19 resultados para Serotonin Transporter


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变态过程是双壳贝类由幼虫向成体转变的一个必不缺少的发育阶段。研究双壳贝类幼虫的变态过程及其机理,对于阐明它们的种群数量变动,促进重要经济双壳贝类增养殖的发展有重要的理论和实践意义。本论文除了用化学物质对几种双壳贝类(海湾扇贝、墨西哥湾扇贝和硬壳蛤)幼虫的变态进行诱导外,主要以激素和神经递质的作用方式为基础,通过直接测定双壳贝类(以海湾扇贝为代表)幼虫体内激素和神经递质、第二信使cAMP等生化物质含量的变化来研究双壳贝类幼虫变态过程中的信息传递途径,从分子生物学和神经生物学角度阐明双壳贝类幼虫变态机理。主要结果如下:1.通过参考国内外大量文献的基础上,较为系统地评述了近二十年来海洋无脊椎动物幼虫附着变态研究的一些进展情况,主要包括诱导因子、附着变态机理模型、人工诱导物的应用和延迟变态四个方面。到目前为止,人们已经发现了许多海洋无脊椎动物幼虫附着变态的诱导物质,主要分为天然诱导物和人工诱导物两大类,一些人工诱导物如GABA、肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素已经在经济贝类苗种生产中得到应用。幼虫附着变态机理模型主要有长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)幼虫附着变态的双调控模型、红鲍(Haliotis rufescens)幼虫附着变态的上行调节模型以及多毛类Phragmatopoma california幼虫附着变态的脂肪酸调控模型。本论文还评述了海洋无脊椎动物幼虫发生延迟变态的原因以及延迟变态对海洋无脊椎动物造成的影响,并提出了解决的方法和今后研究的重点问题。2.在室内用氯化乙酰胆碱、ATP和CaCl_2 3种化学物质对海湾扇贝幼虫的变态进行了诱导实验。结果表明,虽然在个别浓度和处理时间氯化乙酰胆碱和ATP有诱导作用,但总体诱导效果不显著。而10×10~(-3)~40×10~(-3M的CaCl_2在处理12~24h后诱导效果较显著,其诱导效果对处理时间的依赖性较显著,在浓度为40×10~(-3)M和处理时间为24h时诱导效果最好,与对照组相比,变态率提高23.18%。3种诱导物对幼虫死亡率均有显著影响,并且死亡率对浓度和处理时间均有显著的依赖性,浓度越高,处理时间越长,死亡率越高。3.用KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和氯化胆碱进行了墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopectenirradians concentricus Say)幼虫变态的诱导作用实验。结果表明,KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和氯化胆碱对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫变态均有显著诱导作用。KCl在处理时间为12h~48h范围内均有诱导作用;13.42×10~(-3)M和20.13×10~(-3)M的KCl诱导效果较好,变态率平均提高10%以上。1.O×10~(-6)M~50×10~(-6)M的肾上腺素在处理时间为lh~12h较适宜,此时变态率均提高10%以上。1.0×10~(-6)M~50×10~(-6)M的去甲肾上腺素在处理时间为1h~24h都较适宜,变态率平均均提高10%以上,最高可提高31.07%。0.01×10~(-4)M~1.O×10~(-4)M的氯化胆碱在处理时间为12h~48h时诱导效果均较好,它们之间的平均变态提高率并没有显著差别,均在12%~13%之间。10×10~(-4)M的氯化胆碱在处理时间为12h时诱导效果较明显,变态率可以提高19.14%,超过12h,变态率明显下降,100×10~(-4)M的氯化胆碱明显产生毒害作用,幼虫变态率均为零,而幼虫的死亡率均为100%。4.用KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、L-DOPA、5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,Serotonin,5-HT)和GABA(γ-氨基丁酸)进行了不同浓度不同处理时间对硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria L.)幼虫变态诱导实验。结果表明,KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、L-DOPA和5-羟色胺对硬壳蛤幼虫的变态均有诱导作用,而GABA的诱导 作用不显著。KCl的最佳诱导浓度随处理时间不同而有所不同。当处理时间为1~24h时,KCl的最佳诱导浓度为33.56×10~(-3)M,此时幼虫变态率均提高24%以上,当处理时间为48h时,KCl的最佳诱导浓度为20.13~26.85×10~(-3)M,处理时间为72h时,最佳诱导浓度为13.42×10~(-3)M。肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的诱导作用与浓度和处理时间均有关。肾上腺素的最佳处理浓度为100×10~(-6)M,最佳处理时间均为8h,此时幼虫变态率提高最大,为36.97%。当去甲肾上腺素的诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M,处理时间为8h~16h时,幼虫变态提高率较高,均大于18%,死亡提高率均低于30%,当去甲肾上腺索诱导浓度为500×10~(-6)M时,虽然在8h~16h的处理时间范围内,幼虫变态提高率也较高,均大于18%,但当处理时间超过8h,在16~48h范围内,幼 虫死亡提高率明显升高,均大于50%。L-DOPA的适宜诱导浓度为10×10~(-6)M~50×10~(-6)M,适宜处理时间为8~24h,此时幼虫变态率均提高30%以上,最高可提高79.43%。5-羟色胺的诱导作用较强,其适宜诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M—1000×10~(-6)M,适宜处理时间为0.5~24h,此时幼虫变态率提高均在30%以上,当处理时间为8h时,最佳诱导浓度为1000×10~(-6)M,此时幼虫变态率提高57.5%,当处理时间为24h时,最佳诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M,此时幼虫变态率提高69.29%。GABA的诱导作用较弱,最佳诱导浓度随处理时间的不同而有所不同。处理时间为24h和48h时,最佳诱导浓度为0.1×10~(-6)M;处理时间为0.5~16h时,最佳诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M。