102 resultados para QP


Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

  "盐渍土是一种分布广泛的土壤类型,盐渍土中生长的植物如何响应夏季较常出现的高温生长环境一直很少受到人们关注,我们以5种不同耐盐类型的植物为材料,研究其盐适应后光合作用的耐热性,并对耐热性原因做了进一步探讨,主要研究结果如下:   1. 用0、100、200、400 mM NaCl处理盐生植物碱蓬、滨藜、大莳萝蒿;用0、50、100、150 mM NaCl处理耐盐的甜土植物小麦和棉花。盐处理后碱蓬的整株干重变化不显著,而其他四种植物随着盐浓度的升高,整株干重逐渐减小,说明5种植物耐盐能力不同。盐处理对所有实验植物的光系统II最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、反应中心能量捕获效率(Fv′/Fm′)、实际量子产率(ΦPSII)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)等影响不显著;但对碳同化有明显影响。碱蓬盐处理后虽然气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度稍有下降,但CO2同化速率却高于对照;其他4种植物盐处理后CO2同化速率都明显降低,同时伴随着气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度的显著下降。以上结果表明盐适应植物的PSII并没有受到盐胁迫伤害,盐胁迫抑制这4种植物光合作用的一个重要原因可能是气孔限制。   2. 高温处理(36~48℃)结果显示,在42℃或45℃以上极端高温下,非盐处理植物的CO2同化速率下降至很低甚至为零,而盐适应植物仍保持一定强度的CO2同化能力。高温处理后盐适应植物的Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、qP、ΦPSII下降幅度也都小于非盐处理植物。不同程度的盐胁迫都能诱导5种植物的光合作用对热胁迫产生抗性,说明植物在适应盐胁迫过程中都能启动一些耐逆机制,使得这5种植物的光合作用在获得耐盐性的同时也获得了对热胁迫的抗性。   3. 室温下(30℃)碱蓬盐处理后,过氧化氢酶、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性等显著下降,超氧化物岐化酶活性变化不大,只有脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶活性显著增加;抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量也显著下降。42℃高温处理后,碱蓬叶片的抗氧化系统的酶活性和抗氧化小分子物质含量变化与室温时变化类似。而且盐处理碱蓬叶片的膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量无论在室温下还是42℃处理后都显著高于非盐处理。盐处理后,碱蓬的抗氧化能力没有提高,推测盐处理叶片抗氧化能力大小不是决定其光合作用耐热性主要因素。   4. 在菠菜PSII颗粒的保存液中加入不同浓度的甜菜碱、脯氨酸和蔗糖(0~800 mM),测定PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)结果表明,有机相容性溶质的积累能显著缓解盐(400 mM和800mM NaCl)、热(30℃和40℃)及盐热胁迫共同作用对菠菜PSII颗粒的伤害。而盐处理后碱蓬、滨藜和莳萝蒿叶片中脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量都显著升高,说明盐胁迫诱导的有机相容性溶质的积累可能在盐适应植物光合作用的耐热性中起重要作用。   5. 提取室温下(30℃)或42℃高温处理碱蓬叶片的叶绿体和类囊体膜,用30℃、35℃、40℃、45℃、50℃水浴进行热处理,结果显示:用室温下或42℃高温处理的碱蓬盐适应叶片提取的叶绿体和类囊体经45℃以上水浴温度处理后,其PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和放氧活性都显著高于非盐处理碱蓬叶片的叶绿体和类囊体;用42℃高温处理碱蓬叶片提取的叶绿体和类囊体热稳定性显著高于室温下碱蓬的叶绿体和类囊体。表明盐胁迫和热胁迫类似,都能在类囊体水平上诱导某些保护物质,增加植物PSII的耐热性。   6. 分析类囊体膜膜脂组成,结果显示,盐处理后碱蓬的类囊体膜脂中的饱和脂肪酸含量减少,不饱和脂肪酸含量增加;MGDG和DGDG含量变化不明显,而PG含量显著下降;42℃高温处理后碱蓬的类囊体膜脂组成也有类似的变化规律。盐诱导的碱蓬类囊体膜脂成分的变化可能不影响盐适应植物光系统的耐热性。"

