147 resultados para Sclerolobium paniculatum var. rubiginosum


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Fourteen new lignans, tiegusanins A-N (1-14), together with 13 known compounds were isolated from the aerial parts of Schisandra propinqua var. sinensis. The structures and absolute configurations of 1-13 were established using a combination of spectrosco

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An 8-week growth trial was carried out in a semi-recirculation system to investigate the effect of high dietary starch levels on the growth performance, blood chemistry, starch utilization and body composition of gibel carp (Carassius auratus var. gibelio). Five isonitrogenous and isocarloric experimental diets were formulated to contain different starch levels (24%, 28%, 32%, 36% and 40% respectively). Triplicate groups of fish (24 fish per tank with an average body weight, of 8.5 g) were assigned to each diet. The results showed that dietary carbohydrate levels significantly affected the growth performance, hepatopancreatic lipid content, pyruvate kinase (PK) activity and whole-body lipid content. Growth performance, body crude lipid and plasma glucose concentrations showed a decreasing trend with an increase in dietary starch from 24% to 40%. Pyruvate kinase activities and hepatopancreatic lipid content showed an increasing trend with the dietary starch increasing from 24% to 32%, and then a decreasing trend with the dietary starch increasing from 32% to 40%. No significant difference in the hepatopancreatic hexokinase (HK) activity, plasma triglyceride contents, body crude protein, ash and calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents was observed between different treatments. In conclusion, higher dietary starch levels (32-40%) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the growth of gibel carp in the present study.

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Physiological data from extreme habitat organisms during stresses are vital information for comprehending their survival. The intertidal seaweeds are exposed to a combination of environmental stresses, the most influential one being regular dehydration and re-hydration. Porphyra katadai var. hemiphylla is a unique intertidal macroalga species with two longitudinally separated, color distinct, sexually different parts. In this study, the photosynthetic performance of both PSI and PSII of the two sexually different parts of P. katadai thalli during dehydration and re-hydration was investigated. Under low-grade dehydration the variation of photosystems of male and female parts of P. katadai were similar. However, after the absolute water content reached 42%, the PSI of the female parts was nearly shut down while that of the male parts still coordinated well and worked properly with PSII. Furthermore, after re-hydration with a better conditioned PSI, the dehydrated male parts were able to restore photosynthesis within 1 h, while the female parts did not. It is concluded that in P. katadai the susceptibility of photosynthesis to dehydration depends on the accommodative ability of PSI. The relatively lower content of phycobiliprotein in male parts may be the cause for a stronger PSI after severe dehydration.

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Porphyra katadae Miura var. hemiphylla Tseng et T. J. Chang, a species distributed around the Liaodong and Shandong Peninsulas of China, produces gametophytes from late winter to early spring. These are monoecious with male and female reproductive tissues in distinct halves or sectors. Vegetative tissues from sectors expected to differentiate into sexual tissue were cultured in the laboratory. Male and female reproductive organs, as well as conchocelis and blades, were differentiated from these tissues. The male and female reproductive tissues were in patches and mixed on the cultured tissue pieces. This was quite different from the wild-type sectored individuals. The F-1 conchospore germlings also produced monospores, carposporangia, spermatangia and conchocelis. These carposporangia and spermatangia were in patches and were mixed on the F-1 fronds. The results imply that P. katadae var. hemiphylla is possibly sex-differentiated rather than sex-determined. This is the first report of such a dimorphic life history in the genus Porphyra.

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The composition of the leaf oils from seven populations of J. sabina L., one population of Juniperus sabina var. arenaria (E. H. Wilson) Farjon were examined for their geographic variation. In addition, the leaf oils of J. chinensis L. and J. davurica Pall. were compared to J. sabina. Juniperus sabina var. arenarla, the sand loving juniper, oil was found to be very similar to that of J. davurica, Mongolia, and J. sabina, on sand dunes in Mongolia. This suggests that J. sabina var. arenaria might be conspecific with J. davurica. Farjon's move (2001) of J. sabina var. arenaria out of J. chinensis is supported. Considerable differentiation was found in populations of J. sabina from the Iberian peninsula. Cedrol, citronellol, safrole, trans-sabinyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol and beta-thujone were found to be polymorphic in several populations.

