混浊介质中光子传播路径的蒙特卡罗模拟研究

发展了一种新的蒙特卡罗方法用于研究超短激光脉冲进入混浊介质后的光子传播路径。这种方法可以获得任一时刻的光子最可几传播路径，研究了混浊介质的光学参数如何影响光子的最可几传播路径，发现吸收系数不影响光子的最可几传播路径。

Quantum computation based on a quantum switch in cavity QED

A feasible scheme for constructing quantum logic gates is proposed on the basis of quantum switches in cavity QED. It is shown that the light field which is fed into the cavity due to the passage of an atom in a certain state can be used to manipulate the conditioned quantum logical gate. In our scheme, the quantum information is encoded in the states of Rydberg atoms and the cavity mode is not used as logical qubits or as a communicating "bus"; thus, the effect of atomic spontaneous emission can be neglected and the strict requirements for the cavity can be relaxed.

增益随机散射介质中的非相干辐射

用蒙特卡罗方法仿真了增益随机散射体中的非相干辐射，观察了非相干随机激光的特性。当抽运能量超过一定阈值时，散射体的整体辐射谱突然变窄；随着抽运能量继续增大，在光滑谱背景上会出现分离尖峰；散射体内空间某位置处频率组成不是单一的；辐射谱中某单个频率的空间方向分布和位置分布比较广。增益随机散射体中产生的非相干随机激光本质上既不同于无反馈的普通放大自发辐射，又不同于相干反馈形成的常规激光。解释了非相干随机激光辐射谱上出现分离尖峰的原因，出现这种现象是由于少数光子在增益散射体中经历较多次数散射后得到了相对充分的放大。

基于高频微波技术的分布式光纤传感器布里渊散射信号检测

分析了布里渊分布式光纤传感技术原理,采用自行研制的光纤单纵模分布反馈(DFB)激光器结合电光调制技术,利用相干检测技术,对布里渊微弱后向散射信号进行检测。通过改进滤波放大技术,对微弱后向散射光信号进行有效放大,再用扰偏技术及信号采样平均处理,实现对光纤传感器后向布里渊散射信号在11 GHz高频段直接采集显示。结果表明,探测所得布里渊散射信号峰值功率可达50 mV,能有效降低解调系统信号检测难度,改善了系统信噪比(SNR)。初步实验结果证明了该方案的可行性。

Infrared-to-visible upconversion emissions in Er3+ doped TeO2-based oxyhalide glasses

The fluorescence and up-conversion spectral properties of Er3+-doped TeO2-ZnO and TeO2-ZnO-PbCl2 glasses suitable for developing optical fiber amplifier and laser have been fabricate and characterized. Strong green (around 527-550 nm) and red (around 661 nm) up-conversion emissions under 977 nm laser diode excitation were investigated, corresponding to H-2(11/2), S-4(3/2), --> I-4(15/2) and F-4(9/2) --> I-4(15/2) transitions of Er3+ ions respectively, have been observed and the involved mechanisms have been explained. The dependence of up-converted fluorescence intensity versus laser power confirm that two-photons contribute to up-conversion of the green-red emissions. The novelty of this kind of optical material has been its ability in resisting devitrification, and its promising optical properties strongly encourage for their further development as the rare-earth doped optical fiber amplifiers and upconversion fiber laser systems.

Mechanisms of Yb3+ sensitization to Tm3+ for blue upconversion luminescence in fluorophosphate glass

The sensitization mechanisms of Yb3+ to Tm3+ for the blue upconversion luminescence in fluorophosphate glass were studied. Two different mechanisms exist in the sensitization. One is the sequential sensitization that Tm3+ is excited from H-3(6) to (1)G(4) through absorbing three photons transferred from Yb3+ one by one. Another is the cooperative sensitization that two Yb3+ ions form a couple cluster firstly, and then the couple cluster Yb3+ ions transfer their energy to Tm3+ and excite it to (1)G(4). With the increment of the concentration of Yb3+ ions, the sequential sensitization becomes weak and the cooperative sensitization becomes intense, and the transformation trend of sensitization mechanism with the increment of Yb3+ concentration can be clarified by the introduction of Th3+ ions in the glass. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cooperative downconversion in GdAl3(BO3)(4): RE3+,Yb3+ (RE=Pr, Tb, and Tm)

