Partial and total replacement of fishmeal with poultry by-product meal in diets for gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch

Triplicate groups of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch (initial body weight: 4.89 g) were fed for 8 weeks at 24.8-30.8 degrees C with nine isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets. The control diet (F1) used white fishmeal (FM) as the sole protein source. In the other eight diets (F2-F9), 40.5-100% of FM protein was substituted by poultry by-product meal (PBM) at 8.5% increments. The specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention efficiency and energy retention rate for fish fed PBM diets (F2-F9) were all higher, but not always significantly, than those for fish fed F1. All apparent digestibility coefficients for fish fed PBM diets were lower than those for fish fed F1. Fish fed F1 had a significantly higher hepatosomatic index value than fish fed PBM diets (P < 0.05). No significant (P > 0.05) effect of diet was found in whole-body moisture and fat content. Whole-body protein and energy content for fish fed PBM diets were slightly higher than that for fish fed F1. The optimal replacement level of FM by PBM was estimated by second-order polynomial regression to be 66.5% in protein.

Food consumption and growth of two piscivorous fishes, the mandarin fish and the Chinese snakehead

Rates of maximum food consumption and growth were determined for immature mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi (47.2-540.2 g) and Chinese snakehead Channa argus (45.0-546.2 g) at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C. The relationship between maximum rate of food consumption (C-max), body weight (W) and temperature (T) was described by the multiple regression equations: lnC(max) = -4.880 + 0.597 lnW+0.284T - 0.0048T(2) for the mandarin fish, and lnC(max)= -6.718 + 0.522 lnW+0.440T-0.0077T(2) for the Chinese snakehead. The optimum temperature for consumption was 29.6 degrees C for the mandarin fish and 28.6 degrees C for the Chinese snakehead. The relationship between growth rate (G), body weight and temperature was ln(G+0.25)= - 0.439 - 0.500 lnW+0.270T - 0.0046T(2) for the mandarin fish, and ln(G+0.25)= - 6.150+ (0.175 - 0.026T) lnW+0.571T - 0.0078T(2) for the Chinese snakehead. The weight exponent in the growth-weight relationship was -0.83 for the mandarin fish, but decreased with increasing temperature for the Chinese snakehead. The optimum temperature for growth was 29.3 degrees C for the mandarin fish, but tended to decrease with increasing weight for the Chinese snakehead, being 30.3 degrees C for a 45-g fish, and 26.1 degrees C for a 550-g fish. (C) 1998 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

