态性表现出很大差异。SSR标记覆盖了整个基因组,多态性非常高。单体蛋白、B组醇溶蛋白、SGP蛋白是育种中非常关注的性状,他们只是代表基因组中的某一区域或位点,多态性相对较低。但单体蛋白多态性很高,84份材料中检测出43条不同蛋白带,75种不同的组合带谱。SSR标记技术和单体蛋白技术都是遗传多样性研究的有力工具,但单体蛋白技术不仅多态性高,而且经济、操作简便,是种质鉴定的理想方法。 对不同标记的多态性材料数据进行聚类,聚类图能为我们提供各材料间的遗传相似信息,为材料选择提供参考。但材料聚类与材料来源的地理区域的相关性表现不一致。SSR聚类和B组醇溶蛋白聚类与材料的来源地无相关性,而单体醇溶蛋白和SGP聚类与材料来源地有一定相关性,即西藏群体和四川群体分别有集中类群,这可能是人为选择的附加效应。 不同来源的群体材料的遗传多样性不同,具有区域特异稀有基因,加强不同地区间资源的交换和配合使用,有利于增加群体遗传多样性和新品种培育。 青藏高原栽培青稞的麦芽浸提性状、淀粉性状、病虫及裸粒等重要农艺性状控制位点存在丰富的变异,遗传基础宽广,可能蕴藏着多种不同的等位基因,是研究重要性状遗传特性、基因资源挖掘和遗传育种的宝贵资源库。 Hulless barley, due to its favorable attributes such as high feed value, good human nutrition,rich dietary fiber and ease processing, attracts people,s attention . Hulless barley plays a very important role in Tibetan life, used as essential food crop, main animal feed and important fuel. In addition to tsampa (roasted barley flour), a main food for Tibetan, hulless barley is also made into cake, soup, porridge, recent naked barley liquor and cornmeal. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is one of a few areas which plant naked barley widely in the world and also has a long growing history. Genetic diversity of the cultivated hulless barley in this region , however, has not been documented. The study of genetic diversity existing within this population is of particular interest in germplasm identification, preservation, and new cultivar development. This study analyzed the genetic diversity of the cultivated naked barley from Qinghai-Tibet plateau through the study of SSR marker loci and monomeric prolamins, B-horden and starch granule proteins. SSRs are present abundantly in genomes of higher organisms and have become a popular marker system in plant studies. SSRs offer a number of advantages, such as the high level of polymorphisms, locus specificity, co-dominance, reproducibility, ease of use through PCRand random distribution throughout the genome. In barley, several hundred SSRs have been developed and genetically mapped and can therefore be selected from specific genomic regions. The genetic diversity of 64 cultivated naked barley from Tibet and Sichuan was studied with 30 SSRs of known map location.Among the selected SSR markers, PCR products of 5 SSR markers were not obtained and 3 SSR marker loci were monomeric. A total of 132 alleles were identified at 22 polyomeric SSR loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 15, with an average of 6.0. The polymorphism information content values for the SSRs ranged from 0.08 to 0.94, with an average of 0.65. 13 SSR markers with the PIC value >0.6 have been selected for discrimination of Qinghai-Tibet naked barley genotypews. A finger Print map was developed through 7 SSR markers with the high PIC value. It could be used as an efficient tool for gene discovery and identification of gernplasm. Hordeins, the main storage proteins of the barley seed, are composed of momomeric and polymeric prolamins and divided into -A, B, C and D groups in order of decreasing electrophoretic mobility. Hordeins show high inter-genotypic variation and have been extensively used as markers for cultivar identification and analyzing the genetic diversity. This study analyzed the genetic diversity of B-hordein in 72 naked barley from Qinqhai-Tibet Plateau. Extensive diversity was observed. A total of 15 different bands and 30 distinct patterns were found. Jaccard's coefficient of similarity was calculated, and the accessions were divided into three main groups by cluster analysis using UPGMA. Differentiation among the populations from different collecting regions based on the polymorphism of B-hordein was investigated. Monomeric prolamins show high inter-genotypic variation and have been used as molecular markers for cultivar identification, analyzing the genetic diversity in collections and investigating the evolution processes and structure of populations However, the cultivated hulless accessions from Qinghai-Tibet Pateau in China have never been examined with respect to monomeric prolamins. This study analyzed the genetic diversity of monomeric prolamins (protein fraction corresponding to wheat gliadins) using the Acid -PAGE technique in eighty-four cultivated hulless barley from Qinqhai-Tibet Plateau in China. Extensive diversity was observed. A total of 43 different bands were found, of which 21 different bands were in the region of ω group, 8 in the region of γ, 8 in the region of β, and 6 in the region of α group. Among the 86 accessions, 75 distinct patterns were identified. The number of bands ranged from 6 to 16, depending on the variety. Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity was calculated, and the lines were grouped by cluster analysis using UPGMA. A dendrogram was obtained from the analysis of the groups and five main clusters were identified. No relationship between the distribution in the dendrogram and growth habits and origins of the cultivars could be detected. Starch is the major constituent of the cereal endosperm, comprising approximately 65% of the dry weight of the mature wheat grain. The starch formed in all organs of plants is packaged into starch granules, which vary widely between species and cultivars in size and shape. Wheat endosperm starch granules contain about corresponding to the main biosynthase of starch. This report firstly dealed with intraspecific variation of the major SGPs in cultivated naked barley from Qinghai-Tibet plateau. A total of 10 major SGPs were observed in the range of 40KD-100KD and 16 types of patterns were found. Based on the variation of SGPs, accessions studied were classified into 3 groups. A geographical cline of electrophoregram was observed. In addition, significance test of the difference of starch content among groups and types of patterns were done, and the results indicated those SGPs could be related to the content of starch. Diagram obtained through cluster analysis exhibited a structuration of diversity and genetic relationship among cultivated hulless accessions. In breeding program, parents with genetically distant relationship for hybridization will increase genetic diversity of progenies. In conclusion, cultivated naked barley from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China presents a high variability with respect to monomeric prolamins,SSR markers , B- hordeins and SGPs. The result of this study supports Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the center of cultivated hulless barley and the cultivated naked barley is considered to be a gene pool with large diversity and could be applied to breeding for cereal.

