Numerical Investigation of Toroidal Shock Wave Focusing in a Cylindrical Chamber

In this paper, focusing of a toroidal shock wave propagating from an annular shock tube into a cylindrical chamber was investigated numerically with the dispersion controlled dissipation (DCD) scheme. The first case for an incident Mach number of 1.5 was conducted and compared with experiments for validation. Then, several cases were calculated for higher incident Mach numbers varying from 2.0 to 5.0, and complicated flow structures were observed. The numerical study was mainly focused on two aspects: focusing process and flow structures. The process, including diffraction, focusing, and reflection, is displayed to reveal the focusing mechanism, and the flow structures at different incident. Mach numbers are used to demonstrate shock reflection styles and focusing characteristics.

Reflection of shock-wave in pur foam from rigid wall

Keller proposed that a building, a mechanical installation or a body wrapped bya layer of foam plastics may be an efficient means for protection from damage ofblast wave. However, the practical effect was beyond expectation. For example, agunner wearing the foam plastics-padded waistcoat was injured more seriously by theblast wave from a muzzle. Monti took the foam plastics as homogeneous two-phasemedium and analyzed it with the theory of dusty flow. The obtained results showthat the peak pressure behind the reflected shock wave from rigid wall with foamcoat exceeds obviously that without foam coat under the same condition. Gel'fand,Patz and Weaver made experimental observations by means of shock tubes and veri-

Measurement of Electron Density Profile Behind Strong Shock Waves with a Langmuir Probe

At the shock velocity range of 7~9km/s, the variations of electron density behind strong normal shock waves are measured in a low-density shock tube by using the Langmuir electrostatic probe technique. The electron temperature, calculated based on Park’s three-temperature model, is used in interpreting the probe current data. The peak electron densities determined in the present experiment are shown to be in a good agreement with those predicted by Lin’s calculation. The experimentally obtained ratios of the characteristic ionization distance to the mean free path of freestream ahead of the shock wave are found to be in a good agreement with the existing experiments and Park’s calculation.

Numerical Investigation of Toroidal Shock Wave Focusing

In this paper,focusing of a toroidal shock wave propagating from a shock tube of an- nular cross-section into a cylindrical chamber was investigated numerically with the dispersion- controlled scheme. For CFD validation, the numerical code was rst applied to calculate both viscous and inviscid ows at a low Mach number of 1.5, which was compared with the experi- ment results and got better consistency. Then the validated code was used to calculate several cases for high Mach numbers. From the result, several major factors that in uent the ow, such as the Mach number and the viscosity, were analyzed detailedly and along with the high Mach number some unusual ow structure was observed and explained theoretically

Measurement and Calculation of Vibrational Temperature behind Strong Shock Waves

In the present paper the measured values of vibrational temperature behind strong shock waves are compared with theoretical ones. The histories of vibrational temperature behind strong shock waves in a shock tube were measured using two monochromators. The test gas was pure nitrogen at 100-300Pa, and the speeds of shock waves were 5.0-6.0km/s. The electronic temperature of N-2(+) was also approximately determined from experiment and compared with the experimental vibrational temperature. The results show that the presented calculational method is effective, and the electronic energy of N2+ is excited much faster than its vibrational energy. One Langmuir probe was used to determine the effective time of region 2. The influence of viscosity in the shock tube is also analyzed.

Shocked Flows Induced by Supersonic Projectiles Moving in Tubes

A numerical study on shocked flows induced by a supersonic projectile moving in tubes is described in this paper. The dispersion-controlled scheme was adopted to solve the Euler equations implemented with moving boundary conditions. Four test cases were carried out in the present study: the first two cases are for validation of numerical algorithms and verification of moving boundary conditions, and the last two cases are for investigation into wave dynamic processes induced by the projectile moving at Mach numbers of M-p = 2.0 and 2.4, respectively, in a short time duration after the projectile was released from a shock tube into a big chamber. It was found that complex shock phenomena exist in the shocked flow, resulting from shock-wave/projectile interaction, shock-wave focusing, shock-wave reflection and shock-wave/contact-surface interactions, from which turbulence and vortices may be generated. This is a fundamental study on complex shock phenomena, and is also a useful investigation for understanding on shocked flows in the ram accelerator that may provide a highly efficient facility for launching hypersonic projectiles.

爆轰驱动激波管缝合激波马赫数计算

采用数值求解的方法得出了氢氧爆轰驱动激波管的缝合状态参数。以空气为试验气体时，缝合激波马赫数随着H2摩尔浓度的增加而增加，H_2摩尔浓度达到90％左右时达到最大。当缝合马赫数较高时，需要考虑高温真实气体效应的影响，缝合激波马赫数较理想气体的高。以氢空气混合气为试验气体时，缝合激波马赫数较以空气为试验气体的小。通过调整驱动气体与被驱动气体的初始参数，可以得到即能恰好消除Taylor波又能缝合的运行状态。

酚醛树脂激波管试验的高温热解研究

使用激波管作为加热手段研究酚醛树脂在1200～1800K温度范围内的热解特征.气相产物中主要碳氢产物是甲烷、乙烯、乙炔、苯和甲苯.获得试验温度范围内主要碳氢产物分布随热解温度的变化关系.结果表明,在试验温度范围内随着热解温度的升高酚醛树脂的热解机理发生重大变化.1400K以下热解断键过程主要发生在亚甲基桥链结构上;1400K以上芳环开环成为主要的热解通道,生成大量的乙炔.