分子组装体的扫描探针显微学研究

本文简要评述了扫描探针显微学研究的发展过程、目前状况及发展方向，着重介绍了扫描探针显微学(SPM)在分子组装体研究中的一些应用。采用扫描探针显微学结合电化学的方法对自组装膜(SAMs)、表面活性剂(surfactant)、纳米颗粒(nanoparticles)等分子组装体系进行了研究，并结合IR、QCM、XPS、XRD等多种手段对分子组装体在电极表面的形态和结构进行了探讨。主要结果如下：1．SPM研究以杂多酸为基础的分子组装体我们通过将AsMo_(11)V0_(40)~(4-)杂多酸阴离子从其酸性溶液中自吸附至金表面的方法，制备了一类新的无机自组装膜。我们利用QCM、STM和电化学方法分别研究了AsMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)自组装膜的吸附过程、在Au表面的结构和电化学性质。QCM数据表明这个自组装过程可以用Langmuir吸附等温式来描述，其吸附自由能为-20 KJ/mol。 通过QCM测得的AsMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)自组装膜的表面覆盖度的最大值为1.7 * 10~(-10)mol/cm~2，这相当于一个AsMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)阴离子的密堆积单层。AsMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)自组装膜的循环伏安图上出现三对可逆的氧化还原峰，每对峰所对应的自组装膜的表面覆盖度都亦为1.78 * 10~(-10) mol/cm2，和QCM结果一致。现场STM图像显示AsMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)自组装膜十分的均一没有如何多层或聚集体的结构。高分辨STM图进一步显示在Au(111)表面的sMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)自组装膜于+0.7 V(vs．Ag | AgCl)表现出二维有序的四方晶体结构，晶格间距为10-11 A。这个值与sMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)阴离子的直径十分接近。从STM图我们也估算出AsMo_(11)VO_(40)~(4-)自组装膜的表面覆盖度为1.8 * 10~(-10) mol/cm~2，这和QCM以及电化学的实验结果都很接近。我们进一步研究了一种新的以杂多酸为基础的有机无机复合膜--砷钼钒杂多酸的十一烷基吡啶盐(CPMVA)--的制备、结构和电催化性质。通过在这种盐的丙酮溶液中循环电位扫描，我们可以在HOPG电极表面制备稳定的CPMVA膜。我们利用XPS、STM和电化学多种手段来表征CPMVA膜的结构和性质。这些研究表明：在新剥离HOPG表面CPMVA膜的结构为自聚集的分子团，而在预阴极化HOPG表面CPMVA膜的结构为自有序单层。CPMVA膜在酸性和丙酮溶剂中部表现出可逆的氧化还原动力学行为，这说明这种新类型的膜甚至能在有机溶剂中用作催化剂。当溶液的pH值大于7.O时，CPMVA膜也能维持其稳定性，它对pH值的依赖程度明显小于其无机物形式的膜(H_4AsMo_(11)VO_(40))对pH值的依赖程度。CPMVA膜对Br0_3-的还原表现出很好的电催化活性，催化电流与BrO_3~-的浓度的平方成正比。这种有很高稳定性的新类型杂多酸膜在催化剂领域中将有很广阔的应用前景。2．电化学STM研究吸附在金属表面的表面活性剂聚集体由于电位诱导引起的结构变化表面活性剂在表面的吸附已广泛地被用于限制电极表面的活性和稳定溶液中的胶体和纳米粒子，但是人们对表面活性剂在电极表面的结构和由于电位变化所引起的结构改变并不清楚。在这个工作中我们利用现场STM观察了电位控制下表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)在Au(111)表面的吸附。STM图像显示通过控制电位SDS在Au(111)表面有一从半圆柱胶束单层向致密双层膜过渡的构象变化。我们也建立了SDS聚集体在Au(111)表面电位诱导结构变化的模型。就我们所知，这是第一次系统地研究表面活性剂聚集体在金属表面的电位诱导结构变化。3．在固体表面构筑有序的聚苯胺分子导线我们提出了一种新的通过分子设计构筑有序聚苯胺分子导线的新方法。首先，根据Saveant的方法我们在HOPG表面修饰上有序的4-氨基苯单层，然后溶液中的苯胺分子通过阶跃的方法被层层电聚合在4-氨基苯单层修饰的HOPG表面，形成有序的聚苯胺分子导线。FTIR-ERS和XPS结果证实HOPG表面上形成了聚苯胺。SPM图显示在HOPG表面的聚苯胺平面结构为有序的3~(1/2) * 3~(1/2) R 30°。小角X-射线反射结果表明聚苯胺分子导线是垂直站立在HOPG表面。电化学测量进一步表明聚苯胺分子导线的形成有利于加速电子传递速率。这种先分子设计后电聚合的方法可能会成为一类在固体表面制备有序导电聚合物分子导线的新方法。依据上一个实验，我们在金表面通过自组装的方法构筑了绝缘分子导线。我们选择β-环糊精(β-CD)作为包络4-氨基硫酚的理想主体分子。β-CD和4-氨基硫酚形成的包络物首先被自组装到Au表面，然后也通过阶跃的方法被层层电聚合在自组装膜修饰的Au表面，形成有序的聚苯胺分子导线。FTIR-ERS和XPS结果证实Au表面上形成了聚苯胺。低电流STM(LC-STM)图像表明在Au(111)表面的聚苯胺分子线为六角的二维有序，分子与分子之间的最相邻距离为15.5±0.5 A。这种先进行CD超分子自组装后电聚合的方法可能会成为一类制备导电聚合物绝缘分子导线的新方法。4．SPM研究在HOPG表面电化学合成的纳米材料我们通过脉冲恒电位方法从稀的苯胺酸性溶液(1mM苯胺 + 1 M HClO_4)在HOPG表面制备聚苯胺纳米颗粒。我们利用FTIR-ERS、XPS、TM-AFM手段来表征聚苯胺纳米颗粒的组成和结构。FTIR-ERS和XPS结果表明制得的聚苯胺纳米颗粒主要以亚胺形式存在。TM-AFM图像显示分散于HOPG表面的聚苯胺纳米颗粒的表面覆盖度约为10~(10)cm~(-2)。这些纳米颗粒都为圆盘型，直径为200到600埃，高度为10到30埃。这些纳米颗粒的大小随聚合电量由5.7 μC/cm~2增加到19.3 μC/cm~2而增大。我们提出了一种通过分子设计在HOPG表面制备金属纳米粒子的新方法。第一步，根据Saveant的方法我们在HOPG表面修饰上一个4-氨基苯单层。第二步，通过配位相互作用Ag~+能在4-氨基功能化的HOPG表面形成单层。第三步，通过脉冲恒电位方法我们就能在4-氨基苯功能化的HOPG制备Ag纳米颗粒。电化学测量证明了在HOPG表面上Ag纳米颗粒的形成。STM图像显示通过这种方法制得的Ag纳米颗粒的大小十分均一且在HOPG表面上的分散度很高。这种新方法可被广泛地用来在碳表面制备各种金属纳米粒子。

