88 resultados para RNA Viruses
Resumo:
木质素是一类酚类次生代谢产物,在植物体内行使重要的生理功能,但它却是形成造纸污染的主要来源。利用基因工程手段,在分子水平调节木质素的生物合成,降低木质素的含量或改变组分以培育适合造纸的植物原料树种具有较大的应用价值和环保效益。本研究利用反义RNA技术,主要围绕木质素合成三种相关酶咖啡酸-O-甲基转移酶(COMT)、咖啡酰辅酶A-O-甲基转移酶(CCoAOMT)、4-香豆酸:辅酶A连接酶(4CL)的基因对植物木质素生物合成途径调节的研究,取得如下进展: 1.农杆菌介导法将COMT和CCoAOMT基因的单价和双价的反义表达载体导入烟草,比较了两个甲基化酶的功能。PCR-Southern和Northern点杂交结果表明反义基因已整合到烟草基因组DNA上,并在转录水平表达。两种反义基因对木质素生物合成调节的效果显示,CCoAOMT能更有效地调节木质素生物总量的合成,COMT仅特异调节S木质素的合成。表达反义CCoAOMT基因的转基因毛白杨,内源CCoAOMT基因的表达在转录和蛋白水平均受到抑制,最终引起转基因植株木质素含量普遍降低,最多降低达26.20%,筛选出木质素含量下降10%以上的转基因毛白杨株系8个,为源头治理造纸废水污染奠定了基础。 2. 对克隆的4CL基因进行了表达特性分析, RT-PCR分析表明,分离的毛白杨4CL基因主要在木质部丰富表达,叶中表达量较少,树皮中不表达。在毛白杨的一个生长季,该基因表达显示明显的双锋特征,该表达模式与木材早材和晚材的发育时期相吻合,表明分离的毛白杨4CL基因与木质素的生物合成密切相关。农杆菌介导法将反义4CL基因导入烟草和毛白杨,利用分子生物学检测手段对转化植株进行筛选,获得批量转基因植株。Klason木质素含量测定分析表明,抑制内源4CL基因表达,能有效降低转基因植物中的木质素含量,且不影响植株正常生长和发育以及碳水化合物的合成。转基因毛白杨的茎杆上一些区域呈红棕色,颜色的深度与转基因毛白杨木质素含量的下降幅度呈一定的正相关性,颜色变化可作为转基因植株筛选的一个辅助指标。现已获得木质素含量下降10%以上的转基因株系3个,最多下降达41.73%,可供中试与制浆实验,为培育低木质素环保型毛白杨提供理论与实践依据。 3.为了优化现有的表达框架,使目的基因更有效地调节木质素的生物合成,应用PCR技术从毛白杨基因组中分离得到C4H(肉桂酸4—羟基化酶)基因启动子片段(GenBank注册号:AY351673)。GUS荧光活性分析和组织化学染色显示,该启动子在一些木质化的组织和器官中特异表达,随着组织成熟度和木质化程度的增加,表达活性逐渐增强,并且该启动子受伤诱导。反义CCoAOMT基因在C4H启动子的调控下,会引起转基因烟草木质素均有不同程度的减少,但不影响碳向碳水化合物的转换合成,对植物的生长发育也无明显负效应。这些结果证明了从毛白杨中分离的C4H 启动子可以应用于造纸原料树种材性改良的遗传工程操作。 4.首次从水稻中华10号(Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica)分离了CCoAOMT基因家族的三个成员,对其基因结构及表达特性的分析表明,该基因家族的三个成员与水稻的木质化进程关系密切,研究结果有助于了解单子叶植物中的甲基化途径发生机制,为高产水稻抗倒伏和茎杆饲料作物的遗传改良奠定了基础。
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花粉管是有花植物受精过程中雄性生殖单位的载体,它同根毛、真菌菌丝一样,具有典型的极性顶端生长模式。裸子植物花粉与被子植物相比,具有萌发时间较长,生长缓慢等特点。但是目前人们对于裸子植物花粉萌发和花粉管生长的机理还不清楚。本文以裸子植物白皮松(Pinus bungeana)的花粉为材料,采用细胞学和生理生化方法,包括应用普通光学显微镜、荧光显微镜、激光扫描共聚焦显微镜、显微红外光谱(FTIR)和透射电镜(TEM)等技术,对其花粉萌发和花粉管生长过程进行了较为系统的研究,旨在进一步揭示裸子植物花粉管发育的调控机制。 本论文首先研究了外源Ca2+ 和3种调钙药物(A23187、EGTA、TMB8)对白皮松花粉萌发和花粉管生长的影响。结果表明,在离体培养条件下,高浓度的Ca2+(1%)能完全抑制白皮松花粉的萌发,低浓度的Ca2+ 则影响不大,而花粉萌发和花粉管生长的最适Ca2+ 浓度为0.01%。