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Rubisco 是催化光合暗反应第一步反应的酶,是唯一能将CO2 转变成碳水化合物的酶,由它固定和最后转化成的碳水化合物提供了植物、动物和微生物的食物和能量。但是,Rubisco 催化该反应的效率十分低,使之成为光合作用的限速步骤。由于Rubisco 的合成和催化过程十分复杂,人们很难通过直接改造Rubisco 提高植物固定CO2 的能力。而Rubisco 活化酶能活化Rubisco,使植物在生理CO2 浓度下具有最大的CO2 同化速率,因此研究活化酶有重要意义。水稻活化酶有2 个同工酶,大型同工酶比小型同工酶C 端多37 个氨基酸,其中包括两个Cys 残基。这两个Cys 残基的存在使活化酶大型同工酶对ADP 的存在更加敏感,其活性在硫氧还蛋白的介导下能被基质中氧化还原状态的变化所调节。由于活化酶大型同工酶对调节Rubisco 的活性具有的这种特殊作用,在本研究中,将活化酶大型同工酶rca基因用正义和反义引入水稻基因组,获得了过量表达活化酶大型同工酶基因和反义抑制活化酶基因表达的转基因植株,对其光合作用进行了生理和生化分析。 本研究的主要结果如下: Rubisco 活化酶大型同工酶基因的克隆:从水稻镇恢249 中克隆了1525 bp 的活化酶大型同工酶cDNA 序列。经过测序,它与报道的粳稻品种活化酶大型同工酶cDNA 序列(rca)完全相同。 构建了4 个植物表达载体:3 个为过量表达rca的载体,分别是pCBUbirca,pCBSrca 和 pCBSUbirca ,其中rca分别在水稻中高效表达的玉米Ubiquitin 启动子、受光调控的Rubisco 小亚基基因启动子和由这两个启动子构成的双启动子控制下表达; 1 个在Ubiquitin 启动子控制的反义rca载体,即 pCBUbi-antirca。 获得了转化rca的水稻再生植株:用日本晴,台北309,武育梗7 号和籼稻品种培矮64S 水稻成熟种子诱导愈伤组织。用改良的农杆菌浸染法将rca基因转化这些愈伤组织,在潮霉素筛选压力下获得抗性愈伤组织,经过2 天的干燥处理后,转入到含山梨醇的高渗分化培养基上培养,能迅速获得大量的芽和转化体再生植株。 获得了转rca基因的水稻植株:抗性愈伤组织和再生水稻幼苗的叶片经GUS 染色呈蓝黑色。PCR 扩增转基因水稻基因组内的潮霉素基因和rca,大部分转基因水稻中含有841 bp 的潮霉素基因片段和1525 bp 长的rca cDNA 片段。251 粒T1 代转基因水稻种子中189粒呈现潮霉素抗性,抗性种子/非抗性种子的比率约为3:1,接近孟德尔分离规律。Southern杂交表明rca序列已整合到水稻基因组,一般含1-2个拷贝。Western 杂交显示Rubisco 活化酶含量在转pCBUbi -antirca 的水稻中和对照比,几乎看不出,被反义抑制;转pCBUbirca 的水稻与对照含量相差无几;转pCBSUbirca,pCBSrca 载体的水稻中活化酶的含量比对照有极显著的增加。 T1 代转rca水稻的光合作用发生显著变化:转pCBSrca 和pCBSUbirca 的水稻在饱和光强下的Rubisco 初始活性、羧化效率、光合速率都明显高于对照,但是表观量子效率、色素含量和Rubisco 总活性与对照相似。两者相比,前者比后者更高;转反义rca(pCBUbi-antirca)基因的水稻饱和光强下的光合速率、表观量子效率、羧化效率、Rubisco 初始活性明显降低,色素含量和Rubisco 总活性基本不变;转pCBUbirca 的水稻中,光合作用的各项参数与对照基本相似。 T1 代转rca水稻的叶绿素荧光明显改变:转pCBSrca 和pCBSUbirca 的水稻ΦPSII 的值明显高于对照,而且前者qP 的值明显高于对照。两者相比,前者的ΦPSII 和qP 的值比后者高;转反义rca的水稻ΦPSII,F′v/F′m,qP 值和对照比都明显降低,但qN 的值升高;转pCBUbirca 载体的水稻中,叶绿素荧光的各项参数与对照基本相似。 转rca基因的水稻生长发育的变化:转pCBUbirca 载体的水稻整个生长发育过程与对照相似;转化pCBSrca 和pCBSUbirca 载体的水稻和对照比,植株高大,生长发育速度加快,抽穗、开花和结籽的时间提前。两者本身相比,前者比后者明显;转反义rca(pCBUbi-antirca)基因的水稻生长发育延迟,植株矮小,种子败育。 由上可见,Rubisco 活化酶大型同工酶rca基因在Rubisco 小亚基基因启动子、Ubiquitin 基因启动子和Rubisco 小亚基基因启动子共同控制下正义转入水稻的转基因植物光合作用的参数最好,光合效率提高,植物表型最好,生长发育加快,提前开花结籽。这一研究可能为获得高光合效率和高产量的水稻奠定了基础。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

