Cluster assistant generation of C2+ and C3+ ions in nanosecond laser ionization of seeded benzene beam

Cluster assisted photoionization processes of benzene, which was seeded in argon, induced by an intense 25 ns Nd-YAG laser has been studied by means of time-of-flight mass spectrometry. At the laser intensity of 10(11) W/cm(2), multicharged ions Cq+ (q = 2-3) with kinetic energy up to 150 eV were observed in the mass spectra. Strong evidences Support that these ions are formed in the Coulomb explosion of multicharged benzene cluster ions. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

碳同位素技术在C3作物水分利用效率研究中的应用

碳同位素技术已在地学、环境学及植物学等领域得到广泛应用。本文综述了该技术在作物水分利用效率研究中的进展 ,并对其进行了评价 ,同时探讨了碳同位素分辨力 (Δ)的遗传学特征 ,以揭示Δ和水分利用效率的关系 ,为水分利用效率的研究提供新的方法和技术

Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition in Soil Organic Carbon and C3/C4 Source Variations at the Haibei Alpine Meadow

Stable carbon isotopes of organic matter originated from different soil layers (0～5 cm, 5～15 cm, 15～25 cm, 25～35 cm, 35～50 cm, 50～65 cm) were investigated in the Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The preliminary results indicated that δ13C values of soil organic matter increased with increased soil depth. δ13C of soil organic carbon in 0～5 cm layer showed the lowest value, -25.09‰; while 50～65 cm soil layer possessed the lowerδ13C value, -13.87‰. Based on mass balance model of stable isotopes, it was proposed that the percentage of C4 carbon source tend to increase with increased soil depth. The preliminary study indicated that alpine meadow might have undergone a successive process from C4-dominated community to C3-dominated one. However, changing δ13C values in atmospheric CO2 overtime and different processes of soil organic carbon formation (or eluviation) might somewhat contribute to increasing δ13C values. In this case, mass balance model would underestimate C3 community and overestimate C4 community.

Stable carbon isotope analyses show dominance of C3 grasses in the feed selected by small herbivores at the alpine meadow at the Tibetan Plateau

Muscle samples were collected from small herbivorous mammals (Ochotona curzoniae, Microtus oecnomus, Myospalax fontanierii and Lepus oiostolus) at the alpine meadow ecosystem at the Tibetan Plateau in order to address variability in stable carbon isotope composition. Stable carbon isotope values of muscles remain steady and show no significant variations (-25.72 to -27.04 parts per thousand) among the four small mammal species. Based on the mass balance theory of stable isotopes, it is proposed that small herbivorous mammals mainly (or totally) rely on C3 grasses as food supply, and there is few or no distribution of C4 grasses at the ecosystem. The results reflect our previous study on the isotope patterns of plant species. Thus, stable carbon isotope analysis of muscles provides a method to address dietary selection and dietary variability in herbivores. In addition, stable carbon isotopic analyses can be used to address changes in vegetation distributions in ecosystem and paleovegetaion and paleoclimate.

贵州石灰岩和砂岩地区C4和C3植物营养元素的化学计量对N／P比值波动的影响

陆地生态系统植物的生长受到营养元素氮（N）和磷（P）的可利用性的限制。已有的证据表明营养元素的相对丰度将控制生态系统的营养元素循环和能量流动的速度。文章提出如下假设：为了适应环境的变化，植物具有可伸缩性地调整营养元素含量的能力，也就是营养元素化学计量比值变化的能力，植物N／P比值波动的影响不仅来源于N对P的相对可利用性的变化，也来源于其他营养元素化学计量的变化，尤其是与Ca的化学计量的变化。为了验证上述假设，本研究利用3种C4植物和11种C3植物，研究了植物N／P化学计量比值的波动随N与Ca和P与Ca化学计量的变化模式：对C4植物来说，N／P比值的波动主要受生物量P与Ca化学计量变化的影响；而对C3植物来说，则同时受N与Ca和P与Ca化学计量变化的控制，它们之间的相对控制能力的大小将决定植物N／P比值波动的变化梯度，C4植物和C3植物的N／P比值的波动都要受土壤pH值的影响。本研究对了解物种丰度和N对P的相对可利用性、N与Ca，以及P与Ca的化学计量之间关系具有重要意义.

Simulation of Free-Surface Flow in a Tank Using the Navier-Stokes Model and Unstructured Finite Volume Method

Modelling free-surface flow has very important applications in many engineering areas such as oil transportation and offshore structures. Current research focuses on the modelling of free surface flow in a tank by solving the Navier-Stokes equation. An unstructured finite volume method is used to discretize the governing equations. The free surface is tracked by dynamically adapting the mesh and making it always surface conforming. A mesh-smoothing scheme based on the spring analogy is also implemented to ensure mesh quality throughout the computaiton. Studies are performed on the sloshing response of a liquid in an elastic container subjected to various excitation frequencies. Further investigations are also carried out on the critical frequency that leads to large deformation of the tank walls. Another numerical simulation involves the free-surface flow past as submerged obstacle placed in the tank to show the flow separation and vortices. All these cases demonstrate the capability of this numerical method in modelling complicated practical problems.