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通过对甘蓝进行品种差异、亚细胞分析、根际分泌物提取污染土壤中的铊、营养元素添加以及野外甘蓝样品采集分析,结合地球化学理论。分析了甘蓝对铊吸收富集的机理,并得出以下几点结论: (1) 甘蓝叶、根及茎对铊的吸收存在着明显差异,表明在面临土壤铊胁迫时,叶是铊的主要储存部位,而根和茎主要起到了转运作用。甘蓝中铊含量的升高导致了对钙和镁吸收能力的提高。不同品种甘蓝之间的吸收能力差别不大,通过选择种植对铊吸收能力小的甘蓝来控制铊的食物链危害是不可行的。此外,还应该避免在高铊土壤地区种植甘蓝。 (2) 高达92%的铊存在于甘蓝叶细胞液组分中,表明细胞液组分是铊在甘蓝叶细胞中的一个重要储存部位。但是在不同品种甘蓝叶中,铊的亚细胞分布形态没有显著差异,在甘蓝面对铊胁迫时,其叶细胞器组分中铊含量始终维持很低的含量。甘蓝对铊的解毒机制很可能就是通过在细胞内的区隔化作用(compartmentalization),把进入体内的铊结合到细胞液组分以及细胞壁上,从而减少了铊对重要细胞器官的损伤。铊在甘蓝叶各亚细胞组分中的分配与常量元素存在一定的关系。在甘蓝叶细胞内,Tl+往细胞液组分中的传输很有可能是通过Na+/K+/2Cl–联合传输机制、Ca2+活化的钾离子通道以及一些需Mg2+或Mn2+的K+活化酶完成的。需要Mn2+参与的K+活化酶可能对于铊往细胞器中的转移起到了主导作用。在细胞壁中,很可能Ca2+活化的K+通道或者是某些特定的需要Mn2+的K+活化酶对铊的迁移或固定起了影响作用。 (3) 随着氮、磷、钾营养元素的加入,甘蓝地上部的生物量有一定程度的上升。影响主次因素依次均为氮>磷>钾。随着氮、磷、钾营养元素的加入,甘蓝地上部和地下部的铊含量并没有上升,而是有一定程度的下降。甘蓝地上部中铊含量的影响主次因素依次为磷>氮>钾,甘蓝地下部中铊含量的影响主次因素依次为氮>磷>钾。氮、磷、钾营养元素的加入都提高了甘蓝对铊的吸收量。甘蓝对铊吸收量的影响主次因素依次均为氮>磷>钾。因此我们认为,氮,磷,钾的加入显著提高了甘蓝生物量和铊的吸收量,但是随之而来的生物稀释效应,导致了甘蓝地上部和地下部含量的降低。运用铊累积量来判断营养元素对甘蓝吸收铊的影响更为客观和可靠。 (4) 通过对比蒸馏水和根际分泌物提取液对污染土壤中铊的提取能力,发现甘蓝根际分泌物提取液(root exudates)对污染土壤中的铊具有明显的活化作用。提取液的pH和土壤铊的提取率存在一定的正相关(R2=0.1659),也就是说提取液的pH与其对污染土壤中铊的提取能力成正比。但是甘蓝体内各部分铊含量与其根际分泌物提取液对土壤铊的提取率没有任何关系,表明大量的植物非必需元素铊进入甘蓝后,并没有对其根际分泌物的产生任何影响。土壤pH越高,生长的甘蓝的根际分泌物提取液对土壤提取率就越高,甘蓝分泌物提取液对铊的提取率升高可以补偿由于土壤pH升高而造成的水溶态存在的铊减少。 (5) 铊在甘蓝叶片和叶柄中的分布状况为老叶叶片>新叶叶片>老叶叶柄>新叶叶柄,表明叶柄也是运输铊的一个重要器官。但是叶柄对铊的转运能力并没有茎那么强烈,而叶片才是甘蓝中最主要的铊储存部位。铊在根、茎、老叶和新叶中亚细胞的分布均为细胞液>>细胞壁>细胞器,这和前期室内温室培养甘蓝叶片中的分布结果是一致的。根据植物采矿经济理论的计算结果,很显然甘蓝可以成为土壤铊污染的植物修复和采矿的备选对象。

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The inherent instability of metabolite production in plant cell culture-based bioprocessing is a major problem hindering its commercialization. To understand the extent and causes of this instability, this study was aimed at understanding the variability of anthocyanin accumulation during long-term subcultures, as well as within subculture batches, in Vitis vinifera cell