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在中国原子能科学研究院的HI-13串列静电加速器上完成了19F+27Al耗散反应产物的激发函数测量。束流19F的入射能量从110.25MeV到118.75MeV,步长250keV,测量了实验室系+57°,+31°,-15°和-29°出射的类弹产物B,C,N,O,F和Ne的激发函数。观测到激发函数具有耗散反应的特征涨落结构,分析了激发函数之间的长程角度关联以及强烈的电荷数关联。

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在中国原子能科学研究院的HI-13串列静电加速器上完成了114MeV和118.75MeV的19F+27Al 耗散反应产物B,C,N,O,F,Ne,Na和Mg的微分截面测量.条形27Al同位素靶的大小尺寸为 10mm×50mm,平均厚度约67μg/cm2.固定入射束流19F的能量,通过移动靶位,先后轰击了靶上20个不同的位置.实验结果表明,在弹靶系统、入射能量以及探测系统都相同的多次独立的微分截面测量中,截面的涨落不呈现高斯型几率分布.截面测量的这种不重复现象难以用有限计数率的统计性质来解释.

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测量了19F+27Al耗散反应产物B,C,N,O,F和Ne的激发函数,入射束流的能量从110.25MeV 到118.75MeV,能量步长为250keV.用能量自关联函数方法从激发函数中提取了各反应产物的平均衰变宽度,利用同时考虑反应中所形成的中间双核系统的转动特性和衰变特性而发展了的Ericson核反应统计理论,讨论了19F+27Al耗散反应中双核系统随时间的演化过程.

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完成了114MeV19F+27Al深部非弹性碰撞产物的角分布测量.分析了反应产物B,C,N,O,F,Ne,Na,Mg和Al的实验室系角分布,讨论了反应形成的中间双核系统随时间演化过程中角分布所表现出的耗散特点.从实验上提取了反应产物各元素的角分散参数并作了角分散参数的理论拟合,讨论了角分散参数的物理意义以及角分散参数与耗散反应产物的电荷数Z之间的依赖关系.

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完成了19F+27Al深部非弹性碰撞产物的角分布测量.初步分析了反应产物B,C,N,O,F,Ne,Na,Mg和Al的实验室系角分布,展现出深部非弹性反应机制的特点,显示了反应系统随时间的演化过程.

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Within the Boltzmann-Langevin equation, the neutron cluster production cross sections in the reactions induced by Be-14, He-8, He-6, Li-11, B-17, Be-11, C-19 on C-12 at 35MeV/u were studied. The experimental data for (4)n production cross section from Be-14+C-12 at 35MeV/u can be reproduced. It is found that the production cross section of neutron cluster is large in the reaction that the projectile has more halo nucleons. And the projectiles with big mass number are easy to produce the neutron cluster, when they have the same number of halo nucleons. The neutron cluster is probably mainly from the halo nucleons of projectile.