Ar~+和He~+离子与C_(60)碰撞后富勒希离子的激发机制

C60 在与重离子作用下的激发机制与入射离子能量、质量及电荷态有关。核阻止主要出现在低能重离子与C60 的碰撞中 ;而高能轻离子作用下 ,电子阻止迅速增强 ,成为主要的激发方式。本文中直接观察到由弹性碰撞引起的C+ 峰 ,及其丰度依赖于入射离子的质量。同时我们还发现电子阻止随入射离子能量 (7～ 2 0keV)增大相应增加 ,这与绝热量子分子动力学计算的结果一致。

操作Oracle中BLOB字段的COM组件

介绍了在ATL下开发的一个利用Pro C/C ++操作Oracle中BLOB字段的COM组件。该COM组件已用于基于Webservices架构的实际控制系统中

The comparative estimation of phytoplanktonic, microphytobenthic and macrophytobenthic primary production in the oceans

The contributions of the planktonic unicellular algae [phytoplankton), the benthic unicellular algae [microphytobenthos) and the benthic multicellular algae (macrophytobenthos) to the primary production of the world ocean are evaluated, together with the respective limitations regarding data, concepts and methods. The use of “free-water” methods (e.g. in situ oxygen or CO2 budgets) is recommended in complement to the more specific measurements on enclosed organisms. For phytoplankton, a previous estimate of 30 . lo9 t C y-’ is retained as a minimal estimate. Earlier estimates of the world benthic production have been based on indirect calculations; revised estimates are suggested here which still lack precision but rely on the actual measurements available at present. Primary production of the micro- and macrobenthic algae amount to 50 and 375 g C m-? y-’ respectively as averages for the whole photic layer they can colonize, and total 2.9 . 10‘ t C y-’ for the world ocean. Thus, benthic algae contribute some 10% of the total marine primary production. On the continental shelf alone, the contributions of benthic and planktonib algae are commensurate and nearly equivalent.

苔藓植物生态功能的研究进展

苔藓植物虽然个体较小 ,但种类很多 ,约有 2 30 0 0多种 ,是生物多样性的重要组成部分 .过去的研究多集中在分类和区系方面 ,其在生态系统中的作用 ,即生态功能 ,一直没有引起足够的认识 .苔藓植物对环境有较强的适应能力 ,在多种极端环境下都有分布 ,同时对土壤有一定的改造能力 .苔藓植物有很强的吸水、保水能力 ,尤其是树附生苔藓植物能够吸收很大部分的降水 ,其水文作用相当明显 .苔藓植物通过体表吸收了大量的养分元素 ,以往常常忽略其在养分循环中的作用 .在一些极端环境中苔藓植物是重要的初级生产者 ,泥炭藓的生物量更是相当巨大 ,可能是重要的C汇 .苔藓植物对大气及重金属污染反应非常明显 ,可以作为良好的生物指示剂 .本文综述了苔藓植物生态功能的研究进展 ,以期促进更加广泛地开展苔藓植物生态功能的研究 .