cultures. Therefore, four cell line suspensions of Vitis vinitera L. var. Gamay Freaux, A, B, C and D, originated from the same callus by cell-aggregate cloning, were established with starting anthocyanin contents of 2.73 +/- 0.15, 1.45 +/- 0.04, 0.77 +/- 0.024 and 0.27 +/- 0.04 CV (Color Value)/g-FCW (fresh cell weight), respectively. During weekly subculturing of 33 batches over 8 months, the anthocyanin biosynthetic capacity was gradually lost at various rates, for all four cell lines, regardless of the significant difference in the starting anthocyanin content. Contrary to this general trend, a significant fluctuation in the anthocyanin content was observed, but with an irregular cyclic pattern. The variabilities in the anthocyanin content between the subcultures for the 33 batches, as represented by the variation coefficient (VC), were 58, 57, 54, and 84% for V vinifera cell lines A, B, C and D, respectively. Within one subculture, the VCs from 12 replicate flasks for each of 12 independent subcultures were averaged, and found to be 9.7%, ranging from 4 to 17%. High- and low-producing cell lines, VV05 and VV06, with 1.8-fold differences in their basal anthocyanin contents, exhibited different inducibilities to L-phenylalanine feeding, methyl jasmonate and light irradiation. The low-producing cell line, showed greater potential in enhanced the anthocyanin production.

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根据现有记载,萱草属约有20种,主要分布在东亚,由于种间在外部形态和核型上的高度相似性,加之长期人工栽培,使本属植物的分类成为一个难题,我们做了大量的野外调查和温室栽培试验,获得了一些有意义的观察结果,对核型变异做了详细定量分析:系统观察了花粉扫描电镜特征,为了揭示属内可能的表征和分支关系,运用聚类分析,主成分分析及简约分析对属下类群做了定量研究.本文得到如下主要结论. 1.虽然迄今为止许多核型观察结果未能得到有分类学意义的结论,运用数量分析方法比较各分类群核型定量变异结果表明,其分类学意义是明显的,例如,北黄花菜、黄花菜和小黄花菜三者外部形态很一致,核型亦高度相似:大苞萱草和多花萱草的核型公式虽与前三者相同,但已出现明显的数量变异.同样,北萱草,折叶萱草和西南萱草虽有相同核型公式,亦出现明显数量变异.萱草则与所有其他类群的核型均有明显差别.核型对称性分析表明,臂比不对称性出现一个由低到高的演变序列:但长度不对称性与此无明显相关性.萱草和折叶萱草的臂比不对称性最低,西南萱草和北萱草升高,黄花菜,大苞萱草和多花萱草等最高. 2.