88 resultados para Soil carbon stock


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本文采用野外观测和室内测定相结合的方法,研究了内蒙古草原两种主要的土地利用方式(开垦和放牧)对土壤碳库和温室气体通量的影响,结果如下: 1.内蒙古草甸草原开垦后30年后,与天然草原相比,在休闲年份0~20 cm土壤有机碳和土壤微生物量碳含量均没有显著下降,但开垦导致土壤易分解碳下降了24%。土壤易氧化碳受季节性水热因子的驱动,表现出明显的季节变化动态。因此,土壤易分解碳的较土壤碳库的其他组分对开垦更敏感,是表征土壤管理措施引起有机质变化的一个重要指标。 草原开垦后,土壤-植物系统氧化大气甲烷的能力明显提高,农田和天然草原CH4平均吸收通量分别是48.9 和 29.0 μg C m-2 h-1,开垦后增加了1.7倍。开垦没有改变CH4吸收通量 “夏季高秋季低” 的季节变化规律(由降水决定);开垦使N2O的平均释放通量增加了47%,农田和天然草原N2O平均吸收通量分别是56.6 和 38.6 ugN m-2 h-1;开垦同时也增大了通量的变异幅度;但没有改变N2O季节变化规律,只是出现高峰的时间较天然草原推后约10天左右。 2.开垦后的农田土壤在模拟添加厩肥后,刺激了土壤微生物的呼吸代谢,使CO2的释放量增加了5-7倍。试验期间总体排放的CO2中,约60%来源于羊粪,40% 来源于土壤。两种土壤即羊草顶级草原土壤(高碳高氮)和冷蒿-小禾草退化草原土壤(低碳低氮),在CO2的释放总量和释放比例上都没有显著性差异。添加厩肥均造成两种土壤碳库的净碳损失,并且退化草原土壤(7.0%)的土壤净碳损失要大于羊草草原(2.6%)。说明与开垦后的高C土壤相比,在已经退化草原的低C土壤上施厩肥将趋向于土壤更大的净碳损失。 3.自由放牧22年后,羊草草原0~10 cm土壤有机碳、微生物量碳和易分解碳分别下降了14.1%、27.9%和22.0%;大针茅草原0~5 cm土壤有机碳和微生物量碳分别下降了27.6%和38.2%。两类草原土壤碳组分的季节变化受水热因子的驱动,大针茅草原季节波动出现高峰的时间较羊草草原迟。土壤微生物量碳在表征羊草草原和大针茅草原土壤碳素的动态变化时,要敏感于土壤总有机碳。放牧对冷蒿-小禾草草原土壤各碳素组分影响不明显。在表征放牧对冷蒿-小禾草草原土壤的影响指示上,MB-C/ Org-C和Lab-C/ Org-C要比MB-C和Lab-C更加敏感。这说明在研究放牧对草原土壤碳库影响时,不同的草原类型应使用不同的指标来表征其变化。 内蒙古羊草草原是大气CH4的汇,自由放牧增加土壤对CH4的吸收。CH4平均吸收通量增加了27%,但CH4吸收的季节变化形式没有改变;放牧使。自由放牧还增大了N2O的排放通量,将原来N2O源、汇的双重功能改变为单一的源功能;放牧使N2O平均释放通量增加了1倍;放牧显著增加了羊草草原向大气排放CO2的量(p<0.05),并且年度排放量范围也有所增大。 4.草原羊尿斑土壤的pH和NH4+浓度在施后显著升高,但土壤微生物C和N没有明显变化,尿斑N素会发生大量的流失。粪斑和厩肥斑中各有46%和27%的N素分解后转移到植物中。羊草种群斑块上粪尿斑引起CO2和N2O通量的变化,要大于星毛委陵菜种群斑块。与植被类型的影响相比,羊粪尿斑尤其是尿斑对温室气体通量的影响更大。尿斑既降低了土壤对CH4的吸收,又增加了CO2和N2O的释放,使粪尿斑上相当于CO2的净排放量比对照土壤增加了15%。 在内蒙古草原中等放牧条件下,家畜粪尿斑在放牧草地上的覆盖面积约只有2%,与未被家畜排泄物覆盖的草原土壤 相比,粪尿斑对内蒙古草原温室气体总体收支产生的影响可以忽略不计。因此内蒙古草原地区温室气体减排措施的重点,应放在家畜的食性食量对温室气体的影响以及厩肥的科学利用上。但随放牧强度的加大,家畜排泄物覆盖草地的面积将大大增加,加之放牧生态系统中家畜瘤胃代谢产生的的大量温室气体,其对草原温室气体的核算将会产生的影响也是不容忽视的。

