36 resultados para Phosphatic fertilizers


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本文以长期定位试验为依托,研究了黄土高原旱塬区黑垆土大田对比试验和长期定位施肥对土壤肥力及硝态氮累积和淋溶的影响。结果表明:长期施用有机肥能够明显增加土壤养分,氮磷和有机肥配施效果显著;和1984年土壤养分状况相比,大田对比试验土壤有机质增加了27.1%,全氮和全磷提高了84.2%和34.8%,有效氮、有效磷和速效钾增加了46.9%、540.0%和10.2%,养分水平与长期定位试验中氮磷配施相近。长期定位试验中氮磷配施或与有机肥配施能够有效地减少土壤剖面中硝酸盐的累积和淋溶,氮肥单施硝态氮累积量最大,为1006.4kg/hm2,大田对比试验土壤硝态氮总累积量较长期定位试验中施用氮肥处理的总累积量少。

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目的:研究氮、磷、钾及其配比对膜荚黄芪生长发育及有效成分的影响。方法:通过田间试验,采用氮、磷、钾3因素2次D-饱和最优设计,研究氮、磷、钾及其配比对膜荚黄芪生长及有效成分的影响。结果:施肥促进了膜荚黄芪幼苗的生长,从而为生育后期膜荚黄芪根生长、产量形成及有效成分的累积提供充足的营养基础。氮、磷、钾各元素及其配比明显促进了茎叶及根干物质积累,氮、磷、钾对膜荚黄芪干物质累积总量的影响程度依次为氮>钾>磷;对膜荚黄芪茎叶干物质累积量的影响程度依次为氮>磷>钾;对根干物质累积量的影响程度依次为氮>钾>磷。施肥明显提高了膜荚黄芪根产量,氮、磷、钾对根产量影响程度依次为氮>钾>磷。氮、磷、钾各元素及其配比使黄芪多糖、黄芪甲苷含量明显增加,对总黄酮含量影响不明显。氮、磷、钾对黄芪多糖含量影响程度依次为钾>磷>氮;对黄芪甲苷含量的影响程度依次为氮>钾>磷。结论:氮、钾对膜荚黄芪生长发育,产量形成及多糖,黄芪甲苷含量有重要的影响。根类中药材黄芪的栽培过程中应该注重氮、钾肥的施用,并注意氮、磷、钾的配合施用。

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本文对沈阳市郊大民屯镇不同年限蔬菜温室土壤化学性质进行研究与分析。得到主要结论如下: 蔬菜温室0~20 cm表层土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、铵态氮、硝态氮均处于较高的养分水平,并且随温室使用年限的延长,呈增加的趋势。土壤有酸化的趋势,土壤电导率呈升高态势。土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量分别为8.57~60.30 mg kg-1、2.69~22.43 mg kg-1、0.64~7.52 mg kg-1和0.56~9.29 mg kg-1,变异系数为50%左右;随着温室使用年限的增加,土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量总体上呈增加的趋势。土壤Ni、Cd的有效含量随种植年限的延长趋于增加,有效Pb呈现出下降的趋势,土壤重金属Cr的有效态含量与种植年限之间没有明显的相关性。 不同年限蔬菜温室土壤剖面有机质、全氮、速效磷及速效钾含量高于相邻的露地菜田土壤,并随种植年限的延长而增加,随土层深度的增加而下降。温室土壤中铵态氮的含量随温室种植年限的变化相对较小,在土壤剖面不同层次中变化也没有明显的规律性。与露地菜田土壤相比,温室土壤中有效态铁、锰含量下降,有效态铜、锌、铅、镍含量增加。0~30 cm土层土壤交换性Ca呈下降的趋势,交换性Mg呈上升的趋势,土壤Ca/Mg比值呈下降的趋势。

