静力触探锥头阻力的近似理论与实验研究进展

锥头阻力在静力触探试验中扮演着十分重要的角色．从不同角度，对触探中锥头阻力的研究进行简要阐述，对承载力理论、空洞膨胀理论、应变路径法及运动点位错法等几种理论分析方法进行了回顾．另外，对数值分析和实验研究的进展情况进行了叙述．并对各种方法的适用性进行了比较．承载力理论虽然简单，但忽略了土的压缩性和探杆周围初始应力的增加，所以不能精确地模拟锥头的深层贯入．空洞膨胀理论提供了一个分析锥头阻力的简单而较精确的方法，它考虑了土的压缩性(或膨胀性)和锥头贯入过程中锥杆周围应力增加的影响．但这种方法是将锥头贯入与空洞膨胀之间做了一个等效模拟，所以不同的模拟方法，得到的结果差别较大．应变路径法能够有效解决饱和粘土中的不排水贯入，但不适用于砂土．运动点位错法因为考虑了部分排水，所以能较好地预测固结系数，但采用了线弹性分析，故位错法在其他方面的应用还需要大量的试验验证．有限元法在处理锥头贯入这类慢侵彻问题时缺乏一种很好的处理技术，导致它在进行破坏荷载计算时有显著的误差和数值计算困难．标定槽试验将在验证和建立锥头阻力与土的性能关系方面继续起到一个重要作用，但其结果需经过校正后才可应用到现场．最后对该领域的研究趋势进行了讨论．

Research on laser welding of cast Ni-based superalloy K418 turbo disk and alloy steel 42CrMo shaft

Exploratory experiments of laser welding cast Ni-based superalloy K418 turbo disk and alloy steel 42CrMo shaft were conducted. Microstructure of the welded seam was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Mechanical properties of the welded seam were evaluated by microhardness and tensile strength testing. The corresponding mechanisms were discussed in detail. Results showed that the laser-welded seam had non-equilibrium solidified microstructures consisting of FeCr0.29Ni0.16C0.06 austenite solid solution dendrites as the dominant and some fine and dispersed Ni3Al gamma' phase and Laves particles as well as little amount of MC short stick or particle-like carbides distributed in the interdendritic regions. The average microhardness of the welded seam was relatively uniform and lower than that of the base metal due to partial dissolution and suppression of the strengthening phase gamma' to some extent. About 88.5% tensile strength of the base metal was achieved in the welded joint because of a non-full penetration welding and the fracture mechanism was a mixture of ductility and brittleness. The existence of some Laves particles in the welded seam also facilitated the initiation and propagation of the microcracks and microvoids and hence, the detrimental effects of the tensile strength of the welded joint. The present results stimulate further investigation on this field. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Scaling Functions In Conical Indentation Of Elastic-Plastic Solids

The finite element method was used to simulate the conical indentation of elastic-plastic solids with work hardening. The ratio of the initial yield strength to the Young's modulus Y/E ranged from 0 to 0.02. Based on the calculation results, two sets of scaling functions for non-dimensional hardness H/K and indenter penetration h are presented in the paper, which have closed simple mathematical form and can be used easily for engineering application. Using the present scaling functions, indentation hardness and indentation loading curves can be easily obtained for a given set of material properties. Meanwhile one can use these scaling functions to obtain material parameters by an instrumented indentation load-displacement curve for loading and unloading if Young's modulus E and Poisson's ratio nu are known.

MD simulation of the effect of contact area and tip radius on nanoindentation

Molecular dynamics simulations of nanoindentation are performed on monocrystal copper. A new "contact atoms" method is presented for calculating the contact area. Compared with conventional methods, this method can provide the contact area more accurately not only for sink-in but also for pile-up situation. The effect of tip radius on indentation is investigated too. The results indicate that the measured hardness of the material will become higher as the tip radius increases.

Crack deflection at an interface between dissimilar elastic-materials

A crack intersecting an interface between two dissimilar materials may advance by either penetrating through the interface or deflecting into the interface. The competition between deflection and penetration can be assessed by comparison of two ratios: (i) the ratio of the energy release rates for interface cracking and crack penetration; and (ii) the ratio of interface to material fracture energies. Residual stresses caused by thermal expansion misfit can influence the energy release rates of both the deflected and penetrating crack. This paper analyses the role of residual stresses. The results reveal that expansion misfit can be profoundly important in systems with planar interfaces (such as layered materials, thin film structures, etc.), but generally can be expected to be of little significance in fiber composites. This paper corrects an earlier result for the ratio of the energy release rate for the doubly deflected crack to that for the penetrating crack in the absence of residual stress.