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由于人为因素导致的全球范围内的第六次物种大灭绝已经成为不争的事实,但人类还不清楚这种现象对生态系统功能的影响。在回答生物多样性与生态系统功能关系的问题上,补偿作用是一个争论的热点。为了阐明生物多样性对生态系统功能的影响,于2005年夏开始,在内蒙古温带典型草原开展了一个研究生物多样性与生态系统功能的物种去除试验。本研究是该项目的一部分。 元素循环是生态系统的重要功能之一,而氮素是限制草地生态系统生产力的主要因素,氮矿化是氮循环的关键步骤,因此,本研究重点讨论植物功能群对土壤氮矿化作用的影响,提出3点假设:1. 不同植物功能群对土壤氮矿化速率影响不同;2. 植物功能群去除前后氮矿化速率不同;3.植物功能群之间存在补偿效应。为了证明这些假设,于2006年9月、2007年6月和2007年8月份分别进行了室内培养(温度25℃,湿度60%田间最大持水量)用于测量氮矿化速率,同时于2007年6月和2007年8月份进行野外培养用于测量野外条件下的氮矿化速率,并在去除处理2年后得到以下主要结果: 1. 植物功能群去除数与土壤氮矿化速率呈单峰曲线关系(P<0.05),去除少量植物功能群氮矿化速率上升,去除更多的植物功能群后氮矿化速率下降; 2. 植物功能群去除数与土壤硝态氮含量呈线性正相关关系(P<0.0001),植物功能群的丧失加剧了土壤NO3--N的流失; 3. 多年生非禾草(PF)比其他植物功能群显著降低了氮矿化速率(P<0.05); 4. 短期内(去除处理1年内)在凋落物回填的情况下,去除0个植物功能群与去除全部植物功能群的氮矿化速率无显著差异(P>0.05); 5. 内蒙古温带典型草原在近3年内(2005、2006、2007)土壤碳库、氮库变化较小。

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为了揭示黄土高原地区人工油松林自然化发育过程中的植物叶片与土壤养分库和碳库的变化规律,采用典型样地法,以子午岭林区天然油松群落为参照,选择了不同立地条件的人工油松林,分别对其土壤的氮库、碳库及植物叶片养分库和碳库进行了分析。结果表明,该区油松针叶C、N、P的含量平均值分别为(499.5±63.75)mg/g、(8.53±0.50)mg/g和(0.94±0.64)mg/g,叶片C含量大小依次为阳坡天然林>阴坡天然林>阴坡人工林>阳坡人工林,阳坡人工林叶片N、P含量显著高于阳坡天然林。不同立地条件下油松林叶片C/N、C/P差异显著,叶片N、P和N/P均达到极显著水平,但是叶片C含量差异不显著。油松叶片C含量与N、P含量均呈极显著负相关,N和P之间的呈显著正相关。不同立地的油松林除40~60cm土层土壤C、N含量无显著差异外,0~20cm和20~40cm两个土层的人工林土壤C、N含量显著高于天然林,同时阳坡人工林土壤C、N含量显著高于阴坡人工林。0~20cm、20~40cm两个土层土壤C含量与N含量均呈极显著正相关,与植物N、P均呈显著正相关。子午岭林区阳坡的人工油松林不仅叶片养分含量较高,而且林地土壤是该区土壤的...

