18 resultados para SILURIFORMES


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The Otocephala, a clade including ostariophysan and clupeomorph telcosts, represents about a quarter of total fish species diversity, with about 1000 gencra and more than 7000 species. A series of recent papers have defended that the origin of this clade and of its major groups may be significantly older than the oldest fossils of each of these groups suggest. Some of these recent papers explicitly defend a Pangean origin for some otocephalan groups Such as the Siluriformes or Cypriniformes. To know whether or not the otocephalans as a whole, and particularly the mainly freshwater, cosmopolitan otophysans could have originated before the splitting of the Pangean Supercontinent is of extreme importance, since otophysan fishes are among the most useful animal groups for the determination of historical continental relationships. In the present work we examined divergence times for each major otocephalan group by an analysis of complete mtDNA sequences, in order to investigate if these divergence times support the hypotheses advanced in recent studies. The complete mtDNA sequences of nine representative non-otocephalan fish species and of twenty-one representative otocephalan species was compared. The present study is thus, among the studies dealing with molecular divergence times of telcosts, the one in which a greater number of otocephalan species are included. The divergence times obtained support that the major otocephalan groups had a much older origin than the oldest fossil records available for these groups suggest. The origin of the Otocephala is estimated as having occurred about 282 Mya, with the origin of the Otophysi being estimated at about 251 Mya. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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The mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene was sequenced from 8 bagrid catfishes in China. Aligned with cytochrome b sequences from 9 bagrid catfishes in Japan, Korea and Russia retrieved from GenBank, and selected Silurus meridionalis, Liobagrus anguillicauda, Liobagrus reini and Phenacogrammus interruptus as outgroups, we constructed a matrix of 21 DNA sequences. The Kimura's two-parameter distances were calculated and molecule phylogenetic trees were constructed by using the maximum parsimony (MP) and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods. The results show that (i) there exist 3-bp deletions of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene compared with cypriniforms and characiforms; (ii) the molecular phylogenetic tree suggests that bagrid catfishes form a monophyletic group, and the genus Mystus is the earliest divergent in the East Asian bagrid catfishes, as well as the genus Pseudobagrus is a monophyletic group but the genus Pelteobagrus and Leiocassis are complicated; and 60 the evolution rate of the East Asian bagrids mitochondrial cytochrome b gene is about 0.18%-0.30% sequence divergence per million years.