High resolution solid-state NMR and DSC study of poly(ethylene glycol) silicate hybrid materials via sol-gel process

Hybrid materials incorporating poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) via a sol-gel process were studied for a wide range of compositions of PEG by DSC and high resolution solid-state C-13- and Si-29-NMR spectroscopy. The results indicate that the microstructure of the hybrid materials and the crystallization behavior of PEG in hybrids strongly depend on the relative content of PEG. With an increasing content of PEG, the microstructure of hybrid materials changes a lot, from intimate mixing to macrophase separation. It is found that the glass transition temperatures (T-g) (around 373 K) of PEG homogeneously embedded in a silica network are much higher than that (about 223 K) of pure PEG and also much higher in melting temperatures T-m (around 323 K) than PEG crystallites in heterogeneous hybrids. Meanwhile, the lower the PEG content, the more perfect the silica network, and the higher the T-g of PEG embedded in hybrids. An extended-chain structure of PEG was supposed to be responsible for the unusually high T-g of PEG. Homogeneous PEG-TEOS hybrids on a molecular level can be obtained provided that the PEG. content in the hybrids is less than 30% by weight. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Comblike polymer electrolyte with main chain glass transition near room temperature

A new amorphous comblike polymer (CBP) based on methylvinyl ether/maleic anhydride altering copolymer backbone and on oligooxyethylene side chain was synthesized. The dynamic mechanical properties of CBP and its Li salt complexes were investigated by means of DDV-11-EA type viscoelastic spectrometry. Results showed that there were two glass transitions (alpha-transition and beta-transition) in the temperature range from -100 to 100 degrees C. The beta-transition was assigned to oligo-PEO side chains and the temperature of beta-transition increases with increasing Li salt content. The alpha-transition was assigned to the main chain of CBP. The temperature of the alpha-transition (T-alpha) is also dependent upon the Li-salt content, but not monotonic. The value of T-alpha lies between 30-45 degrees C in the Li salt concentration range studied, near room temperature. It was found that the CBP-Li salt complexes showed an unusual dependence of ionic conductivity on Li salt content. There are two peaks in the plot of the ionic conductivity vs. Li salt concentration, which has been ascribed to the movability of the CBP main chain at ambient temperature. The temperature dependence bf the ionic conductivity indicated that the Arrhenius relationship was not obeyed, and the plot of log sigma against 1/(T - T-0) showed the unusual dual VTF behavior when using side chain glass transition temperature (T-beta) as T-0.

Structure/permeability and permselectivity relationship of polyetherimides from 1,4-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) benzene dianhydride .2.

Gas permeability coefficients of a series of aromatic polyetherimides, which were prepared from 1,4-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) benzene dianhydride (HQDPA) with various aromatic diamines, to H-2, O-2 and N-2 have been measured under 7 atm and at the temperature range 30-100 degrees C. A significant change in the permeability and permselectivity resulting from the systematic variation in chemical structure of the polyetherimides was found. Among the polyetherimides, that were prepared from phenylenediamine and methyl substituted phenylenediamines, the increase of permeability is accompanied by a decrease of permselectivity. The polyetherimides that were prepared from 3,5-diaminobenzoic esters have lower permselectivity than the others. However, the polyetherimide from 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid possesses much higher permselectivity than the others due to cross-linking. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd

Structure/permeability and permselectivity relationship of polyetherimides from 1,4-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) benzene dianhydride .1.

Gas permeability coefficients of a series of aromatic polyetherimides, which were prepared from 1,4-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) benzene dianhydride (HQDPA) and various aromatic diamines, to H-2, CO2, O-2, N-2 and CH4 have been measured under 7 atm pressure and over the temperature range 30-150 degrees C. A significant change in permeability and permselectivity, which resulted from a systematic variation in chemical structure of the polyetherimides, was found. Generally, increases in permeability of the polyetherimides are accompanied by decreases in permselectivity. The order of decrease of the permeability coefficients is as follows: HQDPA-IPDA > HQDPA-DDS > HQDPA-MDA > HQDPA-ODA > HQDPA-DABP > HQDPA-BZD. However, HQDPA-DMoBZD and HQDPA-DMoMDA, with bulky methoxy side-groups on the aromatic rings of the diamine residue, display both high permeability coefficients and high permselectivity. The favourable gas separation property, excellent thermal and chemical stability, and high mechanical strength make HQDPA-DMoBZD and HQDPA-DMoMDA promising candidates for membrane-based gas separation applications.

