49 resultados para Gentiana tibetica


Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

在我国,小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)、中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)、柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)、藏锦鸡儿(Caragana tibetica)和狭叶锦鸡儿(Caragana stenophylla)主要分布于北方温带地区,是造林、固沙、饲用及观赏的重要灌木,而贝加尔针茅(Stipa baicalensisi)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)、本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana)、短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)、沙生针茅(Stipa glareosa)和戈壁针茅(Stipa gobica)是我国北方温带地区具有重要饲用价值和水土保持功效的多年生密丛禾草。这5种锦鸡儿灌木和7种针茅草本植物在东北、华北和西北地区的生态环境建设及社会经济发展中发挥特殊作用。关于它们地理分布与气候关系的深入研究十分必要,可以为其种质资源的开发和改善生态环境提供理论依据。 本研究首先全面收集这12个物种在中国北方温带干旱-半干旱地区的全部地理分布资料,利用ArcGIS 9.0软件绘制现状分布图。通过分析其现实分布格局,发现小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿在空间上呈现出从东到西的地理替代分布格局,继续向西南方向则分布有藏锦鸡儿,向西北方向分布有狭叶锦鸡儿。贝加尔针茅、大针茅、克氏针茅和戈壁针茅也在空间上呈现出自东向西的地理替代分布格局,克氏针茅向南被本氏针茅替代,短花针茅和沙生针茅没有明显的地理替代分布现象。5种锦鸡儿和7种针茅的分布范围分别又都有一定的重叠。 整理12个物种分布区内的气象台站长期记录,选择计算16个具有重要生物学意义的水热指标值;进而用方差分析、多重比较和因子分析相结合的方法,研究控制这5种锦鸡儿和7种针茅地理分布的主导驱动因子。结果表明:控制小叶锦鸡儿和中间锦鸡儿间地理分布差异的主导因子是水分因子,特别是湿度;水分因子同样是控制中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿间地理分布差异的主导因子,特别是生长季及年降水量;控制柠条锦鸡儿和藏锦鸡儿间地理分布差异的主导因子是夏季高温,控制柠条锦鸡儿和狭叶锦鸡儿地理分布差异的是冬季低温。控制贝加尔针茅、大针茅、克氏针茅和戈壁针茅间替代分布的主导气候因子是年降水量和生长季降水量。控制克氏针茅和本氏针茅间替代分布的主导气候因子是温暖指数。 运用耦合BIOCLIM模型的软件包“DIVA-GIS”模拟预测这5种锦鸡儿和7种针茅的现状潜在分布区及未来气候变化的影响。结果表明:现状潜在分布区与实际分布区均有很好的一致性;在CO2浓度加倍的未来气候情景下,这些植物都会向北大幅度迁移,在我国的分布范围均缩小,分布格局发生显著变化。用ROC曲线和Kappa统计值法验证模型表明,BIOCLIM的模拟精度较高。利用BIOCLIM模型绘制了这12个物种的生物气候分室图,并根据生物气候分室确定了物种的最适气候范围。 为了研究锦鸡儿和针茅分布对气候变化的敏感性,本文在现实气象数据的基础上模拟预测了不同降水与温度变化情景下(保持年降水量不变,年均温分别增加1℃、2℃、3℃和4℃;保持年均温不变,年降水量分别增加和减少10%)的物种分布范围,发现随着气温升高和降水量增加,全部锦鸡儿和针茅都会向高纬度地区缓慢迁移,而当降水量减少时,它们将向低纬度地区迁移。不同气候情景下的物种分布范围迁移幅度表明,5种锦鸡儿中狭叶锦鸡儿和中间锦鸡儿的脆弱性相对较大,7种针茅中克氏针茅和贝加尔针茅的脆弱性相对较大。气温的单独变化控制这些物种分布区的未来迁移。 最后,本文探索了锦鸡儿和针茅的气候变化影响的阈值。就核心分布区而言,小叶锦鸡儿、贝加尔针茅、大针茅、沙生针茅的气候变化影响阈值是气温升高4℃,降水减少10%;中间锦鸡儿和狭叶锦鸡儿是气温升高4℃,降水增加10%;柠条锦鸡儿和本氏针茅是气温升高4℃,降水不变;藏锦鸡儿是气温升高2℃,降水增加10%;克氏针茅和短花针茅是气温升高3℃,降水不变;戈壁针茅是气温升高1℃,降水不变。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