An efficient near-infrared (NIR) quantum cutting (QC) in GdAl3(BO3)(4):RE3+,Yb3+ (RE=Pr, Tb, and Tm) phosphors has been demonstrated, which involves the conversion of the visible photon into the NIR emission with an optimal quantum efficiency approaching 200%, by exploring the cooperative downconversion mechanism from RE3+ (RE=Pr, Tb, and Tm) excitons to the two activator ions, Yb3+. The development of NIR QC phosphors could open up a new approach in achieving high efficiency silicon-based solar cells by means of downconversion in the visible part of the solar spectrum to similar to 1000 nm photons with a twofold increase in the photon number. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Frequency up-conversion properties of Er3(+)-doped TeO2-ZnO-PbCl2 oxyhalide tellurite glasses

This paper reports on the successful preparation and a detailed study on the up-conversion properties of Er3+ -doped TeO2-ZnO-PbCl2 oxylialide tellurite glasses. Three intense emissions centered at around 527, 549 and 666 nm have been clearly observed under 977 nm excitation and the involved mechanisms have been explained. The green emissions centered at 527 and 549 nin are due to the H-2(11/2 ->) I-4(15/2) and S-4(3/2) -> I-4(15/2) transitions, and the red up-conversion emission centered at 666 nm is associated with the F-4(9/2) -> I-4(15/2) transitions of Er3+ ions, respectively. The quadratic dependence of fluorescence on excitation laser power confirm that two-photons contribute to up-conversion of the green-red emissions. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cooperative downconversion in Yb3+-RE3+ (RE = Tm or Pr) codoped lanthanum borogermanate glasses

We report on cooperative downconversion in Yb3+-RE3+ (RE = Tm or Pr) codoped lanthanum borogermanate glasses (LBG), which are capable of splitting a visible photon absorbed by Tm3+ or Pr3+ ions into two near-infrared photons. The results indicate that Pr3+-Yb3+ is a more efficient ion couple than Tm3+-Yb3+ in terms of cooperative downconversion. We have obtained a highest quantum yield of 165% and 138% for Pr3+-Yb3+ and Tm3+-Yb3+ codoped LBG glasses under 468 nm excitation, respectively. However, ultraviolet light excitation to the charge transfer band of Yb3+ does not result in quantum splitting as rapid relaxation from the charge transfer band to 4f(13) levels of Yb3+ dominates. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America

Upconversion luminescence from E-2 state of Cr3+ in Al2O3 crystal by infrared femtosecond laser irradiation

Visible upconversion luminescence was observed in Cr3+: Al2O3 crystal under focused femtosecond laser irradiation. The luminescence spectra show that the upconversion luminescence originates from the E-2-(4)A(2) transition of Cr3+. The dependence of the fluorescence intensity of Cr3+ on the pump power reveals that a two-photon absorption process dominates in the conversion of infrared radiation to the visible emission. It is suggested that the simultaneous absorption of two infrared photons produces the population of upper excited states, which leads to the characteristic visible emission from E-2 state of Cr3+.

Simultaneous three-photon-excited violet upconversion luminescence of Ce3+: Lu2Si2O7 single crystals by femtosecond laser irradiation

We found that Ce3+:Lu2Si2O7 single crystals could be excited at 800 nm by using a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser. The emission spectra of Ce3+:Lu2Si2O7 crystals were the same for one-photon excitation at 267 nm as for excitation at 800 nm. The emission intensity of Ce3+: Lu2Si2O7 crystals was found to depend on the cube of the laser power at 800 nm, consistent with simultaneous absorption of three 800 nm photons. The measured value of the three-photon absorption cross section is sigma'(3) = 2.44 x 10(-77) cm(6) s(2). (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

Three-photon-excited upconversion luminescence of Ce3+: YAP crystal by femtosecond laser irradiation

Infrared to ultraviolet and visible upconversion luminescence was demonstrated in trivalent cerium doped YAlO3 crystal (Ce3+: YAP) under focused infrared femtosecond laser irradiation. The fluorescence spectra show that the upconverted luminescence comes from the 5d-4f transitions of trivalent cerium ions. The dependence of luminescence intensity of trivalent cerium on infrared pumping power reveals that the conversion of infrared radiation is dominated by three-photon excitation process. It is suggested that the simultaneous absorption of three infrared photons pumps the Ce3+ ion into upper 5d level, which quickly nonradiatively relax to lowest 5d level. Thereafter, the ions radiatively return to the ground states, leading to the characteristic emission of Ce3+. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America.