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对青海油菜蜂花粉及生物酶解破壁花粉的营养成分进行了分析和比较。结果表明,花粉经酶解破壁后,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、还原糖、核酸、总黄酮、灰份、多数氨基酸、维生素(A、B、C和K)及黄酮类化合物(原青花素、芦丁、槲皮素、异鼠李索)的含量得到了明显提高,而K、Na、CaMg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Mn等矿质元素的含量无明显变化。青海油菜花粉经破壁后更有利于营养成分和活性成分的释放。

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在地球的环境界面上,发生着重要的物理、化学和生物学反应,进行着频繁的物质交换和输送,研究和认识环境界面的地球化学过程对揭示环境演化,评价环境质量,认识成矿机理具有重要意义[万国江,1988]化学风化是元素表生地球化学循环的重要环节,是地表碉石(浮土)-水界面间的物质交换过程,其中大气成份和植物微生物代谢产物作为活化剂。化学风化的研究历史大致分为三个阶段:定性描述阶段、化学风化速度定量测定阶段、化学风化的环境生态效应研究阶段。化学风化的动力学理论经过了扩散作用理论、表面反应理论、表面络合反应理论三个发展阶段。化学同化动力学理论及其生态效应方面的研究存在的主工问题是:矿物溶解速度是由表面反应控制的,土壤具有特殊的表面性质,但目前还没有土壤化学同化动力学的实验数据。溶解铝主要来自土壤活性铝,但土壤铝的溶解机理还不清楚;仅根据化学平衡计算就认为Al~(3+)浓度是由矿物溶解平衡控制的,这很不可靠;因为土壤孔隙水的酸度控制矿物的溶解平衡,而土壤中Al~(3+)的水解制约着土壤孔隙水的酸度。孤立地研究养分的释放和流失是不完深善的,需要建立养分循环的动力学模型。黄壤是贵州分布最广的一种土壤。贵州存在着环境酸化、土壤缺钾和“石山”化等一系列生态环境问题。黔中是一个较强的酸雨区,区内降水pH值位于3.5-4.2之间;黄壤酸度高,缓冲能力弱。黄壤中活性铝浓度高,但国内没有进行黄壤中铝的淋溶和毒性的研究。黄壤是中国最贫钾的土壤之一,但缺钾的原因和发展趋势还不清楚。本文的目的是完善土壤化学风化动力学理论、阐明环境中铝的转化机理、建立钾素循环的动力学模型。同时,预测环境酸化趋势、评价土壤钾素供给状况和铝的毒性,讨论关于贵州环境酸化、土壤缺钾和“石山”化等环境生态问题的对策。作者在红枫湖汇水区采集土壤、土壤孔隙水和河水样品。土壤孔隙水用经改进的离心法提取;用化学浸提法测定土壤中铝的形态;完成了河水、土壤孔隙水的水化学全分析、土壤化学性质的测定、土壤的化学全分析和X射线衍射分析,湖水水化学全分析数据由导师提供。作者完成了土壤淋溶实验的研究,测定了淋溶前土壤样品的化学质和化学组成,测定了淋溶液的pH、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+、Na~+溶解硅和单体铝。通过土壤、土壤孔隙水、湖水的化学年组成,研究土壤的化学风化动力学;通过土壤、土壤孔隙水中铝的形态分布,研究环境中铝的迁移转化机理;根据河水中钾的含量,研究土壤钾素的地球化学循环;通过土壤淋溶实验研究土壤化学风化、土壤铝淋溶、钾素循环的动力学过程。综合现场取样和淋溶实验两方面的研究成果,获得以下几点认识:1、红枫湖汇水区黄壤的化学风化处于高岭石化阶段,酸沉降增大化学风化速度,土壤化学风化符合硅酸盐矿物溶解的表面反应理论。2、实验证实了Johnson (1981)提出的土壤缓冲机制,同时发现弱酸性和中性土壤在淋溶过程中吸附H~+。3、黄壤中铝的移动性与土壤酸度和有机质含量有关,溶解铝在土壤A-B、B-C界面发生沉淀。4、实验证实铝的溶解由三水铝石溶解反应控制,同时发现溶解铝浓度由H~+供给量和盐基离子释放量控制。5、建立钾素循环的动力学模型:EXCH. K=Fw-Fd-Fa利用河水中K~+浓度计算土壤钾素的化学侵蚀速率,可以预测土壤缺钾的趋势。6、实验发现土壤钾素的化学侵蚀过程由离子交换反应控制,钾素侵蚀速率与径流强度、土壤酸度和酸沉降有关。7、酸沉降加剧黄壤酸化和缺钾的趋势,加重黄壤中铝的毒性,需要控制酸沉降通量,使雨水pH值大于4.5。