K418与42CrMo异种金属激光深熔焊接

研究了连续波Nd:YAG激光焊接功率、速度、离焦量和侧吹保护气流量对激光深熔焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属焊缝形貌、焊缝熔深的影响,讨论了焊缝区热裂纹产生机制.结果表明,额定功率为3 kW的Nd:YAG激光深熔焊接K418与42CrMo异种金属,由于它们的物理化学性质的差异,焊缝靠近42CrMo侧易出现未熔合;激光光斑向42CrMo侧偏移可以减少焊缝靠近42CrMo侧未熔合量;通过优化侧吹保护气流量和离焦量可以增加熔深.由于K418液态金属的流动性差,导致焊缝靠近K418侧对流传热不充分,使焊缝靠近K418侧熔合线呈现锯齿形.焊缝区热裂纹的产生主要是由于焊缝区元素偏析形成的低熔物导致.

砂土地基中吸力式沉箱的极限沉贯深度分析

吸力式沉箱是广泛应用于离岸结构物中的新型基础形式,贯入分析方法的研究是很重要的课题.分析了砂性土地基吸力贯入过程中的渗流状况,得出了筒内壁的压降比率与贯入深径比的关系公式,分析评估了抽吸作用对筒内壁压降比率的影响,提出了砂土地基中吸力贯入阻力和地基极限吸力的简便计算方法,给出了砂土地基中极限贯入深径比的计算公式,分析了各种砂土地基中的吸力贯入极限深径比.不计简体自重和抽吸效应影响时,这一比值介于2.1～2.5之间.

亚声速段横向射流对Coil性能影响的数值研究

在化学氧碘激光的混合喷管内发生的是一个气体动力学、化学反应动力学以及光学等相互耦合的复杂过程,每个过程都对COIL性能有着至关重要的影响.利用三维CFD技术,通过求解层流Navier-Stokes方程与组分输运方程,对简化后的化学氧碘激光RADICL模型进行数值模拟与分析,对COIL的气动和增益特性进行探讨.在不同的射流穿透条件下,计算COIL混合喷管中的混合与化学反应过程,发现穿透深度决定了增益的分布特性以及过度穿透条件下的非定常结构,

Investigation of Vaporized Kerosene Injection in a Supersonic Model Combustor

Characteristics of vaporized aviation kerosene injection in a supersonic model combustor were preliminarily investigated. The electrically storage type heater has a volume capacity of heating kerosene of 0.8 kg up to 670 K at a pressure of 5.5 Mpa. The temperature to cause pressurized kerosene jet being fully vaporized in Quiescent atmosphere was found to be 550 K at 4 Mpa however the pressurized hot kerosene remains in liquid state within the tube. The correspondent jet spray in Mach 2.5 vitiated air cross-flow were visualized by using stop schlieren photograph.It was found the penetration depth of the hot pressurized kerosene jet is approximately same with the temperature varied from 290 K to 550 k. at pressure of 4 Mpa. This results showed that the atomization process of hot kerosene jet spray in supersonic combustor could be bypassed and directly transferred to be gas state at temperature 550 K and pressure of 4 Mpa.

Performance of a Supersonic Model Combustor using Vaporized Kerosene Injection

Characteristics of supersonic combustion by injecting kerosene vapor into a Mach 2.5 crossflow at various preheat temperatures and pressures were investigated experimentally. A two-stage heating system has been designed and tested, which can prepare heated kerosene of 0.8 kg up to 820 K at pressure of 5.5 Mpa with minimum/negligible fuel coking. In order to simulate the thermophysical properties of kerosene over a wide range of thermodynamic conditions, a three-component surrogate that matches the compound class of the parent fuel was employed. The flow rate of kerosene vapor was calibrated using a sonic nozzle. Computed flow rates using the surrogate fuel are in agreement with the experimental data. Kerosene jets at various preheat temperatures injecting into both quiescent environment and Mach 2.5 crossflow were visualized. It was found that at injection pressure of 4 Mpa and preheat temperature of 550 K the kerosene jet was completely in vapor phase, while keeping almost the same penetration depth as compared to the liquid kerosene injection. Supersonic combustion tests were also carried out to compare the combustor performance for the cases of vaporized kerosene injection, liquid kerosene injection, and effervescent atomization with hydrogen barbotage, under the similar stagnation conditions. Experimental results demonstrated that the use of vaporized kerosene injection leads to better combustor performance. Further parametric study on vaporized kerosene injection in a supersonic model combustor is needed to assess the combustion efficiency as well as to identify the controlling mechanism for the overall combustion enhancement.