硅烷对JP10和煤油点火特性影响的激波管研究

在JP10和煤油点火特性激波管实验的基础上,实验研究了硅烷对这两种典型高碳数碳氢燃料点火特性的影响.在预加热到70℃的激波管上,采用缝合运行条件获得了近7ms的实验时间,将实验延伸至低温区.采用气相色谱分析和高精度真空仪直接测定压力相结合的方法,确定了燃料气相浓度,解决了高碳数碳氢燃料点火激波管实验时由于管壁吸附影响燃料气相浓度确定的困难.实验记录了点火过程中OH自由基发射强度变化,并作为判断点火发生的标志.实验温度范围880～1 800K,压力范围0.16～0.53MPa.当硅烷加入量约为燃料的10%～15%(摩尔比),质量比为2%～3%,观测到明显的点火促进作用.该研究对超燃研究中发动机设计、燃料选择等方面具有直接的工程意义,也可用于检验燃烧化学动力学模型的合理性.

激波管在酚醛树脂高温热解动力学研究中的应用

使用激波管作为加热手段,利用其加热速率快的优点,突破了传统方法在加热速率上的限制,研究了酚醛树脂在1400～1700K温度范围内的热解动力学.主要碳氢产物是甲烷、乙烯、乙炔和苯.通过对反应扩散过程的分析,考察了扩散对热解过程的影响.结果表明,实验中酚醛树脂的反应扩散过程迅速达到稳态,扩散影响可以忽略,首次获得了酚醛树脂在芳环开环热解机制下的热解速率常数.

气/液界面上Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性的实验研究

报道了在国内首次实现的矩形激波管内气/液界面上(即Atwood number,A1)的Richtmyer-Meshkov(RM)不稳定性现象.实验在一台垂直矩形激波管中进行,得到了较低马赫数(M=1.36和1.58)下,多元扰动R-M不稳定性后期阶段气泡和尖钉高度对时间的增长规律,即气泡高度h_b ~ t~(0.55±0.01)1 ,尖钉高度h_s~ t.当激波马赫数从1.36增加到1.58时,气泡和尖钉高度对时间的指数规律没有发生明显改变,气泡的增长速度没有受到影响,而尖钉增长速度却有大幅度的增加.同时还观察研究了多元扰动R-M不稳定性中典型的气泡竞争现象.

用激波管驱动水喷雾

为了了解用激波管产生大流量水喷雾的流体力学原理，进行了实验研究。用可视化方法观察了管内两相流及所产生的喷雾的发展过程。 用PVDF压力传感器测量了液波管内的压力波形。结果表明，水柱内的压力波明显地不同于空气中的压力波；水柱被经过加速后，其雾化形态发生了新的变化。

酚醛树脂高温热解的激波管实验研究

采用激波管方法研究了酚醉树脂在温度1100K～1800K范围之间的热解过程.在激波管高温和短实验时间条件下,分析了实验样品颗粒在高温气相中的传热过程,讨论了样品颗粒达到热平衡的条件.通过色谱和质谱方法检测热解产物,获得了酚醛树脂高温热解产物分布和热解速率常数.酚醛树脂高温热解最主要的产物为水、一氧化碳、氢、乙炔和苯.温度1400 K将酚醛树脂热解分为高温和低温区,分别表现出不同的热解速率常数与温度的关系.

激波管壁AlO自由基B~2∑~+-X~2∑~+和C~2∏_r-X~2∑~+带系辐射光谱的研究

爆轰驱动过程中产生的高温高压气流对铝质膜片、激波管壁产生烧蚀和冲刷作用,以致激波管壁、端盖上附有氧化铝等杂质,而高温下AlO自由基在气体分子的高速碰撞下被激发并产生强烈的辐射,从而干扰了高温气体辐射光谱的分析。用爆轰驱动加热技术将空气加热到4 000~7 000 K,利用多通道光学分析仪对AlO自由基辐射光谱进行分析,实验发现在460~530 nm波长范围内有多支辐射非常强烈的AlO自由基B2Σ+-X2Σ+(T00=20 689 cm-1)带系辐射谱带,且每支谱带都由多个带头组成,带头间隔约为2 nm,带头处于高频位置并向低频方向伸延。通过实验与理论计算相结合,重点分析了AlO自由基B2Σ+-X2Σ+带系辐射光谱的结构特征。AlO自由基C2Πr-X2Σ+(T00=33 047 cm-1)带系辐射光谱处于270~335 nm波长范围内,其辐射强度相对于B2Σ+-X2Σ+带系较弱,并且与OH基A2Σ+-X2Π(T00=32 682 cm-1)带系辐射光谱互相干扰而难以分辨,对该波段高温空气的辐射光谱分析产生不利的影响。

Combustion tube studies of dust flame acceleration

A new pneumatic dispersion system for obtaining a good quality uniform dust suspension in a horizontal dust combustion tube was developed. The effect of three different dispersion techniques on self-sustained dust flame acceleration in such a combustion tube was examined. The importance of the dispersion quality in the test tube for maintaining a self-sustained dust flame acceleration was demonstrated. A combustion tube for studies of flame acceleration in fine aluminum dust-air mixture and its transition to detonation under industrial ignition conditions was constructed in the course of the present study. It consists mainly of an initiation section and a test section. The initiation section must be equipped in a well-developed dispersion system for creating a good dispersion condition in the test tube. The length of this section is 3 meters. The test tube requires only to distribute uniformly the dust over the bottom of the tube prior to the experiment. The aluminum dust spherical in shape with 6 mu m in diameter was used for tests. Experimental results demonstrated that the increase in flame velocity is roughly linear through the entire length of the test tube. The highest flame propagation velocity in fine aluminum dust-air mixture approaches some 1200m/s at a distance of 4.8m from the ignition plate.