通过气体交换、荧光猝灭动力学以及反射光谱等技术研究了两个青稞(Hordeum vulgare L.)品种的光合特性及激发能分配。结果表明,青稞的光饱和点1000 μmol m-2 s-1左右。在0~500 μmol m-2 s-1的光强范围里,青稞叶片的光呼吸(Pr)随着光强升高而增加;光强超过500 μmol m-2 s-1以后,光呼吸变化不明显。光呼吸占总光合的比例(Pr/Pm)随光强增强下降。随着光强增强,PSⅡ有效光化学量子效率(Fv′/Fm′),PSⅡ反应中心的实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ),光化学猝灭系数(qP)不断降低而青稞叶片的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)不断升高,说明越来越多的光能以热耗散的形式耗散掉。光谱分析表明△PRI 随着青稞叶片暴露于光下的时间迅速增大。因此,我们认为光呼吸不是青稞主要的光破坏防御机制,依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散可能是田间青稞耗散过剩光能的主要途径。 通过气体交换、荧光猝灭动力学等技术研究了四种乔木在拉萨和那曲的光合特性及激发能分配。结果表明,四种乔木藏川杨(Populus szechuanica var. tibetica schneid.),银白杨(Populus alba L.),左旋柳(Salix paraplesia var. subintegra C. Wang et P. Y. Pu),墨竹柳(Salix maizhokunggarensis N. Chao)在拉萨市的光合速率(Pn),叶片气孔导度(Gs),蒸腾速率(Tr)均显著高于那曲。藏川杨和墨竹柳的光下实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)在拉萨显著高于那曲,银白杨和左旋柳的光下实际光化学效率在拉萨和那曲没有显著差异。四种乔木开放反应中心激发能捕获效率(Fv′/Fm′)和天线热耗散(1-Fv′/Fm′)在拉萨和那曲的差异不显著。测量光合时的气温(Tair)拉萨显著高于那曲,除墨竹柳外叶温(Tleaf)也显著高于那曲,墨竹柳的上述两参数在两地间无显著差异。除藏川杨外其余三种乔木在拉萨的胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)显著高于那曲,气孔限制值(Ls)显著低于那曲,藏川杨的上述两指标在两地间无显著差异。除墨竹柳外,其余三种乔木在两地的光合(Pn)与叶温(Tleaf)成显著正相关。对银白杨和左旋柳来说,低叶温通过降低气孔导度(Gs)从而降低胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)是造成那曲光合低的主要因素之一。对于墨竹柳来说,可能有其他非温度的环境条件影响其气孔导度进而造成气孔限制。此外,叶温可能主要通过非气孔限制来影响藏川杨的光合速率。因此,我们认为在西藏地区不同乔木对海拔高度的响应机制可能不同,但具体机制还需要进一步研究。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

