Exposure of spermatozoa to duroquinone may impair reproduction of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) through oxidative stress

Toxicity of many waterborne organic contaminants to aquatic organisms is mediated through oxidative damages resulting from the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using duroquinone as a model ROS inducer, we carried out in vitro and in vivo experiments to test the hypothesis that reproduction in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) can be impaired through oxidative damage of their spermatozoa. In vitro exposure of fish spermatozoa to 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mu M duroquinone for 2 h showed a significant increase in the level of ROS in a dose-dependant manner. Sperm motility was significantly reduced in all exposure groups, but lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA strand break (measured by comet assay) were only enhanced at 50 mu M and above. A significant decrease in subsequent hatching rate was recorded in all the exposure groups, despite fertilization rate was not affected. In the in vivo experiment, spermatozoa were collected 24 and 72 h after fish received intra-peritoneal injections of 1.0 and 10 mg kg(-1) body weight duroquinone. DNA damage was clearly evident in spermatozoa of all treatment groups after 72 h exposure, and ROS was significantly enhanced in the high concentration group. LPO however, remained unchanged in both treatment groups. The overall results of both our in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that duroquinone can induce ROS production in spermatozoa, which may impair sperm quality and subsequently reproductive success through oxidative stress. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Molecular identification and expression analysis of natural resistance associated macrophage protein (Nramp) cDNA from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Natural resistance associated macrophage protein (Nramp) controls partially innate resistance to intracellular parasites. Its function is to enhance the ability of macrophages to kill pathogens. However, little is known about the structure and function of Nramp in lower vertebrates such as teleosts. We have recently isolated a cDNA encoding Nramp from Japanese flounder (Paratichthys olivaceus). The full-length cDNA of the Nramp is 3066 bp in length, including 224 bp 5' terminal UTR, 1662 bp encoding region and 1180 bp 3' terminal UTR. The 1662-nt open reading frame was found to code for a protein with 554 amino acid residues. Comparison of amino acid sequence indicated that Japanese flounder Nramp consists of 12 transmembrane (TM) domains. A consensus transport motif (CTM) containing 20 residues was observed between transmembrane domains 8 and 9. The deduced amino acid sequence of Japanese flounder had 77.30%, 82.71%, 82.67%, 79.64%, 80.72%, 90.97%, 91.16%, 60.14%, 71.48%, 61.69%, 72.37% identity with that of rainbow trout Nramp alpha and beta, channel catfish Nramp, fathead minnow Nramp, common carp Nramp, striped sea bass Nramp, red sea bream Nramp, mouse Nramp 1 and 2, human Nramp 1 and 2, respectively. RT-PCR indicated that Nramp transcripts were highly abundant in spleen, head kidney, abundant in intestine, liver and gill, and less abundant in heart. The level of Nramp mRNA in embryos gradually increases during embryogenesis from 4 h (8 cell stage) to 80 h (hatched stage) after fertilization. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cultured gill epithelial cells from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): a new in vitro assay for toxicants

A culture gill epithelium from seawater-adapted tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was developed for testing PAHs and dioxin-like contaminants in seawater. The epithelia consists two to three layers of epithelial cells incorporating both pavement cells and mitochondria-rich cells (MRCs). Polarity and a stable transepithelial resistance (TER) were maintained. and closely resembled those in fish gills in vivo. The tightness (integrity) of the epithelia remained unchanged upon exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB#126), while a concentration-dependent response of EROD activity in the epithelia was induced within 18-24 h when the apical side was exposed to these toxicants. The 24 h EC50 of EROD activity was 2.77 x 10(-7) M for PCB#126, 1.85 x 10(-7) M for B[a]P and 7.38 x 10(-10) M for TCDD. showing: that the preparation was not only sensitive to PAHs and dioxin-like compounds, but also able to produce inductive potency of AhR agonists that generally agreed with those derived from other established in vitro and in vivo systems. The results suggest, that the cultured gill epithelia from seawater-adapted tilapia may serve as a simple. rapid and cost-effective tool for assessing exposure and potential effects of toxicants in marine waters. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Zero biased Ge-on-Si photodetector with a bandwidth of 4.72 GHz at 1550 nm