用Ca2+ 载体A23187、Ca2+ 螯合剂EGTA和钙通道阻滞剂TMB8分别处理花粉后,花粉萌发和花粉管生长均受到抑制。另外,用 Ca2+ 荧光探针 Fluo-3AM标记,对Ca2+ 的分布变化进行了观察,发现在花粉萌发的初期,Ca2+ 向萌发孔聚集。在正常生长的花粉管中Ca2+ 呈梯度分布,顶端荧光最强。与对照相比,A23187处理后花粉粒中荧光增强,而EGTA和TMB8处理的花粉粒中荧光强度均减弱。并且这3种调钙药物还破坏了花粉管顶端的Ca2+ 浓度梯度,最终导致花粉管的生长受阻。 花粉萌发和花粉管的生长依赖于RNA和蛋白质的不断合成。在放线菌素D的存在下,花粉萌发基本不受影响,但花粉管的生长速度下降,花粉管中RNA含量也减少。而经过放线菌酮处理后,花粉萌发和花粉管生长均受到抑制,花粉管中蛋白质含量降低,同时花粉管顶端显著膨大。通过SDS-PAGE的结果表明,花粉粒萌发前后蛋白质图谱有明显差异。FTIR光谱分析表明,两种抑制剂处理均导致花粉管壁的化学组成发生了变化,例如蛋白质和饱和酯含量减少,而羧酸的含量增加。此外,由放线菌酮和放线菌素D处理后,花粉管的超微结构也发生了明显变化,其中特别是花粉管顶端的分泌系统遭到严重破坏。 纤维素的正常合成对于白皮松花粉管的生长是必需的。在正常培养基中添加纤维素生物合成抑制剂2,6-二氯苯腈(DCB)后,花粉萌发几乎不受影响,但是花粉管的形态发生异常,生长速率降低。DCB处理还导致花粉管壁中纤维素含量下降,而胼胝质在花粉管顶端积累。用识别酯化果胶的JIM7和识别酸性果胶的JIM5对离体培养的白皮松花粉管进行标记后,发现果胶成分呈异常分布图式。FTIR光谱分析结果表明花粉管细胞壁中蛋白质、羧酸以及饱和酯含量增加。同时,在电镜下观察发现,花粉管细胞壁顶端呈现不均匀加厚,其中主要的细胞器,如高尔基体和线粒体等膜结构均遭到破坏。 上述结果说明,白皮松成熟花粉粒中已含有花粉萌发和花粉管早期生长所必需的Ca2+ 和RNA,但是在花粉管的后续伸长过程中仍需要外源Ca2+ 的参与以及新RNA、蛋白质的不断合成。与被子植物不同,裸子植物花粉萌发的启动也需要新蛋白的合成。尽管在花粉管中纤维素的含量很低,但是对于细胞壁的构建、花粉管的正常形态的维持起着关键作用。
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植物激素乙烯作为一种信使分子调节控制果实完熟。ACC合成酶是植物体内乙烯生物合成途径的限速酶,其反义RNA的表达将能有效地抑制乙烯的生物合成而延缓果实完熟,利用反转录PCR技术克隆获得了ACC合成酶多基因家族成员之一LE-ACC2阅读框架约1.7kb的cDNA,经酶切图谱和序列分析鉴定无误后,反向连入植物表达载体pBin437中构建成组成型表达ACC合成酶反义RNA的双元载体。经农杆菌途径转化番茄“丽春”品种,获得了60株抗卡那再生杭株,PCR检测证明有6株为转基因植株,Southern杂交和Northern杂交分析进一步确证了外源基因的插入及其转录活性。反义番茄果实的乙烯释放受到明显抑制,表现出更好的耐储保鲜特性,并且与对照相比,在果实品质上没有明显差别。大田培育Fl和F2代转化番茄植株,反义番茄纯合品系的筛选工作正在进行之中。 同时,本研究利用已经获得的ACC合成酶和PG的cDNA克隆,构建了两个嵌合转化基因载体pPGACC1、pPGACC10,它包括1300bp的ACC合成酶cDNA编码序列,并分别含有反向与正向的250bp的5’端PG基因片断。酶切图谱和序列分析鉴定无误后,以pBin437为植物表达载体构建了双元载体pBPGACC1和pBPGACC10,分别表达PG正义RNA和反义RNA,并均表达ACC合成酶反义RNA。经农杆菌转化番茄子叶,植株的再生培育有待进行。通过对转基因植物的分析,我们期望阐明用单一嵌合基因表达载体通过反义抑制与抑制作用实现对内源两同源基因——PG和ACC合成酶下降调节的可能性,并可望得到具有更好耐储效果且品质优良的番茄品系。
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本发明公开了金丝桃素的新用途。本发明发明人的实验证实,金丝桃素对RNA病毒,特别是禽流感病毒,口蹄疫病毒和犬瘟热病毒具有较好的抑制和灭活效果,可以该化合物为活性成分,制备成抗RNA病毒药物。该抗病毒药物可用于临床防治和治疗禽流感、犬瘟热、口蹄疫等由RNA病毒引发的疾病,对禽业、犬业及畜牧养殖业等意义重大。此外,我国草药资源丰富,该药物具有工业化生产的可行性。综上所述,金丝桃素将在医学和生物制药领域,尤其是抗RNA病毒药物的制备领域具有较大的实际意义和广阔的应用前景。