5.KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺索、L-DOPA、5-羟色胺、GABA、茶碱和咖啡因8种诱导物对不同发育阶段海湾扇贝幼虫变态的诱导作用是不同的。13.42×10~(-3)M和20.13×10~(-3)M的KCl对第12天幼虫的变态有抑制作用,变态提高率为负值;之后当幼虫发育至第13和14天时,两浓度的KCl能够明显诱导幼虫变态,变态提高率均高于20%,而对于第16天的幼虫诱导作用有所减弱,变态提高率有所降低;26.85×10~(-3)M的KCl对第12和13天幼虫的变态均有抑制作用,变态提高率为负值,对第14和16天幼虫的变态却有明显的持续的诱导作用,变态提高率分别为22.98%和37.5%。神经递质肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、L-DOPA、5-羟色胺和GABA的诱导作用规律基本相似,即对第13天海湾扇贝幼虫的变态有明显的抑制作用,变态提高率均为负值,而对第14天幼虫的诱导作用较显著。茶碱和咖啡因作为影响细胞内cAMP的物质,它们的诱导作用规律与神经递质有所不同。它们对第13天海湾扇贝幼虫变态的诱导效果最好。6.测定了不同发育阶段及人工诱导后海湾扇贝幼虫体内去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺和5-羟色胺含量的变化规律。结果表明,海湾扇贝幼虫体内去甲肾上腺索含量在变态前和变态后没有明显变化,变态前为2352(pg/mg湿重),变态后为2770(pg/mg湿重)。多巴胺和5-羟色胺含量在变态前随幼虫的发育而增加,变态前(第13天)急剧增加,第13天的幼虫比第12天的幼虫分别增加了2.8倍和5.7倍,变态后急剧下降,变态后幼苗比第13天的幼虫分别降低了25.1倍和16.4倍。海湾扇贝幼虫体内DA:NE比和5-HT:NE比在变态前和变态后变化比较剧烈。DA:NE比和5-HT:NE比在变态前(第13天)急剧增加,第13天的幼虫比第12天的幼虫增加了3.O倍(DA:NE比)和5.0倍(5-HT:NE比);变态后急剧降低,变态后幼苗比第13天的幼虫降低了29.8倍(DA:NE比)和19.5倍(5-HT:NE比)。海湾扇贝幼虫经KCl和氯化钙诱导24h后,体内去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺和5-羟色胺以及DA:NE比和5-HT:NE比均有所降低。本实验的结果表明,多巴胺和5-羟色胺可能启动了海湾扇贝幼虫的变态过程。7.茶碱和咖啡因对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫的变态均有明显诱导作用。它们的诱导作用均对浓度的依赖性较强,对处理时间的依赖性较弱。10×10~(-4)M的茶碱诱导效果最好,平均变态提高率达33%,其次为1.0×10~(-4)M和100×10~(-4)M的茶碱,平均变态提高率分别为23.15%和21.97%。处理时间对茶碱诱导效果影响不显著,在1~24h范围内,平均变态提高率在19.07~26.1%之间变动。10×10~(-4)M的咖啡因诱导效果最佳,4个处理时间的平均变态提高率为36.01%,其次为100×10~(-4)M,平均变态提高率为26.43%。处理时间对茶碱的诱导效果影响不大,在1~24h范围内,平均变态提高率在19.65~22.02%之间变动。8.采用直接测定cAMP的方法来研究cAMP是否参与了海湾扇贝幼虫的变态过程。结果表明,cAMP参与了海湾扇贝幼虫的变态过程。海湾扇贝幼虫体内cAMP含量随着发育阶段的不同而有所变化。在D形幼虫期最低,为73 pmol/(mg蛋白质);当到达壳顶期幼虫时cAMP含量明显增加,比D形幼虫期提高了12.7倍。从壳顶期幼虫到眼点幼虫(100%,第13天)cAMP含量增加速度较慢,各发育阶段分别比前一发育阶段增加了0.4倍、0.3倍和0.2倍。但当幼虫变态后,体内cAMP含量又急剧增加,幼苗体内cAMP含量比眼点幼虫(100%,第13天)增加了6.1倍。当用KCl、肾上腺索和L-DOPA诱导后,幼虫体内cAMP含量明显增加,分别比对照组提高了7.8倍、1.5倍和10.7倍,说明cAMP参与了这3种诱导物诱导海湾扇贝幼虫变态的过程。9.在前面实验结果和参考有关文献的基础上,初步提出了以海湾扇贝为代表的双壳贝类幼虫变态机理模型:幼虫变态分为两个过程:启动过程和后续过程。当幼虫发育到一定阶段,在外界刺激因子的作用下,体内分泌多巴胺和5-羟色胺,多巴胺和5-羟色胺通过某种信号转导途径(如以DG和IP_3为第二信使)启动变态过程,变态过程启动后,又激活以cAMP为第二信使的信号转导途径(暂时称为后续过程),两者共同完成了幼虫的变态过程。

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In many molluses, it has been found that Ca2+ signaling pathway is involved in the resumption of meiotic maturation in oocytes. To better understand the possible role of Ca2+ signaling pathway in regulating meiotic maturation in oocytes of the northern quahog Mercenaria mercenaria, free extracellular Ca2+, A23187 (calcium ionophore), verapamil (calcium channel blocker), and trifluoperazin (calmodulin antagonist) were used to incubate oocytes or serotonin-induced oocytes by pharmacological methods. Results show that extracellular Ca2+ (50 similar to 200 mM) and A23187 (1 similar to 10 mu M) can stimulate the meiotic maturation. In addition, verapamil (1 similar to 100 mu M) and trifluoperazin (10 similar to 1,000 mu M) could inhibit serotonin-induced oocyte maturation. Therefore, Ca2+ is essential for the reinitiation of meiotic maturation in oocytes of the northern quahog. Moreover, an increase i [Ca2+]i can promote meiotic maturation.