若尔盖高原湿地位于青藏高原东北部地区,平均海拔3,400-3,600m,是长江和黄河的自然分水区,区内发育了大面积的草本沼泽以及高寒沼泽化草甸、高寒湖泊。由于它所处的位置海拔高、气候波动较大,并处于我国三大自然区的交错过渡带,因而被认为是我国最为典型的脆弱湿地生态系统之一。由于地处偏远、自然环境条件恶劣等多方面的原因,针对若尔盖湿地的科学研究资料一直以来还非常缺乏。本文对国内外近年来在湿地生态系统甲烷排放过程、研究方法,以及关于湿地生态系统甲烷排放的影响因素进行了综述,并采用静态箱-气相色谱法,从湿地环境格局、湿地甲烷排放等方面,对若尔盖高原典型高寒湖泊湖滨不同类型湿地甲烷排放特征进行了研究,并进一步探讨了影响若尔盖高原高寒湖泊湖滨带甲烷排放的因素。得到如下结果:1.若尔盖高原花湖湖滨湿地在植物生长季(6 至8 月),甲烷排放平均速率为0.315 mg·m-2·h-1;不同月份间甲烷排放速率存在差异,分别为:-0.054、0.471、0.493 mg·m-2·h-1。不同类型湿地甲烷排放速率亦表现出差异,两栖蓼(Polygonum amphibium)湿地、滩涂和藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)草甸甲烷排放速率分别为:0.464、0.477、0.005mg·m-2·h-1。2.若尔盖高原花湖湖滨湿地甲烷排放速率与土壤10cm 温度显著相关。土壤温度是影响若尔盖高原花湖湖滨不同类型湿地甲烷排放的重要因素之一。随着土壤温度的升高,土壤微生物活性增强,使土壤中的氧消耗加快,氧化还原电位下降,有利于产甲烷菌的生长,从而增加土壤的甲烷产生量。3.地表水位与若尔盖高原花湖湖滨湿地甲烷排放速率相关性不显著。地表水覆盖,使得湿地土壤缺氧状况得到加强,增强了土壤中产甲烷菌的活性,促进甲烷形成,再通过植物、气泡或扩散的形式释放出土壤。但水层的加深,也使土壤中已产生的甲烷在通过气泡或扩散形式穿越水层时,被氧化的量增加,从而减少了甲烷向大气中的排放。4.植被高度以及植被地上生物量与若尔盖高原花湖湖滨带甲烷排放速率的相关性不显著。植物主要通过凋落物以及根系分泌物的输入为产甲烷菌提供基质,并作为土壤与大气之间的甲烷气体交换的传输途径;与其他环境因素共同影响湿地生态系统甲烷排放。The Zoige wetland on the eastern fringe of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, with averagealtitude between 3,400 and 3,600m, is the watershed of Yangtze River and YellowRiver. There are large area of peatland, subalpine meadow and lakes in this region.Due to its high elevation, transitional topology and high fluctuation of climate, theZoige wetlands represent one of the most fragile wetland ecosystems in China. And asa result of remote location and harsh environment conditions, the researches on theZoige wetland are relatively rare, especially the researches on the methane emissionfrom littoral zone of alpine lakes. Variations of methane emission rates as measuredby the method of static chamber – gas chromatography (GC) were detected fromlittoral zone of alpine lake on the Zoige Plateau. Relationships between methaneemission rates and environmental factors were analyzed. It is concluded that:1.The average methane emission rate in the littoral zone of Huahu Lake, ZoigePlateau is 0.315 mg·m-2·h-1, with evident spatial and temporal variations. The littoralzone has different methane effluxes with -0.054, 0.471, and 0.493 mg·CH4·m-2·h-1in June, July and August respectively. Different types of wetland have differentmethane emission rates, with value of 0.464, 0.477, and 0.005 mg·CH4·m-2·h-1 forPolygonum amphibium wetland ( PA ), Shoal ( S ) and Kobresi tibetica meadow ( KT ), respectively.2. The soil temperature at 10cm is significantly correlated with the methane effluxesin littoral zone of Huahu Lake, Zoige Plateau, and which is one of the most important factors influencing the methane emission from this region. The activities of soilmicroorganisms rise under higher soil temperature and increases oxygen consumptionand decreases Eh, which is in favor of the methanogensis, and enhances theproduction of methane in soil.3. The correlation between the standing water and methane effluxes from littoralzone of Huahu Lake is not significant. Because of the standing water, the anaerobicconditions of wetland soil have been enhanced, and are favor to the decomposition oforganic matter. And the anaerobic conditions strengthen the methanogensis’ activities,thus the methane production, which release to the atmosphere by diffusion, ebullitionand aerenchymal plants. With the water level’s increase, more methane produced insoil which is transferred by ebullitions or diffusion are oxidated, thus reduce themethane release to the atmosphere.4. The height and aboveground biomass of vegetation are not significant related tothe methane effluxes from littoral zone of Huahu Lake, Zoige Plateau. The vegetationprovides substrates for methanogensis by litter and root exudates; act as thetransportation way of methane between soil and atmosphere; influence the methaneemission of wetland ecosystems with other environment factors.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