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双尾虫是否单系,以及双尾虫与其他六足动物系统关系是多年来动物分类学家争议的一个关键问题。测定了双尾虫的两大类群:康 类和铗 类,以及原尾虫、跳虫和蝗虫等核糖体RNA基因18SrDNA全序列和28SrDNA部分序列(D3-D5区),并选用甲壳动物卤虫为外群,采用最大筒约(MP)法构建分子系统树。结果表明:(i)18SrDNA和28SrDNA数据整合分析含有较强的系统发育信息,支持双尾虫单系性观点;(ii)双尾虫与原尾虫在系统中构成姊姝群,且支持率很高。
Deep RNA sequencing at single base-pair resolution reveals high complexity of the rice transcriptome
Resumo:
Understanding the dynamics of eukaryotic transcriptome is essential for studying the complexity of transcriptional regulation and its impact on phenotype. However, comprehensive studies of transcriptomes at single base resolution are rare, even for modern organisms, and lacking for rice. Here, we present the first transcriptome atlas for eight organs of cultivated rice. Using high-throughput paired-end RNA-seq, we unambiguously detected transcripts expressing at an extremely low level, as well as a substantial number of novel transcripts, exons, and untranslated regions. An analysis of alternative splicing in the rice transcriptome revealed that alternative cis-splicing occurred in similar to 33% of all rice genes. This is far more than previously reported. In addition, we also identified 234 putative chimeric transcripts that seem to be produced by trans-splicing, indicating that transcript fusion events are more common than expected. In-depth analysis revealed a multitude of fusion transcripts that might be by-products of alternative splicing. Validation and chimeric transcript structural analysis provided evidence that some of these transcripts are likely to be functional in the cell. Taken together, our data provide extensive evidence that transcriptional regulation in rice is vastly more complex than previously believed.