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采用野外调查和室内分析的方式对子午岭不同土地利用方式下,土壤有机质、3种活性有机质及其碳库管理指数(CMI)进行了研究,结果表明,土壤有机质、3种活性土壤有机质含量均随土层的加深逐渐降低,在土壤剖面基本表现为林地、撂荒未翻耕地>撂荒翻耕地>农用地.同一土层,3种土壤活性有机质含量及其有效率表现为低活性有机质>中活性有机质>高活性有机质.不同利用方式下,活性有机质有效率随有机质活性增强,呈现撂荒未翻耕地>林地>撂荒翻耕地>农用地的趋势.不同利用方式之间的CMI的差异随有机质活性的增强而增大,且影响深度也逐渐加深.在0~30cm土层内,林地3种活性有机质的CMI高于撂荒翻耕地和农用地;而在30cm之下土层,3种利用方式低活性有机质的CMI相差不大,但中活性有机质和高活性有机质的CMI表现为林地>撂荒翻耕地>农用地.3种活性土壤有机质与其他生物化学性质之间均表现为显著或极显著相关关系,表明活性有机质可以指示土地利用方式对土壤有机质和CMI的影响.

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采用时空互代法,以黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域生态恢复过程中不同年限的人工柠条和沙棘林为研究对象,选取坡耕地和天然侧柏林为对照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(LOC)、非活性有机碳(NLOC)及碳库管理指数的演变特征。结果表明,侵蚀环境下的坡耕地由于人为干扰,土壤碳库含量偏低,退耕营造柠条林可以显著增加土壤碳库各组分含量,并随恢复年限呈显著线性关系,25 a时TOC、LOC和NLOC分别较坡耕地增加271%、144%和204%,仅为侧柏林的32%、30%和29%,碳库指数和碳库管理指数较坡耕地明显增加,增幅分别达到144%和108%,仅为侧柏林的28%和43%;不同灌木林对土壤碳库管理的改善作用不同,恢复年限相同的沙棘林土壤碳库组分含量和管理指数明显高于柠条林,坡耕地营造灌木林后土壤经营和管理水平得到了显著改善,土壤系统向着良性方向转变。相关性分析表明有机碳、活性有机碳、非活性有机碳、碳库指数、碳库管理指数与土壤主要肥力因子相关性极其密切,可以作为反映生态恢复过程土壤质量演变的指标。

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管理措施是影响土壤质量演变的重要因素。分析和讨论了5、101、5年苹果园耕层(0—20 cm)和0—200 cm土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效磷和硝态氮含量及其影响因素。结果表明,5年、10年和15年的塬面苹果园表层土壤有机碳依次为7.5、6.7和6.7 g/kg;全氮依次为0.940、.85和0.83 g/kg;但土壤全磷和速效磷含量随着种植年限而增加,与5年苹果园相比,塬面10年苹果园土壤全磷、速效磷含量分别提高了11%、60%,并且磷素的变异性随年限而增加。坡地10年、15年和20年苹果园土壤有机碳依次为6.36、.2和6.5 g/kg,全氮依次为0.76、0.76和0.81 g/kg;与10年苹果园相比,15年苹果园土壤全磷、速效磷含量分别提高了20%、28%。土壤剖面0—80 cm内不同土地利用方式土壤碳、氮、磷含量随土层加深而降低,80 cm以下不同利用条件苹果园土壤碳、磷含量差异不大,氮素含量在100 cm土层下随苹果园种植年限增加而增加。

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森林生态系统是陆地最大的碳储存库,森林土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统土壤呼吸的重要组成部分,其动态变化将刘全球碳平衡产生深远的影响。精确测定土壤呼吸及其各组分的贡献,是目前全球变化研究中最基础和最迫切需要解决的问题。本文对长白山典型森林生态系统土壤碳通量及其过程机理进行了研究,结果表明:(1)阔叶红松林、红松云冷衫林、岳桦云冷杉林和岳桦林有不同的凋落节律;随海拔高度的上升,年凋落物量逐渐减少,分别为4.90、4.51、3.08和2.65thm-2;凋落物分解残留率与时间均呈指数关系,不同类型森林凋落物年分解常数的变化范围是25-47%之间。(2)阔叶红松林土壤总呼吸和断根土壤呼吸速率都存在明显的昼夜变化,为单峰型曲线,与土壤温度的昼夜变化趋势一致;不同森林类型土壤总呼吸和断根土壤呼吸的季节变化都比较明显,阔叶红松林、红松云冷杉林和岳桦云冷杉林变化趋势基本相似,都呈双峰型,岳桦林呈单峰型;土壤呼吸与土壤温度、大气温度之间都呈极显著(P<0.01)指数相关关系,且与土壤温度的相关性要好于与大气温度的相关性;长白山四种类型森林土壤和根系呼吸的Q10值变化范围是1.8-2.9,根系呼吸的Q10值均大于土壤总呼吸和断根土壤呼吸的Q10值;土壤含水量对呼吸速率影响较为复杂,与土壤呼吸之间没有明显的相关关系;根系对土壤总呼吸贡献的季节变化与根系呼吸的季节变化相似,生长季内测定的阔叶红松林、红松云冷杉林、岳桦云冷杉林和岳桦杉林根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸贡献平均值分别为43.6%、44.1%、45.5%和44.4%。(3)长白山典型森林生态系统土壤碳的年释放量有随海拔高度上升而减小的趋势,且阔价卜林大于针叶林。阔叶红松林、红松云冷杉林、岳桦云冷杉林和岳桦林土壤碳的年释放量分别为7392.43、7181.83、6507.29和6841.09kghm-2a-1;根系的年碳释放量分别为3332.93、2965.68、2708.84和3015.48kghm-2a-1。

