农用高吸水树脂的制备及其吸水/保水作用机制

本研究通过自行设计的工艺流程，利用水溶液共聚法合成了两种淀粉接枝型高吸水树脂（SA和SAM），利用正交试验优化了最佳反应条件，改进了工艺，降低了成本。通过对凝胶热力学理论的分析，引进非离子型单体，得到耐盐的三元接枝共聚物SAM。用红外光谱和扫描电镜对接枝共聚物进行了表征，光谱分析证实了接枝共聚物的存在，扫描电镜观察显示了其多孔的三维结构。两种树脂在蒸馏水及生理盐水中均表现出较高的吸水能力。不同温度下它们的保水能力测定结果表明，SAM的保水能力好于SA；对于同种树脂，粒径越大，保水能力越强。土面蒸发曲线和土壤水分特征曲线表明，它们均有抑制蒸发、保持水分、提高土壤含水量的作用，且用量越高效果越好，SAM的效果好于SA。盆栽大豆试验表明，树脂拌种和拌土对大豆生长有促进作用，且SAM的效果好于SA，拌土用量0.3％好于0.1％，拌种浓度1％好于3％。树脂使大豆种子出苗期提前，出苗率提高；净光合速率和水分利用率的提高；大豆株高增高，最终产量增加。树脂拌土还可降低土壤容重。田间小区试验进一步表明，树脂可增加玉米的出苗率，还可增加玉米的百粒重、经济产量及生物产量，SAM的效果好于SA。

2种高分子保水材料对土壤持水能力的影响

采用离心机法,研究聚丙烯酸钠与聚丙烯酰胺2种高分子化合物在5种使用浓度(占干土质量0、0.01%、0.08%、0.2%与1%)的条件下对3种土壤(砂土、壤土、黏土)持水能力的影响。结果表明:3种土壤在0.01~1.5MPa水吸力时,持水能力随着2种高分子材料用量的增加而增加,砂土的作用效果较壤土、黏土更显著;2种高分子材料与土壤质量比控制在8/10000~2/1000范围内其作用效果较好,该用量条件下高分子吸持水分平均可释放83.7%供植物吸收利用。2种高分子材料对土壤持水能力的作用效果基本相同。

土壤中施用聚丙烯酸钠保水剂对冬小麦生长及产量影响

聚丙烯酸钠因其特殊的保水性能受到广泛重视,但是其研究仍多限于实验室模拟研究。为了促进其在农业生产中的应用与推广,该文采用大田试验,研究了聚丙烯酸钠对冬小麦生长、产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明施入聚丙烯酸钠能够促进小麦生长,提高小麦叶绿素含量,提高小麦产量与WUE。采用沟施5.5 m3/hm2的1/2000聚丙烯酸钠水溶液,能够使小麦较对照增产2.9%,WUE增加3.52 kg/(hm2.mm);与肥料混合使用时,增产效果更加显著,可增产10.14%,WUE增加4.38 kg/(hm2.mm)。

沃特保水剂对西瓜生长及土壤环境的影响

在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区,以不施保水剂为对照,开展了沃特和PAM保水剂对西瓜生长及土壤环境影响的研究。结果表明,施用沃特和PAM降低了西瓜缓苗期的地表最高温度,提高了地表的平均温度、最低温度及10cm土层和20 cm土层的土壤温度,增加了土壤的含水量,特别是开花坐瓜期0~30 cm土层的土壤含水量。西瓜幼苗的成活率随沃特和PAM施用量的增加而提高。沃特和PAM保水剂的施用促进了西瓜主蔓和根系的生长,增强了叶片的光合作用能力,增加了西瓜的生物量,使西瓜的成熟期提前,产量和产值增加,水分利用效率显著提高。相同施用量的沃特与PAM相比,对西瓜生长及土壤环境的影响差异均不显著。沃特和PAM在西瓜上的适宜使用量均为每株1.5~2.0 g,即16.67~22.22 kg/hm2。

沃特和PAM保水剂对土壤水分及马铃薯生长的影响研究

在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区以不施为对照,开展了浸种、穴施保水剂沃特和PAM对土壤水分和马铃薯生长影响研究。结果表明:沃特、PAM不同处理10~20cm、30~40cm土层土壤含水率在盛花前略高于对照,茎叶衰老后略低于对照。不同处理0~100cm土层土壤水含量苗期略高于对照;花期沃特、PAM穴施用量15和30kg/hm2处理极显著高于对照,沃特、PAM穴施用量60kg/hm2和1.0%浸种处理显著低于对照;收获期不同处理均低于对照。不同处理花期、收获期均表现为沃特、PAM施用量越大,生物量、块茎产量越高,块茎个数越少,最大块茎越大。从播种到花期沃特、PAM穴施用量15和30kg/hm2处理的耗水量显著低于对照,从播种到收获期不同处理的耗水量与对照无显著差异,但花期、收获期不同处理的水分利用率和水分产出率均极显著高于对照。沃特和PAM在马铃薯生产应用中,穴施应以30kg/hm2到45kg/hm2为宜。用1.0%的浓度浸种,可成为沃特和PAM在马铃薯生产中利用的主要方式。

