20 resultados para Sulawesi Masked Owl


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天然免疫分子TRIM5α(tripartite motif protein 5α)是近年来发现的一种重要的宿主细胞内逆转录病毒限制因子。在灵长类动物细胞中,TRIM5α蛋白可以在病毒进入细胞后、逆转录前的阶段抑制HIV-1、N-MLV和EIAV等逆转录病毒的复制。由于TRIM5α分子的作用,绝大部分旧大陆猴(Old World monkey)都不能感染HIV-1。而在新大陆猴(New World monkey)中,鹰猴是唯一不感染HIV-1的灵长类动物。研究证明,鹰猴细胞中存在的TRIM5-CypA融合蛋白(owl monkey TRIM5-CypA,omTRIMCyp)介导了抗HIV-1的作用,从而使鹰猴不能感染HIV-1。研究证明,平顶猴是旧大陆猴中唯一报道可以感染HIV-1的灵长类动物,但是其感染HIV-1的机制并不清楚。根据现行的灵长类动物分类学,原属平顶猴群体(M. nemestrina group)的三个亚种分为猕猴属的三个不同种:巽他平顶猴(Sunda pig-tailed macaque,M. nemestrina),北平顶猴(Northern pig-tailed macaque,M. leonina)和明打威猴(Mentawai macaque,M. pagensis)。本论文对中国云南境内北平顶猴TRIM5基因座和感染HIV-1的相关性进行了研究。通过PCR和测序对北平顶猴基因组TRIM5基因座进行分析,发现一个CypA假基因的cDNA通过逆转座机制插入至TRIM5基因座的3’-UTR区域,形成了一个不同于鹰猴TRIM5-CypA的新型融合基因npmTRIMCyp(northern pig-tailed macaque TRIM5-CypA)。通过RT-PCR对npmTRIMCyp融合基因的转录本进行分析,我们鉴定出npmTRIMCyp共有3种不同的选择性剪接产物,分别为npmTRIMCypV1-V3。进一步克隆和测序这3种不同选择性剪接体,通过丰度和序列分析证实:npmTRIMCypV2是优势剪接体,可能在该融合基因产物的功能中发挥作用。研究发现北平顶猴npmTRIMCyp融合基因主要转录本中外显子7和8均被剪切掉。外显子7剪接丢失机制源于TRIM5第6内含子内 3’剪接位点的G/T突变。我们克隆了npmTRIMCyp融合基因cDNA的蛋白编码区ORF,并构建了重组表达npmTRIMCyp的载体,转染HeLa和HeLa-T4细胞并获得稳定表达的细胞株。通过感染HIV-1证实,npmTRIMCyp融合蛋白不能够限制HIV-1的感染和复制,这可能是北平顶猴作为旧大陆猴中唯一对HIV-1易感的灵长类动物的重要分子机制之一。通过HIV-1感染灵长类动物PBMCs实验证实,北平顶猴可以感染HIV-1。npmTRIMCyp可以有效地限制HIV-2ROD的复制,但对SIVmac239只有十分微弱的限制活性。通过构建鹰猴omTRIMCyp和北平顶猴npmTRIMCyp的置换剪接体(SWAP-1和SWAP-2),转染融合基因及其置换剪接体的CRFK细胞激光共聚焦实验证明,npmTRIMCyp、SWAP1和SWAP2在细胞内主要存在于胞浆中。稳定表达融合蛋白和置换剪接体的CRFK细胞感染HIV-1-GFP-VSVG分析表明,含omTRIMCyp外显子7的SWAP-1和SWAP-2均具有限制HIV-1活性,但SWAP-1的活性更强一些,这表明TRIM5结构域的外显子7可能在介导对HIV-1的限制活性中发挥了协同辅助作用。免疫共沉淀研究表明,npmTRIMCyp不能识别和结合HIV-1的衣壳蛋白。对北平顶猴中介导识别逆转录病毒区域的基因组部分进行了测序,共鉴定出46个多态性位点,表明在北平顶猴识别逆转录病毒衣壳区域存在较高的多态性。