观察到三种类型花粉;舟形具网纹,舟形具疣纹和亚球形具疣纹.萱草,北萱草,大苞萱草,北黄花菜,黄花菜,小黄花菜及多花萱草具第一种类型花粉;折叶萱草和西南萱草具第2种类型花粉;矮萱草具第三种花粉.以广义百合科其他类群作为复合外类群进行比较,推测花粉形态的演化序列为:舟形具网纹一舟形具疣纹一亚球形具疣纹. 3.在外部形态上,萱草因具二叉分枝花序,叶型苞片,根膨大适中,花蕾顶部绿色及花筒占花被比例较小等原始性状状态,结合不对称性较低的核型特征和舟形具网纹花粉特征,是现存种类中最原始类群;折叶萱草及北萱草等具较短的花筒,二叉分枝花序,单色花被及花蕾部绿色等特征显得进化程度不高.黄花菜因具夜间开花习性,长花筒,叶鞘红色等状态被认为是进化类群,大苞萱草高度压缩的花序形成头状花序,具总苞状宽大苞片及绳索状根被认为是特化类群,矮萱草个体矮小,单花,具亚球形疣纹花粉亦被认为是高度特化类群.外部形态,花粉特征,核型及地理分布之间存在着相关性;随地理水平分布由南向北,外部形态特征由原始到进化,核型不对称性由低到高:随地理垂直分布由低向高,形态特征由复杂到简化,核型不对称性由低到高,花粉形态由舟形具网纹到舟形具疣纹再到亚球形具疣纹,这两种趋势结合起来构画出了本属植物演化和地理分布的基本轮廊. 4.萱草是一个孤立的属,没有明确的外类群可供比较.在现存类群中.Dahlgren等(1985)认为本属与分布在非洲,地中海地区,西亚及中亚的Asphodeloideae(亚科)有较多的共有特征.本文比较了两个类群之后发现,萱草不但在许多一般特征上与Asphodeloideae -致,而且在小孢子同时型发生及含蒽醌等被认为是Asphodeloideae典型属性的特征上亦与后者相同.这些共有特征显示出二 者在系统发育上一定的联系.进一步比较发现两者在有差异的特征中,萱草属显得较为进化.二者的分布区是完全不同的;Asphodeloideae分布在中亚及其以西地区和非洲,而本属分布在东亚,延及西伯利亚,据本文分析,欧洲生长的一个种(H.lilioasphodelus,北黄花菜)是归化类群.北美和台湾没有自然分布,但栽培植物均生长良好,而且已有归化植物.由此似乎可以推测,本届的祖先与Asphodeloideae的祖先有亲缘关系,这种关系似可远溯到第三纪古地中海时期,或许当时与Asphodeloideae祖先有关系的一个分支分布于古地中海东南缘的康滇古陆,即与现今横断山地区相应的地区,由于喜玛拉雅造山运动引起的地质,地理和气候剧变,某些类群灭绝了,一个类群发展成现今的萱草属. 5.由于本属各分类群间形态及核型相似性程度较高,种间极易(人工)杂交,似无必要在属与种间增设组或系,根据本文研究结果及参考有关分类文献(国外种类),我们将萱草属处理为10种2亚种13变种:H.darrowiana Hu;小萱草(H.dumortieri Morr.)及北萱草(var. esculenta (Koidz.) Kitamura;西南萱草(H.forrestii Diels);萱草(H.fulva (L.) L.)及var. aurantiaca (Baker) Hotta, var. disticha (Donn.) Baker,重瓣萱草(var. kwanso Regel),var. littorea (Makino)Hotta,长菅萱草(var. longituba (Miq.) Maxim,var. maculata Baroni,var. pauciflora Hotta et Matsuoka, var. rosea Stout, var. sempervirens (Araki) Hotta; H. hakuunensis Nakai;北黄花菜 (H. lilioasphodelus L. Var. lilioasphodelus)及黄花菜(ssp. citrina (Baroni) Xiong),小黄花菜(ssp. minor(Mill.) Xiong),var. corcana (Nakai) Xiong;大苞萱草 (H. middendorfii Trautv. et Mey var. middendorfii)及var. exaltata (Stout) Kitamura,长苞萱草(var. longibracteata Xiong);多花萱草(H. multiflora Stout);矮萱草(H. nana Smith ct Forrest);折叶萱草(H.plicata Stapf)。

