黄土高原野生蔬菜资源与开发利用

略述黄土高原野生蔬菜的主要种类和分布 ,分析了野生蔬菜的营养价值 ,医疗保健作用和市场前景 ,提出开发利用的途径、措施和应注意的问题

延安日光温室蔬菜生产现状与发展对策

延安日光温室蔬菜生产从初步发展走向稳定健康发展 ,基础设施建设、栽培技术等取得了一定成绩 ,但技术力量仍感不足 ,农药、化肥污染愈加严重。提出今后进一步发展的对策

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区沟道水资源利用模式初探

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区干旱缺水 ,要让有限的水资源支撑当地的生态农业建设 ,就要高效利用有限水资源 ,提高单位水的利用效率。通过在延安市燕儿沟的生产实践证明 ,在沟道中兴建截潜流工程 ,引水上山 ,发展坡地果园和保护地蔬菜微灌 ,是高效利用当地有限水资源的一种重要模式 ,很有推广价值

黄土高原半干旱区集流灌草立体配置与水分调控

该区干旱与水土流失并存 ,降雨量时空分配不均 ,且水热并不同步 (在春夏 ,植物常因缺水而枯死 ) ,致使生态环境建设中恢复植被的难度大。为此 ,采用工程整地措施与灌草立体配置模式 ,发展集流灌草植被 ,调蓄土壤水分 ,促进灌草植被的快速恢复。结果表明 ,在水平阶营造柠条和披碱草 ,在生长初期 0～ 50 0 cm土层含水量可分为 3个明显的层次 ;在生长的第 4年随着灌草根系深扎 ,土壤水分过耗 ,出现明显的干土层 ,分布深度在 1 2 0～ 2 0 0 cm,厚度为 1 0 0 cm。在第 8年干土层扩大到 1 0 0～ 30 0 cm,厚度为 2 0 0 cm。第 1 4年土壤含水量有所回升 ,但幅度不大 ,同第 8年相比 ,仅提高 1 .5～ 2 .0个百分点。水平阶的柠条灌木林随着生长时间的延续 ,其水分贮量变化是否增加 ,仍有待继续研究。该区 0～ 50 0 cm多年土壤贮水量 ,在生长初期 ( 4月份 ) ,1 5年生柠条480 .1 5mm,1 2年生沙棘、山桃分别为 41 4.6mm和 385.4mm,在生长末期 ( 1 0月 ) ,柠条 498.31mm,沙棘 42 3.31 mm,山桃 ...

连作对设施黄瓜产量和品质及土壤酶活性的影响

揭示黄瓜产生连作障碍的机理,为设施蔬菜的可持续发展和减轻连作障碍提供参考依据。【方法】在日光温室内进行田间试验,以露地玉米地土壤为对照,研究不同连作年限(4,5,8和12年)下黄瓜产量和品质及土壤酶活性的变化。【结果】随着黄瓜连作年限的增加,黄瓜产量、可溶性固形物和维生素C含量均下降,硝酸盐含量上升,土壤呼吸强度降低,土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性均呈先上升后降低的趋势;随着黄瓜生长季节的变化,土壤脲酶活性呈先上升后降低再升高的趋势,土壤蔗糖酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性和土壤呼吸强度均呈先上升后降低的趋势。【结论】随着连作年限的延长,设施黄瓜的产量和品质均下降,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势。

蔬菜温室土壤某些化学性质的演变特征

To explore the changes of soil chemical properties in vegetable greenhouse,a comparative study was carried out with the samples gathered from vegetable greenhouse fields and their adjacent upland fields in Damintun Town,Xinming County,Liaoning Province.The results showed that compared with upland fields,the contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in greenhouse fields increased significantly.At the depth of 0～30 cm,soil organic carbon in greenhouses of 1-,4-and 10-year increased by 31.09%,35.44%,and 66.80%,respectively,compared with the upland soil.Soil nitrate content at the depth of 0～30 cm in greenhouse fields was 5.05～12.49 times as much as that in upland fields.The nitrate content in different soil layers increased with the increasing age of greenhouse field.,e.g.,at the depth of 20～30 cm,soil nitrate content was significantly higher in 10-year than in 1-and 4-year greenhouse field,with an increase of 65.73% and 50.89%,respectively,and 6.55 times as much as that in upland field,which indicated that soil nitrate transported downwards,and obviously enriched in deeper soil layers under heavy application of fertilizer.Also with the increasing age of greenhouse field,soil pH decreased,while soil soluble salts accumulated.