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随着Web信息的与日俱增,使用机器处理这种信息成为一种必然的趋势。语义Web应运而生,成为当前研究的热点之一。它以本体为核心,为不同领域提供共享的词汇,以便机器处理Web信息。表达本体的标准语言OWL以描述逻辑为基础。OWL本体的推理可伸缩性差,难以适应规模较大的本体应用,因此推理可伸缩性问题是一个重要的实际问题。此外,OWL本体是一个逻辑系统,在生成、维护和集成等过程中,都很容易出现非一致现象,导致标准的推理机制不能正常运作。因此本体非一致问题是另一个重要的实际问题。针对上述两个实际问题,本文分别在实现可伸缩推理、修复非一致本体、以及进行非一致容忍推理三个方面提出了解决办法。 [可伸缩推理方面] 本文提出了一种本体断言公理集的划分方法,使本体推理能够在独立的划分子集中进行,以此提高本体推理的可伸缩性。 [本体修复方面] 本文提出了一种计算具有最小删除代价的本体子集的方法;通过删除这种本体子集,可以恢复本体的一致性。该方法将计算上述本体子集的问题归约为在命题逻辑程序中计算某种最优模型的问题,以调用现有的可满足性问题求解器来解决。 [非一致容忍推理方面] 本文将命题逻辑中字典序推理方法应用到描述逻辑中,以提供针对非一致本体的查询机制。本文还提出了一种在描述逻辑本体中进行字典序推理的方法。该方法将字典序结论的判定问题归约为命题可满足性判定问题,以调用现有的可满足性问题求解器来解决。

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细胞生物学研究的一个重要方向是动态地控制细胞在基底上的黏附。最近,随着表面化学的研究深入,尤其是对烷基硫醇在金基底上形成自组装单层膜(self-assembled monolayers, SAMs)这一体系的研究,使得人们能在分子水平的表面上控制细胞黏附。精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(arginine-glycine-aspartate, RGD)序列首先是从细胞外基质蛋白中分离出来的,能够识别并非共价结合细胞膜表面的整合素受体,从而促进细胞黏附。以前的一些工作已经证实,将含有RGD的肽链连接到SAMs表面之后,能够生物特异性地黏附动物细胞。已有的手段比如光照、电压、加热、微电极、微流控以及表面纳米形貌的梯度变化,都不能真正实现可逆地控制细胞黏附,原因是这些方法所用的化学有限;这些方法也不能得到完全抗拒细胞黏附的表面,原因是这些方法产生的表面缺陷等不完整。用两种不同波长的光(紫外光和可见光)照射偶氮苯,偶氮苯会发生可逆的光致异构变化,因此,偶氮苯的光致异构性质可以用来可逆地控制细胞在表面黏附。运用含有偶氮苯的混合SAMs,偶氮苯的末端连接GRGDS肽,混合SAMs中是以末端为六聚乙二醇的硫醇为背景,该SAMs修饰而成的表面能够黏附或者抗拒细胞黏附,其表面黏附性质取决于SAMs中偶氮苯的构象。该方法提供了一种在分子水平的表面上我们所了解到的唯一能可逆控制细胞黏附的方法,该方法需要用到的光源来自于标准荧光显微镜所配置的汞灯。 为了实现在金基底表面可逆的控制细胞黏附,我们合成了如下三个化合物: 由于化合物1的溶解性很差,几乎在所有溶剂里都不溶,所以不能直接用化合物1制备SAMs;化合物2能高效地抗拒细胞的黏附;化合物3的偶氮苯末端是活化酯,能够连接GRGDS肽,从而控制细胞黏附。 将化合物2和化合物3以一定的比例均匀混合在金基底表面形成SAMs,然后将GRGDS肽连接到偶氮苯(反式)的末端(通过GRGDS肽的甘氨酸上的伯胺基与偶氮苯末端的活化酯反应),从而得到细胞黏附的表面。用紫外光照射该细胞黏附表面5-10小时,随着偶氮苯的构象由反式变为顺式,偶氮苯末端的GRGDS肽淹没在化合物2的六聚乙二醇中,得到抗拒细胞黏附的惰性表面。再用可见光照射该惰性表面1个小时,随着偶氮苯的构象由顺式变为反式,原先埋没在六聚乙二醇中的GRGDS肽伸展至单层膜的末端,又得到了细胞黏附的表面。因此,该表面能完全可逆地控制细胞在金表面黏附。 An important area in cell biology is the dynamic control of cell adhesion on substrates. Recent advancements in surface chemistry, in particular, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols on gold substrates, have permitted unprecedented control of cell adhesion via molecularly defined surfaces. The tri-peptide sequence arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD), initially isolated from the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, can recognize and non-covalently bind with integrin receptors on cell membranes to promote cell adhesion. Some previous work has demonstrated that RGD peptide grafted on SAMs can allow bio-specific adhesion of mammalian cells that mimic natural adhesion. Existing technologies such as light, voltage, heat, microelectrodes, microfluidic systems and surface gradient of nanotopography, either cannot realize fully reversible control of cell adhesion, due to the limitation in the chemistry used, or cannot yield a surface completely resistant against cell adhesion, due to the imperfection of surfaces. Azobenzenes undergo reversible photo-induced isomerization rapidly at two different wavelengths of light (UV and visible light), it therefore potentially allows the reversible control of cell adhesion on a surface. By using a mixed SAMs presenting azobenzene groups terminated in GRGDS peptides in a background of hexa(ethylene glycol) groups, the surface can either accommodate or resist cell adhesion depending on the conformation of the azobenzene embedded in SAMs. This method provides the only means we know to control cell adhesion reversibly on a molecularly well-defined surface by using light generated by a mercury lamp equipped on standard fluorescence microscopes. To realize the reversible control of cell adhesion on gold surface, we synthesized three kinds of compounds as following, We found that it was difficult to obtain SAMs directly from compound 1 because of its poor solubility in almost all kinds of solvents; compound 2 can resist cell adhesion efficiently; compound 3 presents an azobenzene terminated with NHS-activated ester, which can couple with a GRGDS peptide to control cell adhesion. After coating a gold surface with compound 2 and 3 in appropriate ratios to form a SAM followed by coupling the GRGDS peptides with NHS-activated esters at the end of azobenzene (E configuration) resulted in a cell-adhesive SAM. Irradiating this cell-adhesive SAM with UV light for 5-10 h converted the E configuration of azobenzene into the Z form, the GRGDS peptides becoming masked in the PEG, resulting in a cell-resistant surface. These SAM could again support cell adhesion as a result of the conformational switch of azobenzene from Z to E with the irradiation of visible light for 1 h. This surface, therefore, allows completely reversible control of cell adhesion on a gold surface.