High quality Ge was epitaxially grown on Si using ultrahigh vacuum/chemical vapor deposition (UHV/CVD). This paper demonstrates efficient germanium-on-silicon p-i-n photodetectors with 0.8 mu m Ge, with responsivities as high as 0.38 and 0.21 A/W at 1.31 and 1.55 mu m, respectively. The dark current density is 0.37 mA/cm(2) and 29.4 mA/cm(2) at 0 V and a reverse bias of 0.5 V. The detector with a diameter of 30 mu m, a 3 dB-bandwidth of 4.72 GHz at an incident wavelength of 1550 nm and zero external bias has been measured. At a reverse bias of 3 V, the bandwidth is 6.28 GHz.

A Novel 0.72-6.2GHz Continuously-Tunable Delta Sigma Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer

This paper presents a wideband Delta Sigma-based fractional-N synthesizer with three integrated quadrature VCOs for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication applications. It continuously covers a wide range frequency from 0.72GHz to 6.2GHz that is suitable for multiple communication standards. The synthesizer is designed in 0.13-um RE CMOS process. The dual clock full differential multi-modulus divide (MMD) with low power consumption can operate over 9GHz under the worst condition. In the whole range frequency from 0.72GHz to 6.2GHz, the maximal tuning range of the QVCOs reaches 33.09% and their phase noise is -119d8/Hz similar to 124d8/Hz @1MHz. Its current is less than 12mA at a 1.2V voltage supply when it operates at the highest frequency of 6.2GHz.

Free radial oscillation of a sphere in relativistic elasticity theory

The spherically symmetric free radial oscillation in the first post-Newtonian approximation for a homogeneous and isotropic elastic sphere with a constant density is studied. Based on the Xu, Wu, and Soffel formalism, the relation of the oscillation frequency of the sphere with the radius, mass density, and elastic constants of the sphere is derived by using the successive approximation method.

新型土壤改良剂对夏玉米生理生长特性的影响

通过大田玉米试验,验证新型土壤改良剂对夏玉米生育期土壤水分、紧实度及玉米生理生长特性的影响。结果表明,施用改良剂PJG和PFL夏玉米全生育期平均株高、叶面积分别高于对照20.7%、19.75%和51.88%、72.37%;2种改良剂对干物质积累的影响存在差异,影响效果依次为茎干重>叶干重>根干重。夏玉米光合速率和叶绿素含量受土壤改良剂影响较大,PJG和PFL分别高于对照29.96%、24.48%和73.36%、68.53%。在0~10 cm土层内,施用PJG和PFL后土壤紧实度分别低于对照44.44%和42.91%。施用改良剂PJG后,0~20 cm土层土壤含水量维持在田间持水量的77.9%左右,未施用改良剂土壤,夏玉米生育期表层土壤含水量起伏变化较大。土壤改良剂PJG在夏玉米的施用效果略好于PFL。

PHOTOLUMINESCENCE INVESTIGATIONS OF CD1-XMNXTE UNDER HYDROSTATIC-PRESSURE

The photoluminescence of Cd1-xMnxTe with x=0.25, 0.40, and 0.60 is investigated at 77 K and different pressures. The pressure coefficients of the photoluminescence bands Cd0.75Mn0.25Te and Cd0.6Mn0.4Te are found to be positive and the magnitudes are about 8 X 10(-3) eV/kbar, which is in good agreement with the pressure coefficients of the interband transition. The pressure coefficient of the photoluminescence bands for Cd0.4Mn0.6Te is found to be -6 X 10(-3) eV/kbar, which is quite different from the pressure coefficient of the interband transition. The possible transition mechanism is discussed in terms of group theory and crystal field theory.

光纤位移传感器在77和4.2 K下的输出特性研究

介绍了一种可用于低温装置内的补偿式光纤位移传感器(CFODS),讨论了该传感器在低温下的输出特性并在液氮温度(77 K)和液氦温度(4.2 K)下进行了实验研究.结果表明,该传感器在液氮温度下的灵敏度0.311 mm~(-1),高于液氦温度下的灵敏度0.278 mm~(-1).