瑞香狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme L.)是瑞香科(Thymelaeaceae)狼毒属的一种多年生野草,有毒。据调查,从20 世纪60 年代开始至今,狼毒在青藏高原东缘的高寒草甸上不断蔓延、密度不断变大,在一些地段甚至成为优势物种。有关狼毒在高寒草甸蔓延的生态系统效应的研究尚未见报道。本文从系统碳、氮循环的角度,分别研究狼毒在生长和非生长季节对高寒草甸生态系统的影响。同时,从花粉化感的角度,深入研究狼毒对当地同花期物种有性繁殖的影响。系统地研究高寒草甸生态系统物质循环过程,特别是非生长季节微生物和土壤碳氮库的动态变化,有助于揭示狼毒在系统物质循环方面的“物种效应”以及这种效应的季节变化,为丰富有关高海拔生态系统,特别是其非生长季的物质循环的科学理论做出贡献。同时,碳氮循环和花粉化感的研究还有助于深刻地理解狼毒作为一种入侵性很强的杂草的特殊的蔓延机制,从而为狼毒的有效防治、高寒草甸的科学管理提供依据。 针对狼毒在青藏高原高寒草甸上蔓延的生态系统碳氮循环方面的影响,开展以下2 方面的研究:(1)在生长季,研究松潘县尕米寺附近(北纬32°53',东经103°40',海拔3190 m)的两种地形(平地和阳坡)条件下狼毒对土壤碳氮循环影响及可能的原因。狼毒和其它几个主要物种(圆穗蓼(Polygonummacrophyllum D. Don var. Macrophyllum),草地早熟禾(Poa pretensis L.),四川嵩草(Kobresia setchwanensis Hand.-Maizz.),鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina L.var. anserine)和鳞叶龙胆(Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb.)的地上凋落物产量以及地上凋落物和根的化学组成被测量。在有-无狼毒斑块下,各种土壤的库(比如,铵态氮、硝态氮、无机磷和微生物生物量)和周转率(包括净矿化、净硝化、总硝化、反硝化和微生物呼吸速率)被测量和比较。(2)在非生长季节,尤其是春季冻融交替期,选取了两个研究地点——尕米寺和卡卡沟(北纬32°59',东经103°41',海拔3400 m),分别测定有狼毒和无狼毒斑块下土壤微生物生物量碳和氮、可溶性有机碳和氮以及铵态氮和硝态氮的动态变化。同时,分别在上述两个地点有-无狼毒的样地上,研究6 个主要物种(狼毒、圆穗蓼、草地早熟禾、四川嵩草、鹅绒委陵菜和鳞叶龙胆)从秋季开始、为期1 年的凋落物分解过程。 针对狼毒花粉化感对同花期其它物种可能的花粉化感作用开展以下工作:在实验室中,用一系列浓度的狼毒花粉水浸提液对与它同花期的其它物种以及自身花粉进行测试,测定花粉萌发率;在野外自然条件下的其它物种的柱头上施用上述浓度的狼毒花粉水浸提液,观测种子结实率,同时,观察狼毒花粉的种间花粉散布数量。 生长季节的研究结果表明,狼毒地上凋落物氮含量比其它几个主要物种更高,而木质素-总氮比更低。狼毒显著地增加其斑块下表层土壤中有机质的含量,而有-无狼毒的亚表层土壤在有机碳和总磷方面没有显著差异。狼毒表土中硝态氮含量在平地和阳坡比无狼毒土壤分别高113%和90%。狼毒表土中微生物生物量碳和氮量显著高于无狼毒表土。无论是平地还是阳坡,狼毒土壤的总硝化和微生物呼吸速率显著高于无狼毒土壤;而它们的反硝化速率只在平地有显著的差异。狼毒与其它物种间地上凋落物的产量和质量的差异可能是导致有-无狼毒土壤碳氮循环差异的原因。我们假设,狼毒可能通过增加贫氮生态系统土壤中的有效氮含量提高其入侵能力。 非生长季的研究结果表明,在青藏高原东缘的高寒草甸上,土壤微生物生3物量在11 月的秋-冬过渡期达到第一个峰值;在春季的冻融交替期,微生物生物量达到第二个峰值后又迅速降低。无机氮以及可溶性有机碳氮与微生物生物量有相似的变化过程。微生物碳氮比呈现显著的季节性变化。隆冬季节的微生物生物量碳氮比显著高于生长旺季的微生物碳氮比。这种变化可能暗示冬、夏季微生物的群落组成和对资源的利用有所不同。有-无狼毒斑块下土壤微生物和土壤碳、氮库一般只在秋-冬过渡期有显著差异,有狼毒土壤微生物生物量和土壤碳、氮库显著高于无狼毒土壤;而在之后的冬季和春季没有显著差异。所有6 个物种凋落物在非生长季分解率为24%-50%,均高于生长季的10%到30%。其中在秋-冬过渡期,凋落物开始埋藏的两周时间内,分解最快,达10%-20%。不同物种凋落物全年的分解率和分解过程有显著差异。圆穗蓼在全年的分解都较缓慢(非生长季26%,生长季15%),草地早熟禾和四川嵩草等全年的分解速率比较均匀(非生长季和生长季均为30%,非生长季略高),而狼毒在非生长季分解较快(约50%),而在接下来的生长季分解变得缓慢(约12%)。所有物种的凋落物氮含量在非生长季下降,而在随后的生长季上升。 实验室的花粉萌发试验证明,狼毒花粉对自身花粉萌发没有自毒作用,而其它受试的所有物种(圆穗蓼,秦艽(Gentiana macrophylla Pall. var. fetissowii),湿生扁蕾(Gentianopsis paludosa (Hook. f.) Ma var. paludosa),鳞叶龙胆,椭圆叶花锚(Halenia elliptica D. Don var. elliptica),蓝钟花(Cyananthus hookeri C. B.Cl. var. grandiflorus Marq.),小米草(Euphrasia pectinata Ten.),川西翠雀花(Delphinium tongolense Franch.),高原毛茛(Ranunculus tanguticus (Maxim.)Ovcz. var. tanguticus)和鹅绒委陵菜)的花粉萌发率随着狼毒花粉浸提液浓度的增加呈显著的非线性降低。大约3 个狼毒花粉的浸提液就可以抑制受试的多数物种的50%的花粉萌发。在鳞叶龙胆和小米草柱头上狼毒花粉的数量分别为5.76 个和3.35 个。狼毒花粉散布数量的差异最可能的原因在于是否有共同的传粉昆虫。花的形状(辐射对称VS 左右对称)、植株或花的密度以及花期重叠性可以部分解释这种差异。在野外试验中,我们发现6 个物种(秦艽、湿生扁蕾、鳞叶龙胆、椭圆叶花锚、蓝钟花和小米草)的种子结实率随狼毒花粉浸提液浓度的增加呈显著的非线性降低。鳞叶龙胆和小米草柱头上狼毒花粉的数量(分别是5.76 个和3.35 个)分别达到了抑制它们63%和55%种子结实率的水平。因此,狼毒对鳞叶龙胆和小米草可能存在明显的花粉化感抑制作用。狼毒周围的物种可能通过花期在季节或昼夜上的分异避免受到狼毒花粉化感的影响或者通过无性繁殖来维持种群繁衍,因此狼毒通过花粉化感作用对其周围物种繁殖的影响程度还需要进一步地研究。如果狼毒的花粉化感抑制作用确实存在,那么它可能成为一种自然选择压力,进而影响物种的进化。 Stellera chamaejasme L., a perennial toxic weed, has emerged and quicklydominated and spread in the high-frigid meadow on the eastern Tibetan Plateau ofChina since the 1960s. In the present study, effects of S. chamaejasme on carbon andnitrogen cycles on the high-frigid meadow on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau ingrowing and non-growing season, and its pollen allelopathic effects on the sympatricspecies were determined. The present study that focused on carbon and nitrogencycles, especially on microbial biomass and pools of carbon and nitrogen innon-growing season, could profoundly illuminate plant-species effects on carbon andnutrient cycles and its seasonal pattern and help to understand spread mechanism ofS. chamaejasme as an aggressive weed. The present study also contributed to furtherunderstand carbon and nutrient cycles on alpine regions in non-growing season andprovide a basis on weed control of S. chamaejasme and scientific management in thehigh-frigid ecosystem. Effects of S. chamaejasme on carbon and nitrogen cycles on the high-frigidmeadow on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were