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Cyanobacteria possess a delicate system known as the carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM), which can efficiently elevate the intracellular inorganic carbon (Ci) concentration via active transportation. The system requires energy supplied by photosystems; therefore, the activity of the Ci transporter is closely related to light intensity. However, the relationship between CCM and light intensity has rarely been evaluated. Here, we present an improved quantitative model of CCM in which light is incorporated, and developed a CCM model that modified after Fridlyand et al. in 1996. Some equations used in this model were inducted to describe the relationship between transport capacity and light intensity, by which the response of the CCM to light change is simulated. Our results indicate that the efficiency of the carbon concentrating system is sensitive to light intensity. When the external Ci concentration was low, CO2 uptake dominated the total Ci uptake with increasing light intensity, while under high external Ci concentrations HCO3- uptake primarily contributed to the total Ci uptake. Variations in the ratio of energy allocated between the transport systems could markedly affect the operation of CCM. Indeed, our simulations suggest that various combinations of Ci fluxes can provide a possible approach to detect the way by which the cell distributes energy produced by the photosystems to the two active Ci transport processes. The proportion of the energy consumed on CCM to the total energy expenditure for the fixation of one CO2 molecule was determined at 18%-40%.

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P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, functions as a biological barrier by extruding cytotoxic agents out of cells, resulting in an obstacle in chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer. In order to aid in the development of potential P-gp inhibitors, we constructed a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model of flavonoids as P-gp inhibitors based on Bayesian-regularized neural network (BRNN). A dataset of 57 flavonoids collected from a literature binding to the C-terminal nucleotide-binding domain of mouse P-gp was compiled. The predictive ability of the model was assessed using a test set that was independent of the training set, which showed a standard error of prediction of 0.146 +/- 0.006 (data scaled from 0 to 1). Meanwhile, two other mathematical tools, back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and partial least squares (PLS) were also attempted to build QSAR models. The BRNN provided slightly better results for the test set compared to BPNN, but the difference was not significant according to F-statistic at p = 0.05. The PLS failed to build a reliable model in the present study. Our study indicates that the BRNN-based in silico model has good potential in facilitating the prediction of P-gp flavonoid inhibitors and might be applied in further drug design.