红外飞秒激光诱导Ce^3＋掺杂闪烁晶体的上转换发光研究

本文研究了红外飞秒激光照射下Ce^3＋ 掺杂的YAP和LSO两种闪烁晶体的上转换发光现象.实验发现在飞秒激光泵浦下,这两种晶体的荧光均来自于Ce^3＋离子的5d-4f跃迁.荧光强度与泵浦光功率之间的依赖关系揭示了Ce^3＋：YAP和Ce^3＋：LSO晶体的上转换过程皆由三光子吸收过程所主导.分析表明,Ce^3＋：YAP和Ce^3＋：LSO晶体中的三光子吸收是三光子同时吸收.

根瘤菌、铵态氮、光照强度对大豆固氮和光合作用影响的研究

生物固氮和植物光合作用作为全球生态系统的两个基本生物学过程, 在碳氮循环、自然生态系统的维持和演替，以及农业生产中起了重要作用。尽管过去关于共生固氮与光合作用的研究取得了巨大成就，但是，很少将两者直接联系起来。本研究通过比较低光效和高光效大豆接种高效固氮根瘤菌后固氮与光合作用的差异，比较接种根瘤菌和施用铵态氮肥对大豆光合生理的影响或光照强度对大豆光合固氮的影响，以及C4基因转化C3 豆科植物—苜蓿的研究，试图将两者偶联起来。研究获得以下结果： 1．用nifA和dct工程根瘤菌接种低光效和高光效大豆后，与出发菌株比，均提高了大豆的固氮和光合作用。两者相比，nifA工程菌对低光效大豆黑农37号发挥了比较好的作用，大豆的光合作用参数，固氮活性和植物株高、株重等产量参数比dct工程菌好;dct工程菌接种高光效大豆黑农40号后，尽管固氮酶活性与nifA工程菌相比没有明显差异，但是大豆光合作用和产量参数有了比较明显的提高。 2．光照培养条件下，对大豆进行了接种根瘤菌（108细菌/ mL）、低氮（5 mmol/L (NH4)2SO4）和高氮（30 mmol/L (NH4)2SO4）处理。测定的大豆生长状况和光合作用系列参数结果表明：低氮处理的最好，接种根瘤菌的次之，高氮处理的最差。由此说明单纯接种根瘤菌满足不了大豆发育过程中的氮营养要求，其光合作用和生长受到不利影响。但是，高氮处理也并没有提高大豆的光合作用，其生长发育甚至受到抑制。该结果为生产实践中合理施肥提供了光合生理方面的参考。 3．接根瘤菌和不接根瘤菌的大豆在正常光强（150μmol photons m-2s-1）下生长三周后进行遮光（15μmol photons m-2s-1，7天）和复光（正常光强，7天）处理，大豆的光合作用有下降和回复。测定的一系列光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数，以及植物的生长生理参数结果表明：接根瘤菌大豆与不接根瘤菌的大豆对遮光的响应有不同。正常光照下，接种根瘤菌能促进大豆生长与光合作用;遮光处理后，根瘤菌对大豆的促进作用不显著。 4．获得了不同苜蓿品种的愈伤组织及其诱导的再生植株。并作了用小米、甘蔗的PEPC基因转化苜蓿的研究。由于在实验过程中，考虑转基因植物的安全性，着重于用甘露糖筛选转化体系的研究工作，忽略了用抗生素筛选转化体。用PCR法从苜蓿中扩增出甘露糖异构酶基因（pmi），表明苜蓿体内含有自己的甘露糖异构酶基因，使得甘露糖筛选没有成功。