In_(0.28)Ga_(0.72)As/GaAs量子点超晶格的生长

于2010-11-23批量导入

大兴安岭林火迹地景观恢复的生态效应与影响因子研究

林火，作为森林生态系统不可或缺的生态干扰因子，通过改变森林景观的组成与结构，影响森林生态系统的物质循环与能量流动，进而影响森林景观生态功能的发挥。火后森林景观结构变化及其生态功能的恢复，不仅是森林经营管理所关注的关键内容，也是景观生态学与火生态学研究的重要课题。本文以1987年大兴安岭“5，6”特大森林火灾的过火区为研究区，利用TM数据、森林资源清查图件资料，结合大量的野外调查，以GIS为核心技术，利用空间代时间、空间分析和多种数学统计方法，对研究区1987年火烧前与2000年的景观格局与主要生态功能的恢复状况进行了多尺度的研究，并探讨了影响森林景观恢复的主要因子，旨在为火干扰后的森林恢复提供科学依据。主要结论如下： ① 从较大尺度上看，整个火烧迹地景观已基本恢复，植被生长状况良好。与未火烧区相比，针叶林所占比重降低，混交林比重升高，阔叶林的比重变化不大，沼泽面积明显增加。以上结果显示，森林景观正处于由初期向中期演替的过渡阶段。沼泽面积的增加应引起重视，应采取相应对策以防止森林的逆行演替。NDVI 值的等级分布显示，针叶林在火烧区的生长状况不如未火烧区，而阔叶林的生长状况则好于未火烧区，这主要是由于喜阳的阔叶林更能适应了火后环境所致。 ② 中等尺度上，森林景观总体格局的破碎化程度明显增加；针叶树种仍是森林景观的基质树种。森林景观质量得到了初步恢复，但由于恢复时间尚短，林龄结构以幼龄林为主，无统计蓄积量的林地比重大幅增加，而郁闭度等级也下降了一位。多变量回归分析显示，火烧强度、更新类型、海拔以及地形因子（坡度、坡位、坡向）对森林郁闭度的恢复均产生了显著影响。海拔与火烧强度影响较大，坡位与坡向影响微弱。其中，海拔梯度与郁闭度恢复状况呈正相关，即海拔越高，恢复越好，这可能与火干扰强度随着海拔的升高而降低有关；而火烧强度与郁闭度恢复则呈显著负相关。 ③ 研究区的森林水文调节能力已得到了基本恢复，平均水平略有提高。从调节能力的等级构成来看，由于恢复时间较短，具有较高调节能力的林地比例仍然较低。湿地面积由火烧前的11544 hm2增加到2000年的20498 hm2，增幅达77.56%；湿地的破碎化程度降低，湿地格局由分散趋向于集中连片分布。将森林水文调节能力分布图与湿地分布变化图叠加发现，95 %以上的新增湿地来源于火前水文调节能力较低的地区，火烧后立地条件的恶化，随着水分截流能力的进一步下降，加之缺乏有效的植被蒸腾作用，使这部分地区演变为湿地。 ④ 通过将火前条件相似的火烧区与未火烧区的冻土活动层厚度进行T检验后发现，两者的均值存在着显著性差异，火烧区平均厚度为102.6 cm，而未火烧区仅为61.9 cm。冻土活动层的变化又对生态环境产生了显著影响。如，冻土融化可能导致低洼地区积水形成新生沼泽，从而改变森林植被的演替方向。 ⑤ 野生动物（以紫貂为例）的适宜生境的规模与质量远未恢复到火前水平，其生存条件不容乐观。火烧区适宜生境的面积比重从火前的37%下降为2000年的29%，而未火烧区仅下降6%。火烧区适宜生境和最适宜生境面积变化幅度不大，而未火烧区则明显降低，降幅达68%和82%，1987年火后采伐集中于未火烧区是出现这种状况的主要原因。相反，火烧区的勉强适宜和中等适宜生境面积明显减少，而未火烧区则有较大幅度增加。火烧区与未火烧区适宜生境破碎化程度均明显加剧。可见，林火干扰与人类活动均对动物生境产生了负面影响。