determined. The study couldbe divided into two parts. (1) In the growing season, we quantified the effects of S.chamaejasme on carbon and nitrogen cycles in two types of topographic habitats, theflat valley and the south-facing slope, where S. chamaejasme was favored to spreadlitter and root were measured to explain the likely effects of S. chamaejasme on soilcarbon and nutrient cycles. The sizes of various soil pools, e.g. nitrite, ammonium,inorganic phosphorus and microbial biomass, and turnover rates including netmineralization, gross nitrification, denitrification and microbial respiration weredetermined. (2) In the non-growing season study, microbial biomass carbon andnitrogen, soluble organic carbon and nitrogen, ammonium and nitrate weredetermined through the non-growing season, especially in the processes offreeze-thaw of spring in two high-frigid sites, i.e. Kaka valley and Gami temple, onthe eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Meanwhile, litter decomposition of six commonspecies, including Stellera chamaejasme L., Polygonum macrophyllum D. Don var.Macrophyllum, Poa pretensis L., Kobresia setchwanensis L., Potentilla anserina L.var. anserine and Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb., were also examined under theabove-mentioned experimental design through one whole-year, which began in theautumn in 2006. In the study of pollen allelopathy, several work, including in vitro study oneffects of extract of pollen from S. chamaejasme on sympatric species and pollenfrom itself, field experiments on effects of pollen extract with the same regime ofconcentrations on seed set and field observation on heterospecific pollen transfer ofS. chamaejasme to six of those sympatric species has been done. The results in the growing season showed that aboveground litter of S.chamaejasme had higher tissue nitrogen and lower lignin: nitrogen ratio than thoseco-occurring species. S. chamaejasme significantly increased topsoil organic matter,whereas no significant differences were found for organic C and total P in subsoilbetween under-Stellera and away-Stellera locations. The nitrate in Stellera topsoilwas 113% and 90% higher on the flat valley and on the south-facing slope,respectively. Both microbial biomass C and N were significantly higher in Stelleratopsoil. Gross nitrification and microbial respiration were significantly higher inStellera topsoil both on the flat valley and on the south-facing slope, whereassignificant differences of denitrification were found only on the flat valley. Thedifferences in the quantity and quality of aboveground litter are a likely mechanismresponsible for the changes of soil variables. We assumed that S. chamaejasme couldenhance their spread by increasing nutrient availability in N-deficient ecosystems. The results in the non-growing season showed that microbial biomass achievedthe first summit in late autumn and early winter on the eastern Qinghai-TibetanPlateau. In the stages of freeze-thaw of spring, microbial biomass firstly achieved thesecond summit and subsequently sharply decreased. Inorganic nitrogen, solubleorganic carbon and nitrogen had a similar dynamics with that of microbial biomass.Ratio of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen had an obviously seasonal pattern.The highest microbial C: N were in the non-growing season, which weresignificantly higher than those in the growing season. The seasonal pattern inmicrobial biomass C: N suggested that large changes in composition of microbialpopulation and in resources those used by microbes between summer and winter.Generally, microbial biomass and pools size of carbon and nitrogen in Stellera soilwere significantly higher than those under adjacent locations in late autumn andearly winter, but there were not significant differences in winter and in spring. Litterof all the focal species (Stellera chamaejasme L., Polygonum macrophyllum D. Donvar. Macrophyllum, Poa pretensis L., Kobresia setchwanensis Hand.