植物个体的生理生态动力学模型

GCTE（全球变化和陆地生态系统），作为IGBP的核心计划之一，其目的是研究陆地生态系统与全球气候变化及人类社会经济和土地利用改变之间相互作用的耦合机理关系，预测生态系统结构、功能的未来变化。其中，植物个体水平的生理生态学模型研究是GCTE中必不可少的重要环节，它不仅可以揭示植物在个体水平上对全球变化的动态响应机制，而且可通过揭示大尺度响应所隐含的微观生物学机理，为大尺度研究提供重要的生理学参数和规律，在全球变化各尺度研究中发挥着不可替代的作用。本文主要围绕植物个体的生理生态学模型开展了如下研究：在开顶式气室CO2倍增大豆生长实验基础上，建立描述植物主要生理过程的生理生态模型，分析植物个体的光合作用、气孔传导度、蒸腾作用以及水分利用效率在全球场变化下的动态响应机制;在此基础上，建立起以统计性天气模型驱动的植物个体生长发育系统动力学模型，通过敏感度分析探讨植物个体的生理生态特性，如光合、呼吸、绿色及非绿色生物量等，对全球变化，特别是对CO2增加，气温升高及降水改变共同作用的响应机制;针对固氮植物的特点，将前一模型发展成为基于共生固氮和同化过程相互作用机制的植物个体生理生态系统动力学模型，模拟不同CO2浓度、气候变化以及固氮与不固氮条件下植物个体生物量的动态响应，并分析CO2浓度、气候条件和是否具固氮能力在对植物生长发育影响方面的相互作用;以中间锦鸡儿为研究材料进行水分控制实验，观测水分对植物同化物分配等过程的影响;将水分利用效率模型应用到NECT样带的主要植物种，得出各植物种的描述其水分利用效率特性的参数，结合样带上各植被类型的结构特征，得到沿样带各植被类型在植物种类组成方面的水分利用效率参数;应用系统聚类分析、因子分析等多元统计方法对样带上锡林河流域122种植物的化学成分与植物类群和所处生境的关系进行了定量分析。结果表明： 1）CO2倍增情况下，净光合速率提高45%，其中光量子效率显著增加，而CO2传导系数略有下降;气孔传导度、蒸腾速率下降约30%;水分利用效率随CO2浓度增加几乎呈线性增长，倍增后提高近一倍。（当气温，水分适宜，光合有效辐射为1000μmol photons m-2 s-1); 2）在北京地区仅CO2倍增而气候条件维持现状的情况下可导致大豆总生物量峰值提高70%，绿色部分提高56%，其中，全生育期内总净光合量增加，而单位干重的暗呼吸速率下降;由于受同化物分配中物候因素的影响，绿色生物量比总生物量提前10日左右到达其峰值。 3）CO2浓度增加和具固氮能力在模拟范围内对植物生长均产生正效应;而在水分为植物生长限制因子的干旱半干旱地区，降水增加对植物生长产生正效应，气温升高则具负效应; 4）随着C供给条件的好转，具固氮能力对植物生长的影响增强;反之随植物吸收N能力的提高，C供给对植物生长的作用加剧。 5）气温、降水在对植物生长发育影响方面，随着一方条件的好转，另一方对植物生长产生的效应增强; 6）具固氮能力对植物生长的正效应随气候条件的好转而增强，气候变化对植物生长的影响随植物具备了固氮能力而加剧; 7）气候条件越恶劣，如在此半干旱区变得更为干旱，CO2浓度增加对植物生长的正效应越加显著;且随CO2浓度的增加，气候因子的效应逐渐减弱。这主要是因CO2增加提高了植物个体的水分利用效率，从而使得CO2的正效应在水分胁迫下更为明显;同时由于水分利用效率的提高，使得植物个体抵御和适应外界环境变化，特别是由气温、降水改变导致的水分条件变化，的能力得到增强。 8）锦鸡儿水分生理生态实验的初步结果表明，土壤水分状况影响着植物的同化物分配，随着水分胁迫的加剧，同化物分配向根部集中，植物的根冠比增加。 9）沿样带水分递减梯度，植被类型在植物种类组成方面的反映水分利用效率特性的参数kv逐渐增加，从而显示出随着水分条件的不足，植被类型中耐旱品种，尤其是C4种增加;人为活动干扰，主要是对草场等的过度利用而导致的盐渍化、沙化，使得退化了的植被类型中k_v值显著提高，表明原有的植物种逐渐被耐旱、耐盐碱的品种，特别是C4植物所代替;在样带动上，这种由于人为活动干扰所引起的植被类型在植物种类组成方面反映水分利用效率特性的参数kv的变化明显大于因样带水分梯度改变而带来的变化。 10）锡林河流域草原植物化学成分一方面与植物类群有关，受自身历史演化的决定，另一方面更受到所处生境条件的极度大影响和制约。其中，禾本科、豆科植物分别具有明显的化学成分特征;撂荒地群落与自然群落中植物、沙质与非沙质生境中植物化学成分差异较显著;因子分析中认为存在大量元素与微量元素两个公共因子，豆科与禾本科相比，豆科植物因其固氮能力，所含大量元素水平较高，而禾本科植物因细胞壁硅质化，含微量元素稍高;沙质生境因其养分贫瘠，植物的大量与微量元素均较非沙质生境中的低;特别是本区地带性土壤-栗钙土与特异性生境沙带中的疏林沙土相比，疏林沙土上植物大量与微量元素含量较栗钙土区植物明显偏低。