Antioxidative principals of Jussiaea repens: an edible medicinal plant

Jussiaea repens L. (JRL) is an edible medicinal plant and is also used as a vegetable by the local people in southwestern China. The crude extract and its four fractions derived from JRL were evaluated for the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging ability, hydroxyl radical-scavenging capacity and the potassium ferricyanide reduction property. The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction (EAF) and EAF6 (a subfraction derived from EAF) were the most valuable fraction and subfraction, respectively. Furthermore, bioactivity-guided chromatographic fractionation revealed that three pure compounds greatly contributed to the antioxidant activities. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the major antioxidant constituents in the extract were systematically conducted by NMR, mass spectral analyses and RP-HPLC. The result demonstrated that rosmarinic acid (2.00 mg g(-1) JRL dry weight) quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9.88 mg g(-1) JRL dry weight), and kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1.85 mg g(-1) JRL dry weight) were the major antioxidative constituents in JRL. These compounds are reported for the first time from this plant.

滑坡泥石流信息遥感获取与空间预测

On the issue of geological hazard evaluation（GHE）, taking remote sensing and GIS systems as experimental environment, assisting with some programming development, this thesis combines multi-knowledges of geo-hazard mechanism, statistic learning, remote sensing (RS), high-spectral recognition, spatial analysis, digital photogrammetry as well as mineralogy, and selects geo-hazard samples from Hong Kong and Three Parallel River region as experimental data, to study two kinds of core questions of GHE, geo-hazard information acquiring and evaluation model. In the aspect of landslide information acquiring by RS, three detailed topics are presented, image enhance for visual interpretation, automatic recognition of landslide as well as quantitative mineral mapping. As to the evaluation model, the latest and powerful data mining method, support vector machine (SVM), is introduced to GHE field, and a serious of comparing experiments are carried out to verify its feasibility and efficiency. Furthermore, this paper proposes a method to forecast the distribution of landslides if rainfall in future is known baseing on historical rainfall and corresponding landslide susceptibility map. The details are as following: (a) Remote sensing image enhancing methods for geo-hazard visual interpretation. The effect of visual interpretation is determined by RS data and image enhancing method, for which the most effective and regular technique is image merge between high-spatial image and multi-spectral image, but there are few researches concerning the merging methods of geo-hazard recognition. By the comparing experimental of six mainstream merging methods and combination of different remote sensing data source, this thesis presents merits of each method ,and qualitatively analyzes the effect of spatial resolution, spectral resolution and time phase on merging image. (b) Automatic recognition of shallow landslide by RS image. The inventory of landslide is the base of landslide forecast and landslide study. If persistent collecting of landslide events, updating the geo-hazard inventory in time, and promoting prediction model incessantly, the accuracy of forecast would be boosted step by step. RS technique is a feasible method to obtain landslide information, which is determined by the feature of geo-hazard distribution. An automatic hierarchical approach is proposed to identify shallow landslides in vegetable region by the combination of multi-spectral RS imagery and DEM derivatives, and the experiment is also drilled to inspect its efficiency. (c) Hazard-causing factors obtaining. Accurate environmental factors are the key to analyze and predict the risk of regional geological hazard. As to predict huge debris flow, the main challenge is still to determine the startup material and its volume in debris flow source region. Exerting the merits of various RS technique, this thesis presents the methods to obtain two important hazard-causing factors, DEM and alteration mineral, and through spatial analysis, finds the relationship between hydrothermal clay alteration minerals and geo-hazards in the arid-hot valleys of Three Parallel Rivers region. (d) Applying support vector machine (SVM) to landslide susceptibility mapping. Introduce the latest and powerful statistical learning theory, SVM, to RGHE. SVM that proved an efficient statistic learning method can deal with two-class and one-class samples, with feature avoiding produce ‘pseudo’ samples. 55 years historical samples in a natural terrain of Hong Kong are used to assess this method, whose susceptibility maps obtained by one-class SVM and two-class SVM are compared to that obtained by logistic regression method. It can conclude that two-class SVM possesses better prediction efficiency than logistic regression and one-class SVM. However, one-class SVM, only requires failed cases, has an advantage over the other two methods as only "failed" case information is usually available in landslide susceptibility mapping. (e) Predicting the distribution of rainfall-induced landslides by time-series analysis. Rainfall is the most dominating factor to bring in landslides. More than 90% losing and casualty by landslides is introduced by rainfall, so predicting landslide sites under certain rainfall is an important geological evaluating issue. With full considering the contribution of stable factors (landslide susceptibility map) and dynamic factors (rainfall), the time-series linear regression analysis between rainfall and landslide risk mapis presented, and experiments based on true samples prove that this method is perfect in natural region of Hong Kong. The following 4 practicable or original findings are obtained: 1) The RS ways to enhance geo-hazards image, automatic recognize shallow landslides, obtain DEM and mineral are studied, and the detailed operating steps are given through examples. The conclusion is practical strongly. 2) The explorative researching about relationship between geo-hazards and alteration mineral in arid-hot valley of Jinshajiang river is presented. Based on standard USGS mineral spectrum, the distribution of hydrothermal alteration mineral is mapped by SAM method. Through statistic analysis between debris flows and hazard-causing factors, the strong correlation between debris flows and clay minerals is found and validated. 3) Applying SVM theory (especially one-class SVM theory) to the landslide susceptibility mapping and system evaluation for its performance is also carried out, which proves that advantages of SVM in this field. 4) Establishing time-serial prediction method for rainfall induced landslide distribution. In a natural study area, the distribution of landslides induced by a storm is predicted successfully under a real maximum 24h rainfall based on the regression between 4 historical storms and corresponding landslides.