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葡萄属(Vitis.L.)植物隶属于葡萄科(Vitaceae),主要分布于北温带,最南可以分布到南美洲的委内瑞拉和亚洲的越南以及印度北部。本文通过对该属分类研究历史的回顾,认为该属存在的问题主要表现在如下几个方面: 1)葡萄属自1753 年由Carl Linne创立以来,虽经planchon于1887年做了修订,但属的范围仍需进一步界定;2)在Planchon之后的100多年中未见有一全面的分类学修订工作,出现在该属的800多个名称需要考证;3)对一些广布种的变异认识不足,导致了大量可疑种。针对这些问题本文进行了如下几个方面的工作: l、形态学:通过大量的野外工作和标本观察,对该属植物的主要性状做了分析,讨论了这些性状状态在葡萄属中的变异规律及演化趋势,将灌木状习性、退化的卷须以及不裂的叶片视为进化的性状。 2、细胞学:利用前人对葡萄属(Vitis.L.)染色体数目的统计及一些杂交实验分析的结果,结合形态学等方面的特征分析,认为在葡萄科,染色体基数X=10为原始的,而x=19则为衍生的。葡萄属的染色体基数xl9(2n=38),多倍体较少见;麝香葡萄属[Muscadinia (Planch.) Sma11]的染色体基数为x=10 (2n=20).与蛇葡萄属、酸蔹藤属和爬山虎属的一致。葡萄属和麝香葡萄属间的杂种是不育的。 3、孢粉学:对葡萄属32种5变种及麝香葡萄属[Muscadinia (Planch.) Sma11]1种的花粉外壁做扫描电镜观察,结果发现花粉外壁雕纹在这两属间和葡萄属内变异较小,对区分属以及属下种上类群意义不大,但对种的鉴别有重要的价值。 4、植物化学:前人对植物化学的工作表明,植物的一些次生代谢产物如类黄酮化合物在葡萄科各类群中的分布规律较好地反映了各类群间的关系。这些结果较好地支持了Planchon对葡萄属范围的界定。 5、山葡萄复合体(V.amurensis complex)包括山葡萄(V.amurensis Rupr.)、燕山葡萄(V.amuresis Rupr. var. dissecta Skvorts.=var.yanshanensisD.Z.Lu et H.P.Liang)、百花山葡萄(V.baihuashanensis M.S.Kang et D.Z.Lu)、复叶葡萄(V.piasezkii Maxim.)、少毛复叶葡萄[V. piasezkii Maxux1.var. pagnuccii (Planch.) Rehd.]共3个种和2个变种,广泛分布于中国北方,形态变异较大。本文对该复合体做了形态分析,并用RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs)分子标记方法分析了这几个类群的关系。综合这些结果,归并了燕山葡萄和百花山葡萄。 在上述工作的基础上,我们得出了如下的结论: l、葡萄属在葡萄科中是一个进化的类群。整理后的葡萄属包括8系62种、l亚种和15变种,其中有2个新系、1个新组合系、2个新变种、1个新组合种和l3个新异名。 2、本文赞同SmaU在1903年作出的分类学处理,把麝香葡萄作为一个独立的属,比葡萄属原始但与葡萄属有着最近的亲缘关系。 3、依据形态特征和APD分析结果把山葡萄复合体的3个种2变种归并为2种l变种,即山葡萄、复叶葡萄和少毛复叶葡萄,认为分子标记技术在分析属内近缘种闻关系上很有价值。 4、葡萄属具有东亚和北美2个现代分布中心,该属可能起源于北美的东部,在晚白垩纪经白令陆桥散布至欧亚大陆。

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本文综合形态学、孢粉学和细胞学以及等位酶分析的实验证据,阐明了中国华中铁角蕨复合体(Asplenium sarelii Hook. Complex)中两个四倍体种的起源问题,并从生物系统学的角度讨论了其中多个种的分类学问题。过去认为的四倍体的“华中铁角蕨”被证明是起源于二倍体华中铁角蕨(A. sarelii Hook.)和二倍体细茎铁角蕨(A. tenuicaule Hayata)的杂交,并被处理为新种:武当铁角蕨(A. wudangense Z.R. Wang et X. Hou, sp. nov.)。 而变异铁角蕨(A. varians Wall., Hook. et Grev.)则被认为起源于二倍体细茎铁角蕨(A. tenuicaule Hayata)和二倍体尖齿铁角蕨(A. argutum Ching)的杂交或二者同源四倍体的杂交。