域间授权互操作研究综述

分布式系统安全是多域协作场景下的重要研究领域,近年来得到大力发展.在大多数实际的多域协作过程中,无论开发者还是管理者都不想完全摈弃已有的权限管理和访问控制体系,希望在授权开放性和系统改造代价间保持平衡和兼顾.域间授权互操作正是在这一背景下逐渐成为该领域具有代表性的研究方法.着力对域间互操作理论和技术的整体进展与演化进行细致梳理与剖析,从多维视角下对其进行归类比较,例如:根据域间协作架构划分,可分为松耦合协作模式和联邦式协作模式;根据安全检测实施方式划分,可分为基于协调中心的检测模式和无协调中心模式;根据互操作建模方式划分,主要包括基于管理行为的预前建立模式和基于请求驱动的实时建立模式;根据建立互操作采用的辅助技术划分,主要涉及基于信任、基于风险和基于语义等;根据策略整合所处的层面划分,可分为面向授权管理的策略集成和面向资源聚合的策略集成.针对若干典型方案,阐述其基本原理、适用场景,对技术特点和局限性给出较为深入的对比分析,在大量现有研究工作的基础上综述授权互操作发展的基本特点,归结展望了今后可能的研究趋势.

Studies on water-swellable elastomer .1. Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic polymer

A new amphiphilic polymer i.e., polyethylene glycol (PEG) grafted crystalline neoprene, which was used as compatibilizer to improve the compatibility of elastomer and water-absorbent resin, has been investigated. The synthesis was based on the reaction between chlorine in neoprene and sodium salts of PEG. PEGs with molecular weights of 600 and 2000 were used. The grafting percent and the PEG content were calculated through elemental analysis of chlorine in the resulted copolymers. The maximum grafting percent of copolymers was ca. 24.80%. The molecular parameters such as number-average molecular weight and the average number of grafting chains on one CR backbone were also calculated and discussed. (C) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The experimental research of R-phycoerythrin subunits on cancer treatment: A new photosensitizer in PDT

The mouse tumor cell 5180 and human liver carcinoma cell SMC 7721 cells were first treated with R-PE and its subunits (alpha, beta, gamma subunits), then irradiated with Argon laser (496 nm, 28.8 J/cm(2)). Survival rate was measured by MTT method. In order to compare the phototoxicity in normal cells, the mouse marrow cells were treated with photofrin II and beta-subunit, irradiated with 45 J/cm(2) of light; survival rate was also measured by MTT method. The result showed that R-PE subunits had better PDT effect on s180 cells than R-PE and lower phototoxicity in marrow cells than photofrin II Flow cytometric analysis showed that PDT results in a growth inhibition and a G(0)-G(1) cell cycle arrest in SMC 7721 cells. The tumor cells inhibited by PDT in vivo were morphologically observed by TEM, the tumor cell death was daze to the occlusion of tumor blood vessels and inducement of cell programmed death in nuclei. Therefore, with the advantage in special fluorescence activity, loth molecular weight, good light absorbent character and weak phototoxicity, R-PE subunit is art attractive option for improving the selectivity of PDT.

Ozonation of the purified hydrolyzed azo dye Reactive Red 120 (CI)

The combination of chemical and biological water treatment processes is a promising technique to reduce recalcitrant wastewater loads. The key to the efficiency of such a system is a better understanding of the mechanisms involved during the degradation processes. Ozonation has been applied to many fields in water and wastewater treatment. Especially for effluents of textile finishing industry ozonation can achieve high color removal, enhance biodegradability, destroy phenols and reduce the COD. However, little is known about the reaction intermediates and products formed during ozonation. This work focuses on the oxidative degradation of purified (>90%), hydrolyzed Reactive Red 120 (Color Index), a widely used azo dye in the textile finishing processes with two monochlorotriazine anchor groups. Ozonation of the dye in ultra pure water was performed in a laboratory scale cylindrical batch reactor. Decolorization, determined by measuring the light absorbance at the maximum wavelength in the visible range (53 5 nm), was almost complete after 150 min with an ozone concentration of 12.8 mg/l. The TOC/TOC0 ratio was about 74% and the COD was diminished to 46% of the initial value. The BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.01 to 0.14. To obtain detailed information on the reaction processes during ozonation and the resulting oxidation products organic and inorganic anions were analyzed. Oxidation and cleavage of the azo group yielded nitrate. Cleavage of the sulfonic acid groups of aromatic rings caused an increase in the amount of sulfate. Formic acid and oxalic acid were identified as main oxidation products by high performance ion chromatography (HPIC). The concentrations of these major products were monitored at defined time intervals during ozonation.