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针对用E-R模型建立空间数据库概念模型存在的不足之处,将本体论的思想和方法引入到地理信息领域。讨论了地理本体的意义及其表达语言。阐述了空间E-R模型的特点,分析了地理本体和空间E-R模型之间的关系。提出了以地理本体为语义基础设计空间ER模型的思想,并用扩展OWL表示的灌溉本体为例,介绍了从地理本体出发,设计空间E-R模型来建立空间数据库概念模型的方法。

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On the basis of Argo data and historic temperature/salinity data from the World Ocean Database 2001 (WOD01 origins and spreading pathways of the subsurface and intermediate water masses in the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) region were discussed by analyzing distributions of salinity on representative isopycnal layers. Results were shown that, Subsurface water mostly comes from the North Pacific Ocean while the intermediate water originates from both the North and South Pacific Ocean, even possibly from the Indian Ocean. Spreading through tire Sulawesi Sea, the Makassar Strait, and the Flores Sea, the North Pacific subsurface water and the North Pacific Intermediate water dominate the western part of the Indonesian Archipelago. Furthermore its the depth increases, the features of the North Pacific sourced water masses become more obvious. In the eastern part of the waters, high salinity South Pacific subsurface water is blocked by a strong salinity front between Halmahera and New Guinea. Intermediate water in the eastern interior region owns salinity higher than the North Pacific intermediate water and the antarctic intermediate water (AAIW), possibly coming from the vertical mixing between subsurface water and the AAIW from the Pacific Ocean, and possibly coming front the northward extending of the AAIW front the Indian Ocean as well.