An asymptotic analysis for one dimensional stress wave propagation in damaged viscoelastic media

A regular perturbation technique is suggested to deal with the problem of one dimensional stress wave propagation in viscoelastic media with damage. Based upon the first order asymptotic solution obtained, the characteristics of wave attenuation are studied. In fact, there exist three different time-dependent phenomena featuring the dynamic response of the materials, the first expressing the characteristics of wave propagation, the second indicating the innate effect of visco-elastic matrix and the third coming from the time dependent damage. The comparision of first order asymptotic solution with the numerical results calculated by a finite difference procedure shows that the perturbation expansion technique may offer a useful approach to the problem concerned.

Property studies of optical waveguide formed by 6.0 MeV carbon ion implantation into Nd : silicate glass

Nd:silicate glass was implanted at room temperature by 6.0 MeV C3+ ions with a dose of 2.0 x 10(15) ions cm(-2). A waveguide with thickness of about 6.3 mu m was formed. The prism-coupling method was used to observe the dark modes of the waveguide at 633 nm and 1539 nm, respectively. There are three dark modes at 633 nm, of which one is the enhanced-index mode. The propagation loss of the enhanced-index mode in the waveguide measured at 633 nm is 0.42 dB cm(-1) after annealing at 217 degrees C for 35 min. The reflectivity calculation method was applied to simulate the refractive index profiles in the waveguide. The mode optical near-field output at 633 nm was presented.

Cr^3＋：Al2O3透明多晶陶瓷光谱特性分析

对透光性良好的Cr^3＋：Al2O3透明多晶陶瓷的光谱性能进行了研究，其吸收光谱中吸收峰与单晶红宝石相一致，按吸收光谱和Tanabe-Sugano能级图，算出其晶场强度参数Dq及Racah参数B分别为1792cm^-1，689cm^-1，Dq／B=2．6，陶瓷中Cr^3＋离子所处格位的晶体场强比单晶弱一些，但Cr^3＋：Al2O3透明陶瓷仍属于强场晶体材料；当Cr^3＋掺杂浓度到达0．8wt％时，陶瓷的发射谱仍保持较好的R线发射；随Cr^3＋掺杂浓度的增大，激发峰位发生“红移”．在Cr^3＋：Al2O3透

光合作用与环境的研究

该成果收集了近10年来我们对光合作用与环境方面研究的主要文章共57篇，概括为6个方面的内容，其中原始论文52篇，技术方法5篇。主要的新进展与特色为：a)阐 明CAM植物代谢与PEPCK的调节特殊性。鉴别菠萝和芦荟为CAM-PEPCK亚型，PEPCK是其光下C4酸的脱羧酶。首次证明PEPCK受底物和碳代谢中间产物的调控，纯化酶的负效应剂G6P、FBP、PEP及正效应剂Mn2+的作用在于改变酶蛋白的构象。b)首先指出PEPC也是活性氧攻击的靶蛋白，其失活原因在于酶蛋白氧化降解和构象改变。不同光合途径植物对光氧化的敏感性有别。光氧化条件下C3与C4植物产生.O2- 速率、耗散激发能和PSII稳定性有一定差异。脂氧合酶（LOX）抑制光合电子传递的位点在PSII氧化侧和Q和PQ上。c)指出较强的抗氧化能力（清除自由基能力）、抗UV-B能力（积累较多的UV-B吸收物质），提高叶片吸收的光能中非光化学耗散的比例，增高光合电子流向光呼吸、O2和NO2-光还原等电子传递支路的传递速率和比例是森林植物适应于自然光环境的强光的重要保护策略。d)从马尾松年轮的δ13C分析追踪了前80年来亚热带自然林区CO2浓度的上升速率（0.7~2.3μl/L/年）。对森林中不同人类活动干扰地点大气CO2、NOX和SO2浓度的现场检测和主要树种的生理、生化变化研究，证明其与人类干扰活动的形式和强度有关，为全球变化及其后效应提供了有力的证据。通过电脑调控水稻生长大棚的CO2浓度发现不同品种间对高CO2浓度适应性的显著差别，明确了适应性较强的4个品种，并从多种指标证明高CO2浓度对水稻的光氧化损伤具有缓解或防护效应。e)盐藻细胞中甘油和蛋白质受介质盐浓度调控，固定化培养提高甘油分泌量。改进和发展了利用对有机自由基DPPH. 的清除比例与数量来评价植物抗氧化性的简易可行的分光光度法。