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采用312-D最优饱和设计,在丘陵半干旱区开展了连续4年的田间试验,深入地研究了春小麦水肥祸合效应。水肥单因子对产量和水分利用效率(WUE)有显著影响,大小顺序为:水>磷>氮,其中三个因子对产量的提高均是正效应,而对WUE的提高,氮、磷施用量是正效应,过量灌溉是负效应;两因子间祸合作用的强弱顺序为:氮与水祸合>氮与磷祸合>磷与水祸合,其中氮与磷祸合,以及氮与水祸合对提高产量和认心E均表现为极显著相互促进作用,而磷与水祸合表现为不显著的相互替代作用。水肥祸合通过提高气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶表面相对湿度(RH)、叶内水浓度(Hi)和降低胞间COZ浓度(Ci),来提高叶片光合速率(Pn)。氮素营养缺乏引起叶片“光合午休”现象的发生,增加施氮量可以避免“光合午休”现象的发生。籽粒产量与灌浆期叶片Pn呈正相关。水肥单因子对叶片Pn影响的大小顺序是:氮>磷>水;因子间藕合作用强弱顺序为:氮与水棍合>磷与水祸合>氮与磷祸合。水肥优化管理是提高产量、叶片Pn及WUE的重要途径。中等用量的氮、磷、水藕合可以达到高产、高效,获得较高的WUE和叶片Pn,实现节水高产高效与较高叶片Pn的统一,为春小麦科学灌溉施肥提供了理论依据。

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土壤线虫是土壤动物的主要功能类群之一,在土壤养分分解和循环中起到重要的作用。本研究通过施用两种形态氮肥,硝态氮(NO-3–N)和铵态氮(NH+4–N),对黄瓜整个生长期内根际土壤线虫的群落组成、结构及其多样性等的影响进行了比较研究。为增进土壤健康,提高土壤质量以及合理施用氮肥提供科学的理论依据。研究结果如下: 1. 氮肥处理后,不同浓度NO-3–N处理提高了根际土壤线虫数量,而NH+4–N处理(202.5 kg N/ hm2)抑制了线虫数量的增加。线虫群落结构相对较稳定,营养类群变化不大。且少量优势科/属会对土壤线虫群落特征起着至关重要的作用。 2. 在整个生长季节内,非寄生线虫的群体动态变化与寄生线虫的群体的动态变化具有相反的变化趋势。其中,NO-3–N处理和NH+4–N处理后植物寄生线虫出现频率的变化趋势相近,都是由高到低;非植物寄生线虫出现频率的变化趋势则都是由低到高。这说明非植物寄生线虫数量增长和空间占位对植物寄生线虫群体有一定的抑制作用。另外,也反映了适量氮肥在一定程度上能够减轻植物寄生线虫对黄瓜的危害。 3. 由多样性指数变化可知,NO-3–N和NH+4–N在低肥(67.5 kg N/hm2)和高肥(202.5 kg N/hm2)处理较中肥(135.0 kg N/hm2)处理,更不利于提高土壤线虫多样性地提高和线虫群落的稳定性。中肥不同形态氮肥处理与对照相比,H´指数在初花期和结果期显著增加了土壤线虫的H´指数,说明施入两种形态的氮肥能够提高线虫生物多样性程度。NH+4–N处理在初花期和结果期显著降低了土壤线虫种类的丰富性。土壤线虫生物多样性变化中,H´和SR指数在一定程度上能够反映施用无机氮肥对土壤线虫的多样性的影响,而J指数和λ指数效果不明显。NO-3–N和NH+4–N处理相比较,NO-3–N处理对黄瓜土壤线虫的多样性指数影响更大,促进了土壤线虫群体的多样化和种类的丰富度,更有利于提高土壤线虫的多样性,增加其稳定性。这些结果表明适量无机氮肥特别是NO-3–N的施用对黄瓜土壤线虫的生物多样性有一定的维护和提高作用。 4. 线虫数量与土壤质量指标的相关分析表明:线虫数量与有关土壤理化生指标,如土壤NO-3–N、NH+4–N、有机质含量等的正相关程度高,与总酚含量等显著负相关;与根际土壤微生物,细菌、真菌、放线菌数量等呈显著正相关。另外,线虫数量与土壤含水量未表现出显著相关关系。 Nematodes play a major role in decomposition and nutrient cycling in soil. Nematode community analyses are useful in assessing soil ecosystem status and function. The effects of two forms of mineral nitrogenous fertilizers (NO-3–N and NH+4–N) on nematode community composition, structure and diversity in rhizosphere of cucumber were investigated during different growing seasons of cucumber. Systematically research of effects of nitrogenous fertilizers could help to obtain better undstanding of a healthy soil and using nitrogenous fertilizers in reason. The main results are as follows: 1. The total numbers of nematode were more abundant in NH+4–N treatments than other teatments. However, NH+4–N teatment(202.5 kg N/hm2)dramatically inhibited it. All the tropic groups in the soil nematode communities were stable, and the dominant family or genus had an important function in the nematode community structure. 2. There was similar trend of the frequency of plant parasitic nematodes between NO-3–N and NH+4–N treatment, the similar trend of the frequency of non-plant parasitic nematodes was also found. But the frequency of plant parasitic nematodes exhibited a contrary trend to that of plant parasitic nematodes after different nitrogenous fertilizer treatments. The results showed that the increasing trend of the frequency and the niche of non-plant parasitic nematodes inhibited the plant parasitic nematodes, and indicated that right chemical fertilizers dosage could abate plant parasitic nematodes harm to cucumber. 3. The changes of the biodiversity index showed that the nitrogen treatment(135.0 kg N/hm2)promoted the stabilization of soil nematode diversity than other nitrogen treatments(67.5 kg N/hm2 and 202.5 kg N/hm2). In the treatment(135.0 kg N/hm2),The changes in nematode diversity between the control plots and treated plots were compared by the biodiversity index (H´, J, SR, λ). Among these tested index, H´ and SR were effective in reflecting the effects of different nitrogenous fertilizers on the diversity of soil nematodes. In comparison with the NH+4–N treatment, the NO-3–N treatment promoted the stabilization of soil nematode diversity. 4. Correlation coefficients between nematode abundance and soil quality indices indicated that the total numbers of nematode were affected positively by NO-3–N, NH+4–N and the organic matter, and negatively by total phenolic acids; the total num- bers of nematode had positive correlation with bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes nu- mbers. Soil water contents had only a weak negative influence on it.