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鰋鮡鱼类共包括9 属43 种(亚种),隶属于鲇形目(Siluriformes)鮡科 (Sisoridae)鰋鮡亚科(Glyptosternae)中鰋鮡族(Tribe Glyptosternini)的鰋鮡 亚族(Subtribe Glyptosternina)。鰋鮡鱼类形态上的共同特征为:无胸吸着器,胸、 腹鳍水平展开,第一根鳍条完全分节或在外缘生出许多软骨细条,被外表皮所裹, 在腹面看到的是许多与分节或软骨细条大致对应的横纹皱褶。鰋鮡鱼类集中分布 于青藏高原周边的水系中,部分属种向西分布到了中亚地区的阿姆河上游,是适 应山区急流环境的一群鱼类。近年来一系列的研究表明,鰋鮡鱼类为一单系类群, 它的起源和演化与青藏高原的隆升有着直接的关系。鰋鮡鱼类的系统发育研究, 可以为青藏高原隆升的年代、幅度和形式提供间接的证据,其系统发育树的拓扑 结构也直接反映了东喜马拉雅地区诸水系的形成与演变。 本研究对鰋鮡鱼类9 属进行了系统整理。1. 发现并描述了异齿鰋属 (Oreoglanis)两新种,分别为分布于景东无量山(澜沧江水系)的景东异齿鰋 (O. jingdongensis)和分布于怒江水系南景河和南滚河的无斑异齿鰋(O. immaculatus)。认为分布于中国的异齿鰋属鱼类均属于尖须异齿鰋种组(O. siamensis species group)。指出区分异齿鰋属两个种组:尖须异齿鰋种组和细尾 异齿鰋种组(O. delacouri species group)的特征是下唇中部是否具有中央缺刻, 尾型的差别(新月型尾或凹型尾)不能用来区分两个种组,给出了异齿鰋属的检 索表,并绘制了异齿鰋属鱼类分布图。2. 对鮡属(Pareuchiloglanis)鱼类进行了 系统整理,通过外部形态度量性状的比较,认为分布于澜沧江水系的,曾经被鉴 定为扁头鮡(P. kamengensis)的标本,应属于大鳍鮡(P. macropterus),扁头鮡 和大鳍鮡之间的最明显的差别在于腹鳍前长的不同。前者的腹鳍前长为体长的 53.2-64.9%,后者的腹鳍前长均不达体长的50%。3. 通过比较金沙江水系分布的 5 种鮡属鱼类,中华鮡(P. sinensis)、前臀鮡(P. anteanalis)、壮体鮡(P. robusta)、 四川鮡(P. sichuanensis)和天全鮡(P. tianquanensis),认为天全鮡和四川鮡之 间分布水系重叠,外部形态亦无差别,天全鮡很可能为四川鮡的同物异名。给出 了鮡属鱼类的系统检索表,并绘制了鮡属鱼类分布图。利用分子系统学的原理和方法对鰋鮡鱼类进行系统发育研究。测定了6 属 15 种鰋鮡鱼类和鮡科中非鰋鮡鱼类4 属7 种共28 个体的线粒体Cyt b 基因部分 片段和全序列(1138 bp),结合从GenBank 下载的相关类群相同的基因序列,以 魾属(Bagarius)的巨魾(B. yarrelli),纹胸鮡属(Glyptothorax)的穴形纹胸鮡 (G. cavia)、亮背纹胸鮡(G. dorsalis)、扎那纹胸鮡(G. zainaensis),福建纹胸 鮡(G. fukiensis fukiensis)、海南纹胸鮡(G. fukiensis hainanensis),黑鮡属(Gagata) 的长丝黑鮡(G. dolichonema)以及褶鮡属(Pseudecheneis)的黄斑褶鮡(P. sulcatus) 和无斑褶鮡(P. immaculatus)作为外类群,采用贝叶斯法(Bayesian)、最简约 法(maximum pasimony, MP)和邻接法(neighbour-joining, NJ)构建系统发育树。 结果显示: 1. 鰋鮡鱼类为一单系类群,并且与褶鮡属互为姐妹群关系; 2. 原鮡属、鰋属和凿齿鮡属是鰋鮡鱼类的三个基部类群; 3. 异齿鰋属构成为一个单系群,大鳍异齿鰋最早从该属的基部分化出来; 4. 石爬鮡属构成一个单系,并与分布于金沙江水系的中华鮡+前臀鮡构成姐妹 群,黄石爬鮡和青石爬鮡的单倍型相互交错;显示两个物种的分类是不合适的, 而是同一水系不同支流种群之间梯度变异的例子,依据本次研究所得出的三个分 支图,结合青石爬鮡自西至东分布于金沙江、雅砻江、大渡河、青衣江、岷江等 的分布格局以及形态特征的分布,显示形态特征的分布变化有以下趋势:自西至 东,腹鳍位置逐渐前移;颌须渐趋缩短;胸鳍趋向发达、伸达腹鳍起点。这些变 化趋势是同一水系不同支流种群之间梯度变异的极好例子; 5. 分布于澜沧江以西(包括澜沧江)水系的鮡属鱼类(扁头鮡、细尾鮡、短鳍 鮡)与分布于怒江和伊洛瓦底江水系的拟鰋属鱼类构成为一支,并且二者共同与 分布于元江上游(红河水系)的大孔鮡构成为单系。其中,短体拟鰋和拟鰋互为 姐妹种;而扁头鮡和短鳍鮡也互为姐妹种;细尾鮡的系统地位则尚不能确定; 6. 无论在MP 树、贝叶斯树还是NJ 树中,石爬鮡属、鮡属、拟鰋属和异齿鰋属 构成一个单系,并且支持率达到了100%。 7. 鰋属位于鰋鮡鱼类的基部,是较早就从鰋鮡鱼类祖先中演化出来的一个类群, 鰋类的口吸盘是一个趋同性状,是在急流环境条件下形成的一种适应性性状,在 鰋类各属中不是同源特征; 8. 鮡属鱼类不是一个单系类群,分布于金沙江流域的鮡属鱼类与同流域分布的石爬鮡属鱼类聚成一支;澜沧江及其以西水系分布的鮡属鱼类与同流域分布的拟 鰋属鱼类聚成一支,之后这两支又同异齿鰋属共同构成为一个大支。 结合鰋鮡鱼类的系统发育分支图对其动物地理学进行研究。鰋鮡鱼类是由类 似纹胸鮡属(Glyptothorax)鱼类的祖先演化而来,鰋属(Exostoma)和凿齿鮡 属(Glaridoglanis)是较早就从从类似原鮡的祖先中演化出来,鮡属、石爬鮡属、 拟鰋属和异齿鰋属这一大支由类似原鮡的祖先演化而来。在青藏高原强烈隆起等 重大地理隔离事件发生之前,类似于现生的原鮡属鱼类已经广布喜马拉雅山脉东 西两侧。在青藏高原强烈隆起等重大地理隔离事件发生后,鰋鮡鱼类在相同的地 理隔离下独自演化为现在的分布格局。