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为了揭示不同类型植被下土壤有机碳及其活性组分季节动态变化及其特点,探讨不同的植被恢复模式对土壤有机碳组分的影响,分析影响土壤有机碳组分变化的因素,评估土壤有机活性有机碳组分参数在植被恢复过程中土壤质量监测的可靠性,为植被恢复及低效林改造技术提供理论依据。本研究选择岷江上游大沟流域的几种人工林(云杉林、油松林、华山松林、日本落叶松林)以及次生落叶阔叶灌丛下土壤,通过剖面机械分层取样,测定土壤总有机碳(TOC)和三种活性碳组分微生物碳(SMBC)、水溶性碳(WSOC)、易氧化碳(EOC)等来反映土壤变化特点。主要结果是: 1. 土壤有机碳含量平均在15.48~25.46 g kg-1之间在5月份时含量最低,随生长季的开始,有机碳含量逐渐增加,到9月份时含量达到最大值;由于新形成的凋落物不能被迅速分解利用补充土壤碳库,而原有碳库经历一个生长季的分解利用,因此,生长季末期即11月份的含量较小;土壤微生物碳含量平均在132.78~476.73mg kg-1之间,9月份和11月份含量都比较高;水溶性碳在生长季中逐步增大,含量在51.95~77.18 mg kg-1之间,到11月份时达到最大值;土壤易氧化碳平均含量在3.74~5.79g kg-1之间,含量最低值出现在5月份,但和其他碳组分不同的是其在7月份时含量较高。 2. 土壤有机碳及其活性碳组分大小关系为:TOC>EOC >SMBC>WSOC;比值约为300:70:5:1。 3. 土壤不同层次间比较,土壤碳指标都表现为随土壤深度增加而逐渐减小, 表层积聚作用明显。 4. 对土壤总有机碳量与活性碳组分以及活性碳之间进行了相关分析表明,土壤总有机碳含量与土壤微生物量碳、水溶性碳、易氧化碳之间的相关性均达到显著水平(P<0.05),有机碳总贮量很大程度上制约着土壤活性碳组分。土壤微生物量碳、水溶性碳、易氧化碳两两之间也都存在着显著相关关系(P<0.05),并随着不同植被类型或立地条件因子发生变化而变化。 5. 土壤有机碳及其活性组分与土壤养分状况之间的相关性分析发现,随着海拔、坡向或者植被类型的改变,其林下土壤有机碳及其活性组分与土壤养分的相关性也发生较大的变化。总体而言,岷江上游地区海拔、坡向、土壤自然含水量、植被盖度、凋落物厚度、土壤全N对次生林下土壤有机碳及其组分有重要影响。而AP、AK、C/N对土壤碳变化变化影响较小。 6. 通过不同海拔、坡向以及植被类型之间的综合比较分析发现,土壤微生物碳SMBC和水溶性碳WSOC比TOC和EOC更能敏感地反映出比较敏感的指示林下土壤质量的变化。 In order to reveal seasonal dynamics of soil labile organic carbon under different secondary vegetation, to analyze effect of different vegetation restoration pattern on soil organic carbon and its fractions, and to find the factors influencing changes in soil organic carbon and its fractions, further to estimate those parameters reliability for soil quality monitoring in the process of vegetation restoration. Soils were selected from several plantations, including Picea asperata Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus armandii and Larix kaempferi and secondary shrub in Dagou Watershed of the upper reach of Minjiang River. The measurement of TOC, SMBC,WSOC and EOC were made, because these parameters can reflect change of soil characteristics. The major results are: 1. There were the lowest soil organic carbon and its labile fractions contents in May. At the time of growth initiation, they increased gradually and reached maximum in September. After that the soil organic carbon content decreased. Because current litter couldn’t be rapidly decomposed, and supplemented into carbon pool, while intrinsic carbon pool experienced decomposition and utilization of growth season, Which led a decrease in soil organic carbon content in November. Average value was 15.48~25.46 g kg-1; average SMBC content was 132.78~476.73mg kg-1.There were higher SMBC content in September and November as compared with other times; Water soluble organic carbon content increased from 51.95 mg kg-1 in May to 77.18 mg kg-1 in November; EOC content was lowest in May y. Average value was 3.74~5.79g kg-1. Differeing from other parameters of carbon fractions, EOC content was higher in July. 2. The content of soil organic carbon and its labile carbon fractions ranked as follows:TOC>EOC >SMBC>WSO,and ratio was about 300:70:5:1. 3. Consider as soil different layers,all of the parameters decreased gradually with increasing soil depth, thus displayed a significant accumulation in the surface layer soil. 4. Correlations coefficient analysis revealed that, TOC significantly correlated with SMBC, WSOC and EOC indicating total storage of organic carbon limited soil labile carbon fractions in great extent. On the other hand, there were significant correlations between SMBC,WSOC and EOC. But these relationships changed with vegetation types and/or environmental conditions. 5. The relationships between soil organic carbon and its labile fractions and soil nutrient traits changed with altitude,slope aspect and vegetations. Therefore our results suggested that altitude,slope aspect,soil natural water content,vegetation coverage, litter thickness and soil total nitrogen play a important role change in soil organic carbon and its fractions in upper reaches of Minjiang River. While AP、AK、C/N slightly influenced soil carbon. 6. Our results, on the other hand suggested that SMBC and WSOC are more sensitive to the change of altitudes, slope aspects, vegetation types than TOC and EOC, thus two parameters may be good index reflecting change of soil quality. These results provide insights into theoretical and technological evidences for the vegetation regeneration restoration and improvement of low-quality and benefit forest in the upper reaches of Minjiang River regions.