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A five-year experiment indicated that the average loss rate of N and P in harvested products through a feeding-composting cycle was about 50% and 15%,respectively.Under high yield condition,the amount of recycled N and P from 80% harvested products and through a feeding-composting cycle in farming systems was about 3751 and 814 kghm~(-2),equivalent to 25%34% of N and 32%56% of P from chemical fertilizers applied each year to the systems.The apparent recoveries of N and P in organic manure increased with the prolongation of fertilization,indicating a synergetic residual effect existed,and was 61% and 39% in average in the five-year experiment.The use of nutrients recycled in the farming systems could not only improve soil fertility,but also increase the recoveries of nutrients and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers.

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在旱棚控制条件下 ,用五因素五水平二次回归正交旋转组合设计 ,研究了水肥施用分配 ,补水量 ,施N量 ,施K量 ,有机肥施用量的综合作用效应 .结果表明 ,五因素对肥料N利用率的作用顺序为施N量 >补水量>水肥施用分配 >有机肥施用量 >施K量 .水肥施用分配相对于不同水、化肥 (N、K )、有机肥量的选择 ,可以大大地提高肥料N利用率 ;量少应重前施用 ,量多重后施或均施为好 .补水量与施N量的耦合规律为 :高水高肥效果最佳 ,肥料N利用率可达 5 7 83 % ,中水中N及低水低N次之 ,为 2 9 17%~ 40 99% ;高水低N或低水高N导致最低的利用率 ,为 2 2 87%或 2 2 5 1%

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调查分析了延安宝塔区和安塞县 7个乡镇近三年来的粮食生产 ,肥料投入以及各土地类型的土壤肥力状况 ,表明 :投入的化肥中 ,氮肥以低浓度养分的碳铵为主 ,平均占肥料总量的 38.3% ,从施入土壤的 N、P、K养分来看 ,K比例很小 ,结构不合理。土壤肥力总体水平低 ,且不同土地类型差异大 ;由于各乡镇自然和经济状况的差异 ,土地投入量不同 ,从而导致粮食产量相差悬殊 ,并且年际波动大。提高土地生产力的有效途径是培肥土壤和大力推广农作物高产栽培技术