-Maizz.,Potentilla anserina L. var. anserine and G. squarrosa Ledeb.) decomposed about24%-50% in the non-growing season, which were higher than those in the growingseason (ranged from 10% to 30%). Litter decomposed 10%-20% within the first twoweeks in late autumn and early winter. Significant differences in the whole-yeardecomposition rate and in the processes of decomposition were found among species.Polygonum macrophyllum decomposed slowly through the whole year (26% and15% in the non-growing season and in the growing season, respectively). Certainspecies, such as P. pretensis L. and K. setchwanensis, decomposed at a similar rate(30% both in the non-growing and in the growing season, slightly higher in the8growing season than those in the growing season), whereas S. chamaejasmedecomposed more rapidly (about 50%) in the non-growing season and subsequentlydecomposition became slow (about 12%) in the growing season. Litter nitrogencontents of all the focal species firstly decreased in the non-growing season and thenincreased in the growing season. In vitro experiments of pollen allelopathy, the results showed that pollen from S.chamaejasme was not autotoxic, whereas pollen germination in all the sympatricspecies (Polygonum macrophyllum D. Don var. Macrophyllum, Gentianamacrophylla Pall. var. fetissowii, Gentianopsis paludosa (Hook. f.) Ma var. paludosa,Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb., Halenia elliptica D. Don var. elliptica, Cyananthushookeri C. B. Cl. var. grandiflorus Marq., Euphrasia pectinata Ten., Delphiniumtongolense Franch., Ranunculus tanguticus (Maxim.) Ovcz. var. tanguticus andPotentilla anserina L. var. anserina) decreased nonlinearly as the increasingconcentrations of extract of pollen from S. chamaejasme. Pollen Extract of threepollens from S. chamaejasme generally inhibited 50% pollen germination of most ofthe focal species. 5.76 and 3.35 pollens from S. chamaejasme were observed in fieldon stigmas of G. squarrosa and E. pectinata, respectively. Differences inheterospecific pollen transfer of S. chamaejasme could be attributed to the primaryreason whether they shared common pollinators. Flower morphology (e.g.zygomorphic or actinomorphic), plant or floral density and concurrence in floweringphonologies could explain, in part, the differences in heterospecific pollen transfer.In field experiments, the results showed that seed set in six sympatric species(Gentiana macrophylla Pall. var. fetissowii, Gentianopsis paludosa (Hook. f.) Mavar. paludosa, Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb., Halenia elliptica D. Don var. elliptica,Cyananthus hookeri C. B. Cl. var. grandiflorus Marq. and Euphrasia pectinata Ten.)decreased nonlinearly as the increasing concentrations of extract of pollen from S.chamaejasme. According to the nonlinear curves, the amounts of pollens from S.chamaejasme on stigmas of G. squarrosa and of E. pectinata (i.e. 5.76 grains and3.35 grains, respectively) could reduce 63% and 55% seed set of G. squarrosa and ofE. pectinata, respectively. Thus, allelopathic effects of S. chamaejasme on G.squarrosa and E. pectinata could be realistic. The sympatric species of S.chamaejasme could avoid pollen allelopathy of S. chamaejasme to sustainthemselves. This highlights the need to study how much pollen allelopathy in S.chamaejasme influences the sympatric species through divergence in seasonal ordiurnal flowering phonologies or through asexual reproduction. If pollen allelopathyin S. chamaejasme was confirmed, it could be as a pressure of natural selection andthus play an important role in species evolution.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A rapid method was developed to analyze the extract of the Gentiana scabra Bge. by using high performance liquid chromatograghy-electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MSn). 5 compounds in Gentiana scabra Bge. are identified in the positive and negative mode. The research results demonstrate that the HPLC-ESI-MSn can quickly identified the components in Gentiana scabra Bge. . It also can provide the information of the relative molecular mass and chemical structure of the compounds in the extract of the Gentiana scabra Bge. .