人类活动产生的氯氟烃化合物破坏了大气臭氧层,导致了到达地球表面的UV-B辐射大幅度增加。UV-B辐射增强可以影响到植物的生长、形态与发育等各个方面,因此有关增强UV-B辐射对植物的影响,及其与许多环境因子复合作用的研究都已经广泛开展。但是增强UV-B辐射与温度,特别是与低温的相互作用的研究报道很少。在北半球的晚秋至早春这段时期里,一些越冬生长的植物将面临着UV-B辐射增强和低温的双重胁迫,因此,迫切需要进行UV-B辐射和低温生长环境下植物的响应及其机制的研究。 以人工气候生长室中生长的冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)幼苗为试验材料,研究了低剂量(4.2 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-BBE,LUVB)和较高剂量(7.0 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-BBE,HUVB)UV-B辐射处理对20/16℃条件下幼苗抗寒力的交叉适应性及其抗氧化系统的反应;同时还研究了在两种生长温度(25/20℃和10/5℃)条件下,低剂量(4.2 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-BBE,LUVB)和超高剂量(10.3 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-BBE,SHUVB)UV-B辐射处理幼苗的生长速率、光合与荧光参数、叶黄素循环色素、抗氧化系统、以及抗寒性和酚类物质等生理反应,以期阐明不同温度条件下生长的冬小麦对UV-B辐射的生长、光合作用以及抗寒性响应与适应机制。主要结果如下: 1.在LUVB辐射处理下,在20/16℃和25/20℃条件下生长的冬小麦幼苗LT50值都显著降低,HUVB辐射处理对在20/16℃条件下生长的幼苗LT50值也可以显著降低,而SHUVB辐射对25/20℃条件下生长的幼苗LT50值没有显著影响。但是,LUVB和SHUVB辐射处理都导致了10/5℃条件下生长的幼苗LT50值的显著增加。表明适当的UV-B辐射能增强较高温度(20/16℃或25/20℃)条件下冬小麦幼苗的抗寒力,即表现出对冷冻低温的交叉适应性,但低温(10/5℃)生长条件却削弱了UV-B辐射下冬小麦的抗寒能力。 2.在20/16℃条件下接受UV-B辐射预处理的幼苗在-6℃条件下冷冻胁迫6 h再缓慢恢复6 h后,与未进行UV-B辐射处理的对照相比,其叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,谷胱甘肽氧化还原比例(GSH/GSSG)都显著提高,而由硫代巴比妥酸反应物质(TBARS)代表的膜质过氧化程度显著低于对照。此外,UV-B辐射期间处理幼苗的H2O2含量较对照显著增加,而冷冻恢复以后却明显低于对照。表明UV-B辐射诱导的抗寒力的提高应该与冷冻恢复后植株体内抗氧化系统的上调表达有关,H2O2可能参与了UV-B辐射对低温的交叉适应的信号传导。 3.除25/20℃生长条件下的LUVB处理的小麦幼苗外,UV-B辐射显著降低幼苗的相对生长速率(RGR)、净光合速率(Pn)、光系统II最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)、光系统II实际量子产量((F΄m−Fs)/F΄m)以及光化学淬灭(qP),但是UV-B辐射并不影响叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci),而且冬小麦幼苗生长和光合作用的抑制被增加的UV-B辐射剂量和降低的温度加强。UV-B辐射引起的光抑制由非气孔限制所导致,而且主要与PS II光化学效率降低有关。 4.UV-B辐射显著增加了两个温度条件(20/16℃或25/20℃)下生长的冬小麦幼苗叶黄素循环过程中紫黄素(V)的合成,但抑制了V向玉米黄质(Z)的转化,从而造成了对照与LUVB辐射处理幼苗之间的叶片中脱环氧化比例(DEPS)和NPQ无显著性差异,但SHUVB辐射处理幼苗叶片中DEPS和NPQ显著降低。因此,在本试验条件下,增强UV-B辐射处理的冬小麦可能并不通过热耗散形式形成光保护机制,光抑制形成的过剩激发能的耗散可能更多地通过代谢途径来实现。 5.UV-B辐射处理提高了在25/20℃条件下幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和GR等活性,以及抗坏血酸氧化还原比例(AsA/DHA)和GSH/GSSG;但是在10/5℃下,UV-B辐射除了导致SOD和CAT活性升高之外,对APX活性和AsA/DHA并不产生明显影响,但GPX和GSH/GSSG则显著降低。说明UV-B辐射幼苗的抗氧化系统在较高生长温度下显著地增强,而在低温10/5℃下被严重地削弱或降低,即低温阻止了代谢途径的光保护机制的正常运转。 6.多酚物质在UV-B辐射或低温10/5℃条件下都能显著地累积,且在UV-B辐射和低温复合作用下增加尤其显著,表明多酚物质在两个温度生长条件下特别是低温条件下都参与了对UV-B辐射幼苗的保护。 7.在高温条件下仅仅SHUVB处理的幼苗TBARS含量显著增加,而低温10/5℃条件下两个UV-B辐射处理都非常显著地上升,说明与高温生长条件相比较,低温加重了UV-B辐射引起的氧化胁迫,低温10/5℃条件下幼苗多酚的增加以及抗氧化系统的部分增强都没有能阻止UV-B辐射对幼苗的伤害。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