CO2倍增对禾本科植物幼苗形态结构的影响

本论文为国家自然科学基金重大项目“中国陆地生态系统对全球变化的反应模式研究”的部分研究内容。 本文对C02正常浓度(350ppm)和C02倍增(700ppm)条件下，小麦（Triticum, aestivum）、半野生小麦(Triticum aestivum spp．tibeticumShao)、大麦（Hordeum vulgare）、野大麦（Hordeum brevisubulalum）、水稻（Oryza sativa,）、野生稻（Or7za sativa ssp．）、谷子（Setaria italica）、狗尾草（Setaria viridis）、高粱（Sorghum vulgare）、玉米（Zea mays）、旱雀麦（Bromus tectorum）、旱麦草（Eremopyrum triticeum）等12种禾本科植物幼苗的叶片厚度、叶肉细胞密度、维管束鞘细胞中的叶绿体数、叶肉细胞中的叶绿体数、表皮细胞密度、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔长度、气孔阻抗及平均株高、鲜重、茎秆直径、根的直径、种子的萌发率及叶绿体超微结构等进行了比较研究。 结果表明，C02倍增使不同种类、不同测试项目反应不一。总体上看，CO2浓度倍增，使10种禾本科植物（野大麦、玉米外）的吐片厚度普遍增加。除个别种类外，C4种类的平均株高、鲜重、根直径倍增组比对照组减小;气孔平均密度增加，而C3种类则呈相反趋势o C4种类比C3种类的叶片气孔开度对C02倍增反应更为敏感。在高浓度C02条件下，C4种类的叶绿体超微结构变化较明显，淀粉粒显著增加。野生种类的表皮细胞密度，叶肉细胞密度，维管束鞘细胞中的叶绿体数及茎秆直径，C02倍增组比对照组减少，栽培种类则显著增加。气孔密度与气孔指数基本呈正相关;而气孔长度与气孔密度则大体上呈负相关。 文中对高浓度C02条件下，供试植物形态结构的变化和规律，及全球大气变化对未来农业可能产生的影响进行了讨论。

羊草细胞差异表达基因分析与遗传转化方法研究

羊草（Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel），隶属禾本科赖草属，是欧亚大陆草原区东部重要建群种之一。羊草是牧草之王，是我国比较有优势的战略性生物资源，对我国北方畜牧业的发展以及生态环境的保育均具有重要意义。近年来，由于缺乏科学管理、过度放牧等不利影响，加之羊草本身固有的“三低”问题（即抽穗率低、结实率低、发芽率低）已对羊草生物多样性维持构成了严重的威胁，限制了我国人工草地建设和天然草地的改良及沙化治理的步伐。因此，如何通过细胞、分子生物学以及生物技术手段改良羊草、快速评价和创造新的种质;如何加快育种进程便成为当前亟待解决的问题。本文围绕这些问题开展了系统的研究并取得如下结果： 1. 建立了羊草离体培养再生体系，并研究了影响愈伤组织诱导和植株再生的因素，影响植株再生的主要因素为激素配比和基因型。将3～5mm的幼穗接种到含有2,4-D 0～5.0mg/L的N6基本培养基上，随着2,4-D浓度的变化，愈伤组织诱导率不同，最高诱导率为93.21%（基因型C6）、最低为33.35%（吉生1号）;愈伤组织在N6(大)＋B5(微)＋KT1.0mg/L+BA1.0mg/L的培养基上可以分化出芽，并在1/2MS培养基上生根。羊草基因型W4不同幼穗诱导的愈伤组织在继代培养过程中其生长、褐化死亡等方面存在着差异;在分化培养过程中，不同幼穗的愈伤组织最高分化率为9.24%，最低分化率为5.26%。 2. 对来自同一基因型不同幼穗的愈伤组织中差异表达的基因进行了研究。采用DDRT-PCR技术对其差异表达的基因进行了分离，通过银染技术显示差异片段。将得到的差异片段进行回收、克隆测序，得到两个差异片段序列，经过序列分析表明，其中一个片段是与水稻翻译延伸因子eEF-1基因高度同源;另一差异片段与水稻谷胱甘肽转移酶GST基因高度同源。 3. 建立了羊草遗传转化方法。在获得羊草离体培养再生体系的基础上，采用基因枪法对羊草两个基因型进行转抗除草剂基因（PAT）的研究。对分别来自基因型W4和C3的愈伤组织各1430和1850块进行转化。在附加1.0mg/L PPT的培养基上进行一系列的筛选培养，共获得了23株再生苗，经过生根筛选培养，得到5株抗性苗，3株来自基因型W4，2株来自基因型C3。对5株植株进行PCR和Southern 检测，得到2株阳性苗，均来自基因型W4，对阳性植株经过无性繁殖得到的无性系进行PCR检测及Basta耐受性鉴定，外源基因可以在其无性系稳定遗传并表达，无性系除对Basta具有抗性外，其表型特征与对照无明显区别。