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Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been successfully used in many species to produce live cloned offspring, albeit with low efficiency. The low frequency of successful development has usually been ascribed to incomplete or inappropriate reprogramming of the transferred nuclear genome. Elucidating the genetic differences between normal fertilized and cloned embryos is key to understand the low efficiency of SCNT. Here, we show that expression of HSPC117, which encodes a hypothetical protein of unknown function, was absent or very low in cloned mouse blastocysts. To investigate the role of HSPC117 in embryo development, we knocked-down this gene in normal fertilized embryos using RNA interference. We assessed the post-implantation survival of HSPC117 knock-down embryos at 3 stages: E9 (prior to placenta formation); E12 (after the placenta was fully functional) and E19 (post-natal). Our results show that, although siRNA-treated in vivo fertilized/produced (IVP) embryos could develop to the blastocyst stage and implanted without any difference from control embryos, the knock-down embryos showed substantial fetal death, accompanied by placental blood clotting, at E12. Furthermore, comparison of HSPC117 expression in placentas of nuclear transfer (NT), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and IVP embryos confirmed that HSPC117 deficiency correlates well with failures in embryo development: all NT embryos with a fetus, as well as IVP and ICSI embryos, had normal placental HSPC117 expression while those NT embryos showing reduced or no expression of HSPC117 failed to form a fetus. In conclusion, we show that HSPC117 is an important gene for post-implantation development of embryos, and that HSPC117 deficiency leads to fetal abnormalities after implantation, especially following placental formation. We suggest that defects in HSPC117 expression may be an important contributing factor to loss of cloned NT embryos in vivo. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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RNAi(RNA interference)为研究未知功能基因提供了新的反向遗传学手段;并能应用于人类的基因治疗。文中就RNAi的研究进展、作用机制及其应用进行了评述,并与基因敲除及反义RNA抑制进行了比较。
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dsRNA能阻抑卵母细胞中同源基因的表达,其作用相当于基因敲除。质粒表达的发夹环型dsRNA也可以有效降解basonuclin转录产物,这为研究basonuclin在卵母细胞发育早期的功能提供了新的手段。
Resumo:
In plants and less-advanced animal species, such as C.elegans, introduction of exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into cells would trigger degradation of the mRNA with homologous sequence and interfere with the endogenous gene expression. It might represent an ancient anti-virus response which could prevent the mutation in the genome that was caused by virus infection or mobile DNA elements insertion. This phenomenon was named RNA interference, or RNAi. In this study, RNAi was used to investigate the function of basonuclin gene during oogenesis. Microinjection of dsRNA directed towards basonuclin into mouse germinal-vesicle-intact (GV) oocytes brought down the abundance of the cognate mRNA effectively in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. This reduction effect was sequence-specific and showed no negative effect on other non-homologous gene expression in oocytes, which indicated that dsRNA can recognize and cause the degradation of the transcriptional products of endogenous basonuclin gene in a sequence-specific manner. Immunofluorescence results showed that RNAi could reduce the concentration of basonuclin protein to some extent, but the effect was less efficient than the dsRNA targeting towards tPA and cMos which was also expressed in oocytes. This result might be due to the long half life of basonuclin protein in oocytes and the short reaction time which was posed by the limited life span of GV oocytes cultured in vitro. In summary, dsRNA could inhibit the expression of the cognate gene in oocytes at both mRNA and protein levels. The effect was similar to Knock-out technique which was based on homologous recombination. Furthermore, hairpin-style dsRNA targeting basonuclin gene could be produced by transcription from a recombinant plasmid and worked efficiently to deplete the cognate mRNA in oocytes. This finding offered a new way to study the function of basonuclin in the early stage of oogenesis by infection of primordial oocytes with the plasmid expressing hairpin-style basonuclin dsRNA.