根据原细茎铁角蕨(A. tenuicaule Hayata)和尖齿铁角蕨(A. argutum Ching)在宏观和微观特征上的相似性,以及二者的遗传一致度(0.581~0.705),本文将这两个种处理为细茎铁角蕨(A. tenuicaule Hayata)的两个亚种:细茎亚种(ssp. tenuicaule)和尖齿亚种(ssp. argutum (Ching) Vaine, Rashbach et Reichst., ined.)。依据形态和遗传上的相似性以及各自占有一定部分重叠的分布区域,原云南铁角蕨(A. yunnanense Franch.)、宝兴铁角蕨(A. moupinense Franch.)和云南铁角蕨深裂铁角蕨变种(A. yunnanense Franch. var daraeiforme(Franch.)H. S. Kung)被处理为云南铁角蕨(A. yunnanense Franch.)的三个亚种:云南铁角蕨亚种(ssp. yunnanense)、宝兴铁角蕨亚种(ssp. moupinense (Franch.)Z. R. Wang et X. Hou, st. nov.)和深裂铁角蕨亚种(ssp. daraeiforme(Franch.)Z. R. Wang et X. Hou, st. nov.)。 同时,本文运用孢粉学、细胞学、生态学和形态学的综合手段,处理了中国铁角蕨(Asplenium trichomanes L. s. l.)的种下分类问题,划分了中国该种的四个亚种:原亚种A. trichomanes L. ssp. trichomanes,喜钙亚种A. trichomanes L. ssp. inexpectans Lovis,四倍亚种A. trichomanes L. ssp. quadrivalens D. E. Meyer emend. Lovis,粗轴亚种A. trichomanes L. ssp. pachyrachis (Christ) Lovis et Reichst.,并将一个变种:哈如变种A. trichomanes L. var. harovii Moore emend. Midle,归并入粗轴亚种ssp. pachyrahcis (Christ) Lovis et Reichst.,同时提供了它们在中国的分布情况。查阅研究PE的标本时发现一些定名为为A. trichomanes L. var. centrochinense Christ(中国变种)的模式标本碎片,因在形态上和倍性上均不同于已知分类群,认为应给予种的分类地位。

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冷杉属是松科中的第二大属,在北半球有着广泛的分布区,从温带的高纬度地带到亚热带(偶达热带地区)的山地,呈间断不连续的分布。虽然一些学者曾对冷杉属进行过大量的分类学和系统学研究,但该属复杂的变异式样至今仍困扰着植物系统学家们。本论文是在腊叶标本和野外实地调查的基础上,从形态学、解剖学、分子系统学和植物地理学等方面进行分类学和系统发育的分析研究。现得到以下初步结果。1.对冷杉属叶角质层内表面胞间凸缘的研究结果表明,可以分为4种类型: 1. 弯曲且发达的单凸缘;2直且发达的单凸缘;3不发达的单凸缘;4双桥型凸缘。分布于欧洲和亚洲的绝大部分种类都是弯曲且发达的单凸缘类型(日本一种除外),而分布于北美的种类则具有四种不同的类型。 2. 叶横切面的研究结果表明皮下层细胞的发育状况和树脂道的位置与大小在Sect. Balsamea中稳定,皮下层细胞的缺失和不发育、树脂道大且中生在该属中可能反映原始状态。 3. 本研究首次发现nrDNA ITS的长度在属下有较大的变异,变异幅度1700 bp-2500 bp,分析得出引起这一变异的主要原因是由于ITS1中有以GGCCACCCTAGTC为核心数目不等的重复序列的存在,并讨论了ITS长度的变异在冷杉属和松科系统演化中的意义。 4. nrDNA ITS的RFLP分析结果和5种冷杉的ITS序列分析结果(以Keteleeria davidiana为外类群)表明A. bracteata与Sect. Balsamea总是聚在一起,亲缘最近;A. kawakamii应属于Sect. Momi。 5. 地理分布和系统发育分析的研究结果表明,冷杉属的多样性中心在北美西南部、而种类分布最大多的地区为东亚、种群分化最强烈的地区为我国的横断山脉。