通过气体交换、荧光猝灭动力学以及反射光谱等技术研究了两个青稞(Hordeum vulgare L.)品种的光合特性及激发能分配。结果表明,青稞的光饱和点1000 μmol m-2 s-1左右。在0~500 μmol m-2 s-1的光强范围里,青稞叶片的光呼吸(Pr)随着光强升高而增加;光强超过500 μmol m-2 s-1以后,光呼吸变化不明显。光呼吸占总光合的比例(Pr/Pm)随光强增强下降。随着光强增强,PSⅡ有效光化学量子效率(Fv′/Fm′),PSⅡ反应中心的实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ),光化学猝灭系数(qP)不断降低而青稞叶片的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)不断升高,说明越来越多的光能以热耗散的形式耗散掉。光谱分析表明△PRI 随着青稞叶片暴露于光下的时间迅速增大。因此,我们认为光呼吸不是青稞主要的光破坏防御机制,依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散可能是田间青稞耗散过剩光能的主要途径。 通过气体交换、荧光猝灭动力学等技术研究了四种乔木在拉萨和那曲的光合特性及激发能分配。结果表明,四种乔木藏川杨(Populus szechuanica var. tibetica schneid.),银白杨(Populus alba L.),左旋柳(Salix paraplesia var. subintegra C. Wang et P. Y. Pu),墨竹柳(Salix maizhokunggarensis N. Chao)在拉萨市的光合速率(Pn),叶片气孔导度(Gs),蒸腾速率(Tr)均显著高于那曲。藏川杨和墨竹柳的光下实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)在拉萨显著高于那曲,银白杨和左旋柳的光下实际光化学效率在拉萨和那曲没有显著差异。四种乔木开放反应中心激发能捕获效率(Fv′/Fm′)和天线热耗散(1-Fv′/Fm′)在拉萨和那曲的差异不显著。测量光合时的气温(Tair)拉萨显著高于那曲,除墨竹柳外叶温(Tleaf)也显著高于那曲,墨竹柳的上述两参数在两地间无显著差异。除藏川杨外其余三种乔木在拉萨的胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)显著高于那曲,气孔限制值(Ls)显著低于那曲,藏川杨的上述两指标在两地间无显著差异。除墨竹柳外,其余三种乔木在两地的光合(Pn)与叶温(Tleaf)成显著正相关。对银白杨和左旋柳来说,低叶温通过降低气孔导度(Gs)从而降低胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)是造成那曲光合低的主要因素之一。对于墨竹柳来说,可能有其他非温度的环境条件影响其气孔导度进而造成气孔限制。此外,叶温可能主要通过非气孔限制来影响藏川杨的光合速率。因此,我们认为在西藏地区不同乔木对海拔高度的响应机制可能不同,但具体机制还需要进一步研究。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Previous studies have shown that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 5178 adenine/cytosine (5178A) polymorphism, which is one of the haplogroup-specific mutations for mtDNA haplogroup D, was apparently associated with aging and longevity in humans. We genotyped the

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

To characterize the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in Han Chinese from several provinces of China, we have sequenced the two hypervariable segments of the control region and the segment spanning nucleotide positions 10171-10659 of the coding region,

