21 resultados para Roth, Fedor
Resumo:
The structural evolution of a single-layer latex film during annealing was studied via grazing incidence ultrasmall-angle X-ray scattering (GIUSAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The latex particles were composed of a low-T-g (-54 degrees C) core (n-butylacrylate, 30 wt %) and a high-T-g (41 degrees C) shell (t-butylacrylate, 70 wt %) and had an overall diameter of about 500 nm. GIUSAXS data indicate that the q(y) scan at q(z) = 0.27 nm(-1) (out-of-plane scan) contains information about both the structure factor and the form factor. The GIUSAXS data on latex films annealed at various temperatures ranging from room temperature to 140 degrees C indicate that the structure of the latex thin film beneath the surface changed significantly. The evolution of the out-of-plane scan plot reveals the surface reconstruction of the film. Furthermore, we also followed the time-dependent behavior of structural evolution when the latex film was annealed at a relatively low temperature (60 degrees C) where restructuring within the film can be followed that cannot be detected by AFM, which detects only surface morphology.
Resumo:
Synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering was used to study the deformation mechanism of high-density polyethylene that was stretched beyond the natural draw ratio. New insight into the cooperative deformational behavior being mediated via slippage of micro-fibrils was gained. The scattering data confirm on the one hand the model proposed by Peterlin on the static structure of oriented polyethylene being composed of oriented fibrils, which are built by bundles of micro-fibrils. On the other hand it was found that deformation is mediated by the slippage of the micro-fibrils and not the slippage of the fibrils. In the micro-fibrils, the polymer chains are highly oriented both in the crystalline and in the amorphous regions. When stretching beyond the natural draw ratio mainly slippage of micro-fibrils past each other takes place. The thickness of the interlamellar amorphous layers increases only slightly. The coupling force between micro-fibrils increases during stretching due to inter-microfibrillar polymer segments being stretched taut thus increasingly impeding further sliding of the micro-fibrils leading finally to slippage of the fibrils.
Resumo:
The structural evolution of high-density polyethylene subjected to uniaxial tensile deformation was investigated as a function of strain and after annealing at different temperatures using a scanning synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique. The results confirm that in the course of tensile deformation intralamellar block slips were activated at small deformations followed by a stress-induced fragmentation and recrystallization process yielding thinner lamellae with their normal parallel to the stretching direction. The original sheared lamellae underwent severe internal deformation so that they were even less stable than the newly developed thinner lamellae. Accordingly, annealing results in a melting of the original crystallites even at moderate strains where the stress-induced fragmentation and recrystallization just sets in and generates a distinctly different form of lamellar stacks aligned along the drawing direction. It was found that the lamellae newly formed during stretching at moderate strains remain stable at lower temperature. Only at a very high annealing temperature of 120 degrees C can they be melted, leading to an isotropic distribution of the lamellar structure.
Resumo:
A polymer dispersion consisting of soft latex spheres with a diameter of 135 nm was used to produce a crystalline film with face-centered cubic (fcc) packing of the spheres. Different from conventional small-molecule and hardsphere colloidal crystals, the crystalline latex film in the present case is soft (i.e., easily deformable). The structural evolution of this soft colloidal latex film under stretching was investigated by in-situ synchrotron ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering. The film exhibits polycrystalline scattering behavior corresponding to fcc structure. Stretching results not only in a large deformation of the crystallographic structure but also in considerable nonaffine deformation at high draw ratios. The unexpected nonaffine deformation was attributed to slippage between rows of particles and crystalline grain boundaries. The crystalline structure remains intact even at high deformation, suggesting that directional anisotropic colloidal crystallites can be easily produced.
Resumo:
Morphology and culture studies on germlings of Sargassum thunbergii (Mertens et Roth) Kuntze were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions. Growth characteristics of these germlings grown under different temperatures (from 10 to 25A degrees C), irradiances (from 9 to 88 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)), and under blue and white light conditions are described. The development of embryonic germlings follows the classic "8 nuclei 1 egg" type described for Sargassaceae. Fertilized eggs spent 5-6 h developing into multicellular germlings with abundant rhizoids after fertilization. Under conditions of 20A degrees C, 44 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) and photoperiod of 12 h, young germlings with one or two leaflets reached 2-3 mm in length after 8 weeks. Temperature variations (10, 15, 20, 25A degrees C) under 88 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1) significantly influenced the growth rate within the first week, although this effect became less obvious after 8 weeks, especially at 15 and 20A degrees C. Variation in germling growth was highly significant under different irradiances (9, 18, 44, 88 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1)) at 25A degrees C. Low temperature (10A degrees C) reduced germling growth. Growth of germlings cultured under blue light was lower than in white light. Optimal growth of these germlings occurred at 25A degrees C and 44 mu mol photons m(-2) s(-1).
Resumo:
叶片表皮、叶片横切面、花粉和淀粉粒的微观特征,对青藏高原的特有类群三蕊草属Sinochasea Keng的系统位置进行了探讨。结果表明,三蕊草S.trigyna Keng在上述微观性状上与毛蕊草Duthiea brachypodia(P.Candargy)Keng et Keng f.差距最小,与冠毛草Stephanachne pappophorea(Hack.)Keng差距次之,与宝兴野青茅Deyeuxia moupinensis(Franch.)Pilger和拂子茅Calamagrostis epigeios(L.)Roth差距最大;三蕊草属的系统位置应处于毛蕊草所隶的燕麦族Aveneae中;在系统演化上,燕麦族是最原始的类群,它可能直接或间接地派生了针茅族Stipeae和剪股颖族Agrostideae。