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

通过研究围栏封育1年后中度退化的矮嵩草草甸(夏季牧场)群落结构的变化,探讨主要植物种群在小尺度(50 cm×50 cm)上的空间分布格局,并从生活史特征和生态适应对策等角度探讨产生和维持这些格局的机理。结果表明,围封1年显著降低了群落中主要种群矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)、高山唐松草(Thalictrum alpinum)和雪白委陵菜(Potentilla nivea)的重要值,而增加了线叶龙胆(Gentiana farreri)的重要值;显著增加了群落的地上生物量和总生物量,但对地下生物量和群落多样性的影响不显著。围封使退化矮嵩草草甸主要种群矮嵩草、高山唐松草、珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)、线叶嵩草(Kobresia capillifolia)和金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)等空间分布格局从放牧后的随机分布向聚集分布发展,而雪白委陵菜、重齿风毛菊(S.katochaeteMaxim)、矮火绒草(Leonto-podium nanum)和美丽风毛菊(Saussurea pulchra)等种群的空间分布格局没有发生改变;但黑褐苔草(Carex atro-fusca)的空间格局从放牧后的聚集分布转向随机分布。因此,退化的矮嵩草草甸在围封的初始阶段,由于避免了家畜的选择性采食及其践踏作用,首先可能是使主要种群的空间分布格局有从随机分布向聚集分布变化的趋势,从而使小尺度的种间隔离来降低种间的竞争强度,从而改变了不同物种对资源和空间的竞争能力,进而推动群落物种组成和结构的恢复演替。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

在青藏高原东北部连续两年观察了晚秋开花植物管花秦艽Gentiana siphonantha的传粉生态学特征,并在此基础上进一步比较分析了与该物种同域分布且亲缘关系较近、但开花较早的麻花艽G.straminea之间的传粉生态学特征。管花秦艽的花发育过程表现出雌雄异熟和雌雄异位的特点,不存在花内的自花传粉,套袋隔离的花不结实也支持这一结论;株内自交的高结实率表明该物种是自交亲和的。盛花期每植株平均有15朵开放的花,雄性和雌性阶段的花比例为1.2:1;自然条件下产生种子必须依赖传粉媒介;苏氏熊蜂是最有效的传粉昆虫,且访花过程中对雄性和雌性阶段花不具明显的偏向性;株内连续访花的频率高达87.8%,从而导致同株异花传粉自交的广泛存在。与同域分布的麻花艽相比,管花秦艽的单花花期、雄性和雌性期持续时间缩短。但盛花期开花数量明显增加。令人感兴趣的是尽管两个近缘种的花形态特征存在显著差异,但都是由同一种熊蜂传粉。这一特点与过去认为花颜色和花管长度是物种分化过程中与不同传粉昆虫协同进化导致生殖隔离的假说不相符合。管花秦艽单花的访花频率和同株异花连续访花的比例都明显高于麻花艽。两个物种不同花序设计导致访花昆虫行为的改变可能是造成这一差异的主要原因。两个物种具有不同的开花时间,但仍然存在一定的花期重叠,表现出不完全的传粉生殖隔离状态。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

通过研究自然条件下模拟平流层臭氧破坏5%时近地表面增加的太阳UV-B辐射对高寒草甸4种典型植物(矮嵩草Kobresia humilis、垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans、麻花艽Gentiana straminea和鹅绒委陵菜Po-tentilla anserina)的抗氧化系统的影响表明,尽管各植物的抗氧化系统组分变化不同,但4种植物的膜脂过氧化程度没有加剧,长期增强UV-B辐射没有对膜系统造成损伤。在自然长期增强UV-B条件下,4种植物的膜脂过氧化产物——丙二醛(MDA)含量与对照相比无显著差异。垂穗披碱草、鹅绒委陵菜的谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量增加,麻花艽的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与鹅绒委陵菜的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升,同时麻花艽的类胡萝卜素(Car)含量亦显著增加。可见这些植物已能很好地适应UV-B强辐射,其抗氧化能力除了与抗氧化系统各组分的协同作用有关外,也可能与种的适应性有关。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

以海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站的涡度相关系统连续观测的CO_2通量数据为基础,分析了青藏高原的高寒矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸、高寒金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)灌丛草甸和高寒藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)沼泽化草甸等3种主要植被类型在2005年植物生长季(6-9月)的表观量子产额(a)、最大光合速率(Pmax)和呼吸速率(Reco)的变化特征.结果表明:3种植被类型白天的净生态系统CO_2交换量(NEE)和光量子通量密度(PPFD)存在明显的直角双曲线关系(P<0.05),其a、Pmax和Reco呈现出相似的季节变化趋势,在生长季初期(6月)最小,在7月或8月份达到最大;高寒矮嵩草草甸的a、Pmax和Reco大于灌丛草甸和沼泽化草甸,而后两者差别不大.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