根据冷杉属的系统发育、化石资料和现代冷杉属的地理分布格局,冷杉属可能起源于白垩纪的高纬度地带。 6. 结合ITS RFLP和ITS序列的分支分析结果以及某些形态特征和地理分布资料,重建属下分类系统,将冷杉属分为8组2亚组。探讨了各组间的亲缘关系,认为Sect. Balsamea是冷杉属中的原始类群,Sect. Balsamea是与Sect. Balsamea亲缘最近,形态上十分特化的类群。来自ITS的分析结果为摒属下亚属的划分和将A. kawakamii自Sect. Balsamea中移出,放入Sect. Momi中提供了强有力的证据。经过标本和文献考证,综合各方面的资料,本文对冷杉属进行了全面系统的分类学修订,包括44种17变种1亚种,系统排列如下: 组1. 树脂冷杉组Sect. 1. Balsamea Engelmann。该组包括8种4变种:Abies balsamea, A. lasiocarpa, A. sibirica, A. sachalinensis, A. fraseri, A. koreana, A. nephrolepis, A. veitchii, A. bracteata。 组3. 日本冷杉组Sect. 3. Momi Franco。 亚组1.日本冷杉亚组Subsect. 1. Firmae (Franco) Farjon et Rushforth。该亚组包括6种3变种:A.holophylla, A. homolepis, A. firma, A. beshanzuensis, A. chensiensis, A. pindrow, A. beshanzuensis var. ziyuanensis, A. chensiensis var. ernestii, A. chensiensis var. salouenensis。 亚组2. 鳞皮冷杉亚组Subsect. 2. Squamatae E. Murray。该亚组包括12种6变种:A squamata, A. delavayi, A. nukiangensis, A. recurvata, A. spectabilis, A. mariesii, A. kawakamii, A. forrestii, A. fargesii, A. fansipanensis, A. fanjingshanensis, A. yuanbaoshanensis, A. delavayi var. fabri, A. delavayi var. motuoensis, A. spectabilis var. densa, A. forrestii var. georgei, A. forrestii var. ferreana, A. fargesii var. faxoniana。 组4. 冷杉组Sect. 4. Abies。该组包括7种1变种1亚种:A. alba, A. cephalonica, A. nordmanniana, A. nebrodensis, A. cilicica, A. pinsapo, A. numidica, A. nordamanniana ssp. equitrojani, A. pinsapo var. marocana。 组5. 太平洋冷杉组成Sect. 5. Amabiles (Matzenko) Farjon et Rushforth。该组仅一种:A. amabilis。 组6. 高贵冷杉组Sect. 6. Nobilis Engelmann。该组有2种1变种:A. procera, A. magnifica, A. magnifica var. shastensis。 组7. 大冷杉组成Sect. 7. Grandes Engelmann, emend. Farjon et Rushforth。该组包括4种2变种:A. concolor, A. grandis, A. durangensis, A. guatemalensis, A. concolor var. lowiana, A. durangensis var. coahuilensis。 组8. 墨西哥冷杉组Sect. 8. Oiamel Franco, emend. Farjon et Rushforth。该组包括A. religiosa, A. vejarii, A. vejari var. mexicana, A. hickelii