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为了解侵蚀环境下植被恢复对土壤活性有机碳及碳库管理指数的影响,以典型侵蚀环境黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域生态恢复30 a植被长期定位试验点为研究对象,选取坡耕地为参照,分析植被恢复过程中土壤碳库各组分和碳库管理指数的演变特征。结果表明,侵蚀环境下植被恢复后土壤碳库各组分含量都得到显著改善,有机碳、活性有机碳和非活性有机碳含量增幅分别为109%~238%,194%~212%和65%~149%,增加速度非活性有机碳>有机碳>活性有机碳。碳库指数和碳库管理指数较坡耕地明显增加,增幅分别为15%~659%和6.5%~414%,说明土壤经营和管理水平较坡耕地得到了显著改善,土壤系统向着良性方向转变。相关性分析表明有机碳、活性有机碳、非活性有机碳、碳库指数、碳库管理指数与土壤主要肥力因子相关性及其密切,可以作为反映生态恢复过程土壤质量演变的指标。不同植被恢复措施可以显著改善土壤碳库含量,增加土壤碳库管理水平,但改善作用不同,总体来说混交林的效果最好,其次为纯林,最后为荒草地,因此在该地区要通过人工促进生态恢复,应以营造混交林为主,纯林为辅的恢复模式。

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植物根际沉积是一种重要的植物与土壤交换的界面过程,在土壤碳周转方面具有重要的作用;根际碳的沉积也是联系植物、土壤及微生物的桥梁.本文就近年来关于根际沉积中碳平衡、碳循环等相关研究,阐述了根际碳沉积的机制,探讨了相关试验中存在的问题,以及不同植物品种、种类和生育期根际沉积的差异和根际沉积物与土壤呼吸的关系,指出了根际沉积在植物-土壤体系中碳循环的重要作用.在此基础上,提出了未来的研究领域及方向.