聚丙烯/聚乙烯共混物高取向薄膜的形态结构研究

在等规聚丙烯(iPP)与高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)共混物的熔体拉伸薄膜中,两组份均以高取向的片晶形式存在,片晶生长方向垂直于拉伸方向。当iPP含量小于20％时,无明显的iPP相区存在;在iPP含量为40—60％时,两组份各自形成继续相,而在iPP含量大于70％时,HDPE以分散相存在。iPP的加入,使HDPE的片晶宽度减小,同时影响其结构的对称性,即由纯HDPE的非对称近单晶结构变为对称的纤维结构。 在制膜温度较高(135—140℃),HDPE含量较低(小于30％)时,HDPE在iPP上附生结晶。两种片晶的c轴成45°—50°交角,附生结晶的接触面为HDPE的(100)和iPP的(010)。

Tide-influenced acidic hydrothermal system offshore NE Taiwan

Elemental sulfur and hydrogen sulfide emitted offshore of northeastern Taiwan known to local fishermen for generations, but never studied until recently, are found to have originated from a cluster of shallow (< 30 m depth) hydrothermal vents. Among the mounds is a massive 6 m high chimney with a diameter of 4 m at the base composed of almost pure sulfur and discharging hydrothermal fluid containing sulfur particles. The sulfur in the chimney has a delta(34)S= 1.1 parts per thousand that is isotopically lighter than seawater. A yellow smoker at shallow depths with such characteristics has never been reported on anywhere else in the world. Gas discharges from these vents are dominated by CO2 (> 92%) with small amounts of H2S. Helium isotopic ratios 7.5 times that of air indicate that these gases originate from the mantle. High temperature hydrothermal fluids have measured temperatures of 78-116 degrees C and pH (25 degrees C) values as low as 1.52, likely the lowest to be found in world records. Low temperature vents (30-65 degrees C) have higher pH values. Continuous temperature records from one vent show a close correlation with diumal tides, suggesting rapid circulation of the hydrothermal fluids. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of body size and water temperature on food consumption and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) with special reference to aestivation

To investigate the effects of body size and water temperature on feeding and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka), the maximum rate of food consumption in terms of energy (C-maxe; J day(-1)) and the specific growth rate in terms of energy (SGRe; % day(-1)) in animals of three body sizes (mean +/- SE) - large (134.0 +/- 3.5 g), medium (73.6 +/- 2.2 g) and small (36.5 +/- 1.2 g) - were determined at water temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 degrees C. Maximum rate of food consumption in terms of energy increased and SGRe decreased with increasing body weight at 10, 15 and 20 degrees C. This trend, however, was not apparent at 25 and 30 degrees C, which could be influenced by aestivation. High water temperatures (above 20 degrees C) were disadvantageous to feeding and growth of this animal; SGRe of A. japonicus during aestivation was negative. The optimum temperatures for food consumption and for growth were similar and were between 14 and 15 degrees C, and body size seemed to have a slight effect on the optimal temperature for food consumption or growth. Because aestivation of A. japonicus was temperature dependent, the present paper also documented the threshold temperatures to aestivation as indicated by feeding cessation. Deduced from daily food consumption of individuals, the threshold temperature to aestivation for large and medium animals (73.3-139.3 g) was 24.5-25.5 degrees C, while that for small animals (28.9-40.7 g) was between 25.5 and 30.5 degrees C. These values are higher than previous reports; differences in sign of aestivation, experimental condition and dwelling district of test animals could be the reasons.

催化极谱法测定产妇、新生儿全血和胎盘中的微量钼

在0.225 mol/L H2SO4 – 0.25 %苯羟乙酸- 3 % KC1O3 底液体系中, 钼有一个灵敏的极谱催化波, 用于测定临床样品中的Mo , 其峰电位- 0.30 V (对S.C.E ) 。23 种共存离子的含量低于允许存在量, 不干扰测定。方法的检出限1.4 ×10 - 10 g/ mL , 线性范围0.001～0.500 mg/L , 11 次测定的相对标准偏差为1.89 %～3.42 % , 标准回收率97.2 %～102.8 %。方法简便、快速。测定了西宁市35例分娩孕妇全血、新生儿脐血和胎盘中的钼, 获得了理想的结果。