Effects of temperature on the threshold of phosphorus for algal blooms

Algal blooms, worsening marine ecosystems and causing great economic loss, have been paid much attention to for a long time. Such environmental factors as light penetration, water temperature, and nutrient concentration are crucial in blooms processes. Among them, only nutrients can be controlled. Therefore, the threshold of nutrients for algal blooms is of great concern. To begin with, a dynamic eutrophication model has been constructed to simulate the algal growth and phosphorus cycling. The model encapsulates the essential biological processes of algal growth and decay, and phosphorus regeneration due to algal decay. The nutrient limitation is based upon commonly used Monod's kinetics. The effects of temperature and phosphorus limitation are particularly addressed. Then, we have endeavored to elucidate the threshold of phosphorus at different temperature for algal blooms. Based on the numerical simulation, the isoquant contours of change rate of alga as shown in the figure are obtained, which obviously demonstrate the threshold of nutrient at an arbitrary reasonable temperature. The larger the change rate is, the more rapidly the alga grows. If the phosphorus concentration at a given temperature remains larger than the threshold the algal biomass may increase monotonically, leading to the algal blooming. With the rising of temperature, the threshold is apparently reduced, which may explain why likely red tide disasters occur in a fine summer day. So, high temperature and sufficient phosphorus supply are the major factors which result in algal growth and blowout of red tide.

Adiabatic shear localization: occurrence, theories, and applications

砂质海底管土相互作用的有限元分析

海底管线的稳定性是保证油气输送管道正常运行的关键。本文通过研制开发计算管土相互作用的有限元程序，对管土相互作用进行数值模拟，分析管道在自重和环境荷载作用下在砂质海床中的沉降发展，分析影响土体对管道的侧向阻力的各种因素，以便为管道稳定性设计提供参考。采用二维非线性有限元计算技术，计算管道在自重、静水压力和环境荷载的作用下土体的静态响应，以土的临界破坏状态作为管土系统的稳定性的极限状态，分析管道－土体这一对类似挡土结构－土体力学系统在临界状态时的相互作用。通过对计算结果的分析和有关文献试验结果的比较，证明了该程序基本上能够正确地完成关于土的非线性特征、管道自沉降的发展过程和管土系统的相互作用等数值模拟任务，从而为深入研究管土的非线性相互作用和管土相互作用对管道的在位稳定性的影响提供了思路和有力的分析工具。

Long-Term Evolution Of Delayed Ettringite And Gypsum In Portland Cement Mortars Under Sulfate Erosion

The magnitude evolution of ettringite and gypsum in hydrated Portland cement mortars due to sulfate attack was detected by X-ray powder diffraction. The influences of sulfate concentration and water-to-cement ratio on the evolution of ettringite and gypsum were investigated. Experimental results show that the magnitude of ettringite formation in sodium sulfate solution follows a three-stage process, namely, the 'penetration period', 'enhance period of strength', and 'macro-crack period'. The cracking of concrete materials is mainly attributed to the effect of ettringite. The gypsum formations occurred in two stages, the 'latent period' and the 'accelerated period'. The gypsum formation including ettringite formation was relative to the linear expansion of mortars to some extend. Both water-to-cement ratio and sulfate concentration play important roles in the evolution of ettringite and gypsum. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An Improved Ce/Se Scheme For Multi-Material Elastic-Plastic Flows And Its Applications

In this paper, a new definition of SE and CE, which is based on the hexahedron mesh and simpler than Chang's original CE/SE method (the space-time Conservation Element and Solution Element method), is proposed and an improved CE/SE scheme is constructed. Furthermore, the improved CE/SE scheme is extended in order to solve the elastic-plastic flow problems. The hybrid particle level set method is used for tracing the interfaces of materials. Proper boundary conditions are presented in interface tracking. Two high-velocity impact problems are simulated numerically and the computational results are carefully compared with the experimental data, as well as the results from other literature and LS-DYNA software. The comparisons show that the computational scheme developed currently is clear in physical concept, easy to be implemented and high accurate and efficient for the problems considered. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.