1植物名称麻花艽(Gentiana straminea Maxim.),又名麻花秦艽,藏药中称为"解吉嘎保".2材料类别幼嫩叶子.3培养条件愈伤组织诱导培养基:(1)MS+2,4-D3.0 mg•L-1(单位下同);(2)MS+2,4-D 3.0+KT 1.0.继代培养基:(3)MS+2,4-D 1.0+6-BA 0.5+NAA 0.5.分化培养基:(4)MS+NAA 1.0+6-BA 2.0+ZT 3.0.以上培养基均附加CH(水解酪蛋白)300、肌醇200、3%蔗糖、5 g•L-1琼脂粉,pH 5.8.培养温度为(25±1)℃,光源为日光灯,光强为30~60μmol•m-2•s-1,光照时间12 h•d-1.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

采用高效液相色谱法测定了野生与栽培藏药麻花秦艽(Gentiana straminea)根中龙胆苦苷、落干酸、獐牙菜苦苷和獐牙菜苷四种环烯醚萜苷类化学成分的含量及其在不同生长季节的变化趋势。结果表明,4种环烯醚萜苷类成分的含量随植物的生长季节而波动,其活性成分含量在野生种与栽培种之间发生了一定的差异。但是,栽培根中的龙胆苦甙已达到药典的标准,可供药用。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

选用西宁地区人工栽培的高山植物唐古特大黄(Rheum tanguticum)、山莨菪(Anisodus tanguticus)和麻花艽(Gentiana straminea),比较了3种高山植物之间光合作用的光响应和CO2响应特性,叶片光合色素以及UV—B吸收物质的差异;并以低海拔植物菘蓝(Isatis indigotica)为对比,分析了高山植物与低海拔植物的差异。结果表明:与低海拔植物菘蓝相比,3种高山植物光合作用的表观量子效率(AQY)都偏低;唐古特大黄叶片的AQY、羧化效率(CE)和光呼吸速率(Rp)都很低,净光合速率(Pn)的光响应曲线在全日照光辐射范围内并没有达到完全饱和,这与单位面积叶片具有较高的光合色素以及UV—B吸收物质有关;麻花艽植物与唐古特大黄一样,具有较高的UV-B吸收物质和光合色素含量,但其Rp较高,加之Pn受气孔限制较为明显,故其光合作用的饱和光强很低,Pn相对于其它3种植物也较低;山莨菪与低海拔植物菘蓝的光合特性很相似,都具有较高的AQY和CE。这些结果表明,3种高山植物的光合特性有较大差异,但并没有一致的相对于低海拔植物的共性。4种植物Pn的胞间CO2浓度(G)响应曲线在CO2饱和点以后都表现为无机磷(Pi)再生限制,其吃的变化与CO2饱和点以后的最大Pn的变化基本一致。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

麻花秦艽(Gentiana straminea Maxim.)具有清热利胆、舒筋止痛之功效,是一种治疗风湿性关节炎、肺结核、低热盗汗、黄疸型肝炎等的珍稀藏药草本植物。笔者系统阐述了近年来该植物的研究进展,并对其研究方向进行了展望,为该物种资源的进一步有效开发利用提供参考。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

运用核糖体DNA内转录间隔区ITS序列对狭蕊龙胆属Metagentiana10种及其近缘属22种植物进行了系统发育分析.ITS分析结果表明狭蕊龙胆属是一个多系群:在系统发育树上,双蝴蝶属Tripterospermum和蔓龙胆属Crawfurdia的种类位于狭蕊龙胆属各分支中,而且双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属的种类也相互交叉;这一结果不支持将3个属各自独立为属.但是,在所有分析中,3个属共同形成一单系分支,是龙胆属Gentiana的姊妹群;这一结果与形态学、花部解剖学、细胞学、孢粉学和胚胎学等证据基本一致,狭蕊龙胆属应该从龙胆属中分离出来,它与双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属有更为密切的亲缘关系.根据分支图,在狭蕊龙胆属、双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属组成的复合群中,现已知的染色体基数x=17、21和23可能存在网状和平行进化.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

以人工种植的多年生高山植物麻花艽( Gentiana straminea )为材料,在3个不同强度的UV-B辐射处理下,定时测定处理和对照叶片的净光合速率、表观量子效率和暗呼吸的变化.结果显示:UV-B处理对麻花艽叶片的光合作用在短期内有一定的抑制作用,但随着处理时间的增加,该高山植物能很快地适应强UV-B辐射的处理.表明麻花艽这种青藏高原常见的高山植物在长期的自然选择过程中可能已经形成了适应UV-B辐射的特有生理机制.暗呼吸的实验结果亦表明:在3种强度的UV-B辐射处理下,麻花艽叶片的呼吸作用从一开始就未受到抑制;随着UV-B辐射时间的增加,UV-B辐射强度越高,呼吸强度越强;这可能是 UV-B辐射并未引起麻花艽呼吸机构的破坏所致.