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In this study, a detailed analysis of both previously published and new data was performed to determine whether complete, or almost complete, mtDNA sequences can resolve the long-debated issue of which Asian mtDNAs were founder sequences for the Native American mtDNA pool. Unfortunately, we now know that coding region data and their analysis are not without problems. To obtain and report reasonably correct sequences does not seem to be a trivial task, and to discriminate between Asian-and Native American mtDNA ancestries may be more complex than previously believed. It is essential to take into account the effects of mutational hot spots in both the control and coding regions, so that the number of apparent Native American mtDNA founder sequences is not erroneously inflated. As we report here, a careful analysis of all available data indicates that there is very little evidence that more than five founder mtDNA sequences entered Beringia before the Last Glacial Maximum and left their traces in the current Native American mtDNA pool.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable segment I sequences (HVSI, 471 bp) of the control region and partial cytochrome b sequences (Cytb, 403 bp) were analyzed in three tentative species of the genus Mystacoleucus in China (M. chilopterus, M. marginatus, and M. lepturus). Not more than two mutations were found in both the HVSI and Cytb fragments among the samples from M. chilopterus and M. marginatus. However, M. lepturus differed from each of them by at least 25 mutations in Cytb and 51 mutations in HVSI. Moreover, the HVSI sequence variation within M. lepturus was larger than that between M. chilopterus and M. marginatus. Given that M. chilopterus and M. marginatus are very similar in morphology, it is reasonable to consider M. chilopterus and M. marginatus as conspecific. Our results also suggest a recent radiation of M. marginatus from downstream to upstream of the Lancangjiang (Mekong) River.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

To study the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphisms in a total of 232 individuals from five ethnic populations (Daur, n=45; Ewenki, n=47; Korean, n=48; Mongolian, n=48; Oroqen, n=44) in northern China, we analyzed the control region sequences and typed for a number of characteristic mutations in coding regions (especially the region 14576-16047), by direct sequencing or restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. With the exception of 14 individuals belonging to the European-specific haplogroups R2, H, J, and T, the mtDNAs considered could be assigned into the East Asian-specific haplogroups described recently. The polymorphisms in cytochrome b sequence were found to be very informative for defining or supporting the haplogroups status of East Asian mtDNAs in addition to the reported regions 10171-10659 and 14055-14590 in our previous study. The haplogroup distribution frequencies varied in the five ethnic populations, but in general they all harbored a large amount of north-prevalent haplogroups, such as D, G, C, and Z, and thus were in agreement with their ethnohistory of northern origin. The two populations (Ewenki and Oroqen) with small population census also show concordant features in their matrilineal genetic structures, with lower genetic diversities observed.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The now-emerging mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) population genomics provides information for reconstructing a well-resolved mtDNA phylogeny and for discerning the phylogenetic status of the subcontinentally specific haplogroups. Although several major East Asian mtDNA haplogroups have been identified in studies elsewhere, some of the most basal haplogroups, as well as numerous minor subhaplogroups, were not yet determined or fully characterized. To fill the lacunae, we selected 48 mtDNAs from >2,000 samples across China for complete sequencing that cover virtually all ( sub) haplogroups discernible to date in East Asia. This East Asian mtDNA phylogeny can henceforth serve as a solid basis for phylogeographic analyses of mtDNAs, as well as for studies of mitochondrial diseases in East and Southeast Asia.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Due to its specific characteristics, such as maternal inheritance and absence of recombination, each mtDNA belongs to certain monophyletic clade in the rooted mtDNA tree (haplogroup) according to the mutations it harbors. Rare mutation (excluding parallel mutation) occurring at multiple times in different haplogroups could thus be a potential reading error according to the mtDNA phylogeny. This experience has been widely used in double-checking the credibility of the rare mutations in human mtDNA sequences. However, no test has been performed so far for the feasibility of applying this strategy to the rare insertion/deletion (indel) events in mtDNA sequences. In this study, we attempted to relate the rare indels in mtDNAs to their haplogroup status in a total of 2352 individuals from 50 populations in China. Our results show that the insertion of A at position 16259 is restricted to a subclade of haplogroup C and can be verified. The other indel polymorphisms, which occur in the repeat of the deleted or inserted nucleotide(s), may not be distinguished from phantom mutations from a phylogenetic point of view. Independently and multiply sequencing the fragment with the indel is the best and the most reliable way for confirmation.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Previous studies have shown that there were extensive genetic admixtures in the Silk Road region. In the present study, we analyzed 252 mtDNAs of five ethnic groups (Uygur, Uzbek, Kazak, Mongolian, and Hui) from Xinjiang Province, China (through which the

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

In this report, we studied on a homoplasmic T12338C change in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which substituted methionine in the translational initiation codon of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene (ND5) with threonine. This nucleotide change was originall