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Reducing uncertainties in the estimation of land surface evapotranspiration (ET) from remote-sensing data is essential to better understand earth-atmosphere interactions. This paper demonstrates the applicability of temperature-vegetation index triangle (T-s-VI) method in estimating regional ET and evaporative fraction (EF, defined as the ratio of latent heat flux to surface available energy) from MODIS/Terra and MODIS/Aqua products in a semiarid region. We have compared the satellite-based estimates of ET and EF with eddy covariance measurements made over 4 years at two semiarid grassland sites: Audubon Ranch (AR) and Kendall Grassland (KG). The lack of closure in the eddy covariance measured surface energy components is shown to be more serious at MODIS/Aqua overpass time than that at MODIS/Terra overpass time for both AR and KG sites. The T-s-VI-derived EF could reproduce in situ EF reasonably well with BIAS and root-mean-square difference (RMSD) of less than 0.07 and 0.13, respectively. Surface net radiation has been shown to be systematically overestimated by as large as about 60 W/m(2). Satisfactory validation results of the T-s-VI-derived sensible and latent heat fluxes have been obtained with RMSD within 54 W/m(2). The simplicity and yet easy use of the T-s-VI triangle method show a great potential in estimating regional ET with highly acceptable accuracy that is of critical significance in better understanding water and energy budgets on the Earth. Nevertheless, more validation work should be carried out over various climatic regions and under other different land use/land cover conditions in the future.

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Whether climate change will turn cold biomes from large long-term carbon sinks into sources is hotly debated because of the great potential for ecosystem-mediated feedbacks to global climate. Critical are the direction, magnitude and generality of climate responses of plant litter decomposition. Here, we present the first quantitative analysis of the major climate-change-related drivers of litter decomposition rates in cold northern biomes worldwide. Leaf litters collected from the predominant species in 33 global change manipulation experiments in circum-arctic-alpine ecosystems were incubated simultaneously in two contrasting arctic life zones. We demonstrate that longer-term, large-scale changes to leaf litter decomposition will be driven primarily by both direct warming effects and concomitant shifts in plant growth form composition, with a much smaller role for changes in litter quality within species. Specifically, the ongoing warming-induced expansion of shrubs with recalcitrant leaf litter across cold biomes would constitute a negative feedback to global warming. Depending on the strength of other (previously reported) positive feedbacks of shrub expansion on soil carbon turnover, this may partly counteract direct warming enhancement of litter decomposition.

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Terrestrial carbon pool mainly consists of three parts: the active carbon pool of the vegetation,soil carbon pools and the lithosphere carbon pool of less activity. Under natural conditions,vegetation carbon pools,soil carbon exchange with atmospheric carbon pool directly,the lithosphere participate in the global carbon cycle by weathering Our research have coverd the soil organic carbon density,plant biomass (carbon density),plant net primary productivity of past 40 ka,and the magnetic susceptibility,grain size,weathering of silicate carbon consumption of past 140 ka. This study has achieved a number of conclusions as shown below. 1 Silicate weathering CO2 consumption in the long-term fluctuations with a similar deep-sea δ18O record,demonstate that it not only can be used as one of the instructions of terrestrial carbon pool,even can be used as indicators of global environmental change; silicate weathering CO2 consumption and susceptibility shown a clear relationship between lag or lead at different times,it maybe lies on how the climate change. 2 Soil carbon pools in line with the global climate on long-term,but the relationship between soil carbon density and climate change was not obvious in short-term change,generally lags behind the changes in other climatic proxies. 3 Carbon density of vegetation and other proxy indicators of climate have good consistency. In the study period,perform the cycle of glacial and interglacial completely,but because of the ancient vegetation of accurate information is difficult to obtain,it did not reflect rapid response to climate change. 4 Cooling events is conducive to soil organic carbon accumulation but not conducive to weathering and vegetation growth. High temperature environment is not conducive to the accumulation of soil organic carbon. 5 In the deglacial time from the last glacial maximum to the Holocene,weathering carbon consumption seems earlier than vegetation and soil organic carbon in the fluctuant increase.Does it imply that the effects of silicate weathering is an important factor to the global carbon cycle and global climate change? It is worth further research.