唇柱苣苔属及其近缘类群（苦苣苔科）的系统发育研究

中国的苦苣苔科－长蒴苣苔族存在两个古老又难以界定的大属：唇柱苣苔属Chirita和长蒴苣苔属Didymocarpus。唇柱苣苔属至少有140种，其中75％以上的种分布在中国南部。尽管Wood和王文采（中国种）已经作出较为全面的修订，但唇柱苣苔属的界定以及属下再划分仍然存在争议。传统分类一直认为唇柱苣苔属非单系类群，尤其与长蒴苣苔属、小花苣苔属、文采苣苔属以及报春苣苔属等近缘属之间的关系难以确定，还需进一步研究。长蒴苣苔属已经被拆分为三个不同的属，其中的狭义长蒴苣苔在我国有20多种。针对以上问题，本文通过大量的标本研究、野外考察以及分子系统学研究，得出了一些初步的结果。 形态学 通过大量的标本观察及野外考察，发现唇柱苣苔属及其近缘类群营养性状变异非常复杂。然而，营养体变异受环境饰变大，不适合作为划分组和属等较高级分类单元的主要依据，是区分近缘种的主要分类依据。在生殖器官中，一些性状，如子房和蒴果形状和大小，在唇柱苣苔属和其近缘属中存在大量的过渡类型，不宜将单独或2－3个性状作为主要分类依据。同时笔者发现两个新种，即长萼唇柱苣苔（C. longicalyx J. M. Li & Y. Z. Wang）和匍匐唇柱苣苔（C. prostrata J. M. Li & Y. Z. Wang）。匍匐唇柱苣苔属于钩序唇柱苣苔组，系多年生植物，致使我们国家分布的钩序唇柱苣苔组扩大为两种。它的特殊习性以及极其有限的分布区表明，它是一个在不利的生境下偶尔幸存的残遗种。 2．分子系统学 首先通过对两个DNA片段ITS和trnL-F数据以及它们的联合数据进行最简约分析和贝叶斯分析，并结合形态特征演化来研究唇柱苣苔属唇柱苣苔组和小花苣苔属系统发育关系。结果表明，小花苣苔属和唇柱苣苔组（唇柱苣苔属）Chirita sect. Gibbosaccus构成一个单系群，强烈支持小花苣苔属归并到唇柱苣苔组（唇柱苣苔属）中，而且二者形态性状极其相似。上述事实说明唇柱苣苔组（唇柱苣苔属）和小花苣苔属具有很近的亲缘关系，而与麻叶唇柱苣苔组Chirita sect. Chirita关系较远。研究一些关键地区植物的物种形成，将提高对这些地区植物区系发生与发展的认识，喀斯特地区就是这样一个非常独特与关键的地区。特产于这种干湿交替、温度变化显著的特殊生境里的的类群，如唇柱苣苔组和小花苣苔属，存在着非常近的系统发育关系。最后笔者建议把小花苣苔属置于唇柱苣苔属唇柱苣苔组里，而不是将该属单立出来。 在上述研究基础上，本研究进一步选择唇柱苣苔属的其他近缘属，通过对两个DNA片段ITS和trnL-F数据以及联合数据进行最简约分析，旨在揭示在唇柱苣苔属内的系统发育及其和周边近缘属系统发育关系。该研究结果表明狭义长蒴苣苔属、朱红苣苔属、报春苣苔属、文采苣苔属以及小花苣苔属都置入唇柱苣苔属内。其中，报春苣苔属、文采苣苔属以及小花苣苔属和唇柱苣苔组具有相似的柱头，在系统树上，也构成一个单系分支。虽然许多学者认为柱头形状是很重要的分类性状，也是唯一用来界定唇柱苣苔属的，但是非常不可靠的，因而唇柱苣苔属至少分成两个属。 文采苣苔属和小花苣苔属无论从分子上还是从形态上都得不到证明是单系类群，应该归并到唇柱苣苔属中;而报春苣苔属很可能是最近从唇柱苣苔组里分化出来的类群。 东南长蒴苣苔和朱红苣苔属植物形态十分相似，除了营养体差别不大外，他们还具伸出花筒外的柱头和小而尖的花冠裂片等共同特征，分子树上也组成一个单系，为东南长蒴苣苔归并到朱红苣苔属提供了强有力的分子证据。 在狭义长蒴苣苔属Didymocarpus s. str.两个组中，Didymocarpus sect. Elati的一个种D. citrinus与长蒴苣苔组Didymocarpus sect. Didymocarpus构成姐妹群关系。二组植物构成一个单系分支又与圆唇苣苔属Gyrocheilos构成姐妹群关系。因此，虽然我们的数据支持圆唇苣苔属与长蒴苣苔属近缘，但是不支持圆唇苣苔属作为一个亚组放在长蒴苣苔里。

Characterization and Comparison of the Tissue-Related Modules in Human and Mouse

Background: Due to the advances of high throughput technology and data-collection approaches, we are now in an unprecedented position to understand the evolution of organisms. Great efforts have characterized many individual genes responsible for the interspecies divergence, yet little is known about the genome-wide divergence at a higher level. Modules, serving as the building blocks and operational units of biological systems, provide more information than individual genes. Hence, the comparative analysis between species at the module level would shed more light on the mechanisms underlying the evolution of organisms than the traditional comparative genomics approaches. Results: We systematically identified the tissue-related modules using the iterative signature algorithm (ISA), and we detected 52 and 65 modules in the human and mouse genomes, respectively. The gene expression patterns indicate that all of these predicted modules have a high possibility of serving as real biological modules. In addition, we defined a novel quantity, "total constraint intensity,'' a proxy of multiple constraints (of co-regulated genes and tissues where the co-regulation occurs) on the evolution of genes in module context. We demonstrate that the evolutionary rate of a gene is negatively correlated with its total constraint intensity. Furthermore, there are modules coding the same essential biological processes, while their gene contents have diverged extensively between human and mouse. Conclusions: Our results suggest that unlike the composition of module, which exhibits a great difference between human and mouse, the functional organization of the corresponding modules may evolve in a more conservative manner. Most importantly, our findings imply that similar biological processes can be carried out by different sets of genes from human and mouse, therefore, the functional data of individual genes from mouse may not apply to human in certain occasions.

Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia

The regional distribution of an ancient Y-chromosome haplogroup C-M130 (Hg C) in Asia provides an ideal tool of dissecting prehistoric migration events. We identified 465 Hg C individuals out of 4284 males from 140 East and Southeast Asian populations. We genotyped these Hg C individuals using 12 Y-chromosome biallelic markers and 8 commonly used Y-short tandem repeats (Y-STRs), and performed phylogeographic analysis in combination with the published data. The results show that most of the Hg C subhaplogroups have distinct geographical distribution and have undergone long-time isolation, although Hg C individuals are distributed widely across Eurasia. Furthermore, a general south-to-north and east-to-west cline of Y-STR diversity is observed with the highest diversity in Southeast Asia. The phylogeographic distribution pattern of Hg C supports a single coastal 'Out-of-Africa' route by way of the Indian subcontinent, which eventually led to the early settlement of modern humans in mainland Southeast Asia. The northward expansion of Hg C in East Asia started similar to 40 thousand of years ago (KYA) along the coastline of mainland China and reached Siberia similar to 15 KYA and finally made its way to the Americas. Journal of Human Genetics (2010) 55, 428-435; doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.40; published online 7 May 2010

Effects of prolonged exposure to context following contextual fear conditioning on synaptic properties in rat hippocampal slices

Acute stressful events enhance plasma corticosterone release and profoundly affect synaptic functions, which are involved in the development of stress-related cognitive and mental disorders. However, how exposure to stressful context immediately after str

中国沙鳅亚科鱼类系统分类的研究

<正> 本文总结过去将近一百年来有关中国的沙鳅亚科(Botiinae)鱼类的分类学资料,并根据我所多年来所采集的标本,进行分析研究,对中国沙鳅亚科鱼类的系统分类做了比较完整的综述。 本文将付沙鳅属(Parabotia)恢复为一个有效的属,因此沙鳅亚科在我国现有Botia,Parabotia和Leptobotia三个属,Botia属又分为Hymenophysa,Botias.str.,Sinibotia三个亚属。 本文简述了我国所产的22个种和2个亚种,其中云南沙鳅Botia(Hymenophysa) yu

SIMULATION OF LATERAL CONFINEMENT IN VERY NARROW CHANNELS

A theoretical study is presented of the lateral confinement potential (CP) in the very narrow mesa channels fabricated in the conventional two-dimensional (2D) electron gas in GaAs-AlxGa1-xAs heterostructures. The ID electronic structures are calculated in the framework of the confinement potential: V(x) = m* omega0(2)x2/2 for Absolute value of x

异胡豆苷合成酶在烟草亚细胞区室的表达(英)

异胡豆苷合成酶 (strictosidinesynthase,STR)是吲哚生物碱生物合成的一种关键酶 ,将色胺 (tryptamine)和裂环马钱子 (secologanin)耦合成为吲哚生物碱的前体化合物异胡豆苷。将异胡豆苷合成酶标定在烟草植物不同的亚细胞区室———叶绿体、液泡和内质网中表达 ,通过蛋白免疫印迹分析和STR酶活性的测定 ,表明STR在叶绿体、液泡和内质网中有效表达。STR体外酶活性分析采用间接荧光法检测色胺在反应体系的消耗。STR的酶活性分析表明了STR在烟草中不同的亚细胞区室得以活性表达。分离纯化转基因烟草的叶绿体 ,通过对其分离的不同部分的蛋白免疫印迹分析 ,确定了将STR正确标定在烟草的叶绿体中表达。

贵州台江下、中寒武统界线层型候选剖面碳同位素研究

在扬子地台贵州台江八郎下、中寒武统界线剖面界线附近,碳酸盐岩和干酪根碳同位素组成有规律变化。δ13Cker (PDB) 值在23314 ‰和226. 5 ‰间漂移与δ13Ccarb (PDB) 值在2217 ‰和+ 311 ‰间变化,反映了当时海水的碳同位素组成。无机和有机碳同位素组成之差的Δδ值,沿剖面不断变小,指示剖面上部样品可能受到热扰动和成岩后期作用影响。碳同位素规律的变化,反映了最初的沉积信息,特别是有机质埋藏量的变化,这些变化与早2中寒武世环境变化和生物组合差异有关。

Rapid authentication of ginseng species using microchip electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection

Ginseng is one of the most expensive Chinese herbal medicines and the effectiveness of ginseng depends strongly on its botanical sources and the use of different parts of the plants. In this study, a microchip electrophoresis method coupled with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-short tandem repeats (STR) technique was developed for rapid authentication of ginseng species. A low viscosity hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) solution was used as the sieving matrix for separation of the amplified STR fragments. The allele sizing of the amplified PCR products could be detected within 240 s or less. Good reproducibility and accuracy of the fragment size were obtained with the relative standard deviation for the allele sizes less than 1.0% (n = 11). At two microsatellite loci (CT 12, CA 33), American ginseng had a different allele pattern on the electropherograms compared with that of the Oriental ginseng. Moreover, cultivated and wild American ginseng can be distinguished on the basis of allele sizing. This work establishes the feasibility of fast genetic authentication of ginseng species by use of microchip electrophoresis.