贵阳市郊（喀斯特地区）菜园土重金属的生物地球化学循环与绿色作物生产

随着城市化进程的快速推进，大量蔬菜等食物由农村向城市输送，因此促进了城郊结合部蔬菜基地的发展。然而，城市化发展却导致越来越严重的城市和城郊土壤和大气污染，加上现代化生产中化肥和农用化学品的大量使用等，使得重金属在菜园土中大量积累，并可能通过食物链进入人体，威胁人类身体健康。因此，对重金属在土壤－蔬菜体系间迁移的生物地球化学行为的研究是我们了解和防治蔬菜重金属污染、促进绿色作物生产和保护人类健康的关键。 本文选择世界典型喀斯特地区的贵阳市市郊的菜园土－蔬菜体系为主要研究对象，通过系统地对土壤、主要蔬菜和大气沉降物质的元素分析以及铅同位素分析，对研究区域菜园土的主要理化性质、土壤（以及剖面）和蔬菜样品中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的含量变化、菜园土以及土壤剖面重金属的形态分布等特征进行了研究。利用微量元素地球化学以及同位素地球化学理论，并结合土壤学研究理论和方法探讨了重金属在菜园土（石灰土和黄壤）和蔬菜体系间的赋存形态、重金属元素的来源、迁移与转化规律及其中的主要控制因素。 主要研究结果认为：贵阳市郊菜园土重金属元素含量变化与土壤母质显著相关，黄壤类型菜园土处于中度污染水平，石灰土类型菜园土处于轻度污染水平。菜园土中重金属形态以残余态为主，其次为有机结合态，再次为铁锰氧化物结合态和酸可提取态。土壤剖面中，菜园土表层大多数重金属含量高于背景剖面，其余各层吻合度较高。土壤剖面中重金属的形态分布仍以残余态为主，菜园土剖面上各元素的生物可利用态即酸可提取态、氧化物结合态和有机结合态则均要高于背景剖面，Pb和Zn主要受到有机结合态的影响，而Cd则三种形态的含量均高于背景剖面，种种迹象表明人为活动增加了菜园土重金属的活性和生物有效性，且以有机结合态的改变最为显著。 蔬菜中红薯可食部位的各项重金属富集系数均大于其他蔬菜，最容易受到土壤中重金属的影响；在土壤－蔬菜体系中，重金属元素含量的分布总体特征为菜园土>根>茎叶>果实，体系内元素的迁移在土壤/蔬菜根界面上最为关键，起着控制作用，此界面上各元素的迁移系数顺序为Cd>>Cu，Zn>Pb，大多数重金属元素在黄壤类型的菜园土中的迁移系数要小于石灰土类型的；在土壤－红薯和土壤－辣椒体系中，Cd的迁移系数随土壤pH的增加而降低，而其余元素的迁移系数则随土壤pH的增加而增加；土壤主成分与土壤理化性质对重金属形态分布有显著影响，但BCR连续提取法得到的土壤中重金属元素的各生物可利用态的含量与蔬菜根部的含量相关性不大；覆膜种植方式使土壤pH由4.5降低到3.8，并改变了其它物化参数，从而影响重金属的形态分布及其在蔬菜体内的含量分布特征，极可能增加农业系统中重金属的环境风险；铅稳定同位素分析表明，土壤中的铅主要来自于母岩的风化，蔬菜中放射成因铅明显略低于菜园土，菜园土和蔬菜中铅同位素组成在208Pb/206Pb对207Pb/206Pb的分布图上呈直线分布（在菜园土－蔬菜体系中，土壤样品、蔬菜不同部位的样品、以及雨水样品的铅同位素组成的分布也形成了极好的直线），显示明显的两端元混合体系；根据各端元物质铅同位素组成计算，土壤铅对蔬菜根部、茎叶的贡献值由71.8%~77.7%降低到16.0%~45.4%之间，大气铅的贡献则沿根向茎叶和果实逐渐增加，研究结果显示大气污染对蔬菜重金属Pb的贡献不可忽视。

Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in cucumber and potato by stir bar sorptive extraction

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in vegetables were determined by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and capillary gas chromatography with thermionic specific detection (TSD). Hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsioxane (PDMS) prepared by sol-gel method was used as extraction phase. The effects of extraction temperature, salting out, extraction time on extraction efficiency were studied. The detection limits of OPPs in water were <= 1.2 ng/l. This method was also applied to the analysis of OPPs in vegetable samples and matrix effect was studied. Linear ranges of OPPs in vegetable samples were 0.05-50 ng/g with detection limits <= 0. 15 ng/g and the repeatability of the method was less than 20% relative standard deviation. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.