白河林业局森林火险预报与林火蔓延模拟

本文收集白河林业局的林火历史纪录、二类清查数据、遥感影像以及数字高程模型等数据，利用空间信息技术与多种统计方法对森林火险预报和林火蔓延模拟进行了研究。该研究对于林火的预防及扑救可以提供理论指导和技术支持，对于实现林业的可持续发展具有重要意义。主要结论如下。 （1）白河林业局自1974到2001年28年中共发生火灾153次，高发年代为70年代末80年代初；主要火源为烧荒，约占全部火灾次数的37.25%；高发区为两江林场，占总次数的37%；高发月份为3-5月和9-11月。（2）利用二类清查数据、1987年及2000年的遥感影像、数字高程模型等数据，采用地理信息系统和遥感技术及主成分分析法得出白河林业局的可燃物、地形、人为活动以及综合所有因素的森林火险区划，得到了相应的高火险等级小班的分布。并利用相关分析方法进行检验，结果证明这种方法与实际林火发生数据相关系数达到92.46%，说明具有很高的可信度。（3）利用非参数的最近邻法和有参数的最近邻法分别对森林火险气象预报进行了分析，非参数的最近邻法的森林火险气象总体预报准确率为78.57%，无林火发生的预报准确率为80%，而林火发生的预报准确率为77.78%。应用有参数的最近邻法进行森林火险气象预报时，利用相关分析确定的权重进行预报的总体准确率为78.57%，无林火发生的预报准确率为60%，林火发生的预报准确率为88.89%。利用逻辑斯蒂回归确定权重的最近邻法进行预报得到的结果最好，尽管这种方法预报的未发生林火的预报准确率仅为60%，但总体预报正确率达到了85.71%，特别是林火发生预报的准确率达到了100%。（4）通过对林火在不同情况下蔓延模拟发现，无风、地形条件相同时的林火蔓延呈现圆形；无风、地形条件不同时的林火蔓延呈现出不规则的多边形；有风、地形条件不同时的林火蔓延呈现出不规则的多边形，但有一个主蔓延方向。

辽东山区森林生态系统服务评价－以本溪县为例

生态系统服务评价可清晰地揭示生态环境问题产生的经济根源。由于生态系统服务的复杂性、多样性、重叠性，需选择合适的研究尺度及方法才可使评价结果进入管理、决策过程。 本文以本溪县森林生态系统服务评价为例，确定适合县域尺度的评价方法，借助GIS技术，揭示森林生态系统提供林木生产、水源涵养、土壤保持、气体调节等四种服务的物质量、价值量及其空间分布规律。不同生态系统服务空间分布规律的研究对于维护和提高区域森林生态系统提供生态系统服务能力具有重要意义。主要研究结果如下： （1）研究区森林面积2.72×105ha，以天然次生林为主，中、幼龄林比重较大，森林郁闭度大。按优势树种可划分为蒙古栎、落叶松、色木、胡桃楸、红松、油松、千金榆、枫桦和杂木林等九种类型。 （2）研究区森林生态系统活立木生长量为2.56 m³•ha-1•a-1，森林水源涵养量为873m³•ha-2，土壤保持量为6.77 t•ha-1•a-1，固定CO2为5.15t•ha-1•a-1；活立木生产价值为200元•ha-1•a-1，水源涵养价值为611元•ha-1，土壤保持经济价值为663元•ha-1•a-1，固定CO2为6411元•ha-1•a-1；研究区总活立木生产价值为5.43×107元•a-1，水源涵养价值为1.66×108元，土壤保持价值为1.80×108元•a-1, CO2年固定价值1.74×109元•a-1。 （3）生态系统服务价值较高的区域在研究区中部偏南、偏北集中分布，在南部、东南部零星分布。