128 resultados para GLUCEMIA BASAL
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在星间半导体激光通信系统中,如何检测发射光束波面的质量是个较难处理的问题,为了较好地解决这一问题,在简单介绍白光横向双剪切干涉仪的基础上,报道了用此干涉仪对近衍射极限半导体激光光束波面的检测,在此基础上推导出计算远场发散度的公式。实验测得近场光束的波高差为0.2A,通过夫朗和费衍射求得光束的发散度仅为64.8μrad,这表明光束接近光学衍射极限。同时,表明双剪切干涉仪灵敏度高、实用性好。
Resumo:
花是被子植物最关键的创新(innovation)性状。在被子植物的不同类群中,其形态多种多样,尤其以基部真双子叶植物的花形态最为丰富。大量的系统发育分析表明,在核心真双子叶植物起源之前,几个与花发育相关的MADS-box基因亚家族均发生了大尺度的基因重复事件。因此,在被子植物的不同物种中,花发育相关基因的组成并不相同,并且它们经历了不同的进化历史,这意味着这些基因可能以不同的方式调控花的发育。基部真双子叶植物,作为基部被子植物和核心真双子叶植物之间的过渡类群,对于我们理解被子植物花的进化,揭示核心真双子叶植物花的起源以及基部真双子叶植物花多样性分化的分子机制非常重要。本文以基部真双子叶植物三叶木通为研究材料,着重进行了以下研究工作: 1. 花器官发生过程的观察。三叶木通的花为雌雄同序的单性花。而且,根据成熟花的形态,三叶木通的雌花和雄花都只有一轮花被器官,即三个花瓣状的萼片。扫描电镜的观察结果表明:1)在花器官的发生和发育过程中,在萼片和雄蕊原基之间,确实没有花瓣原基或另一轮萼片原基发生。2)雌花和雄花都是以两性花的方式发生发育的。3)单性花是由于在花发育的最后阶段,雌花中雄蕊或者雄花中心皮的退化而产生的。 2. 花发育相关基因的克隆。应用5’/3’ RACE的方法,我们从三叶木通不同发育阶段的混合花芽中共分离到九个与花发育相关的MADS-box基因: AktFL1、AktFL2、AktAP3_1、AktAP3_2、AktAP3_3、AktPI、AktAG1、AktAG2和AktSEP3。 3. A类MADS-box基因的进化。由于A类基因在进化过程中序列结构的改变,再加上取样的限制,使得A类基因间的进化历史一直不能被很好的理解。因此,本文对A类基因的研究从构建该基因亚家族的系统发育树开始。主要结果如下:1)通过扩大在基部真双子叶植物和被子植物其它重要类群的取样,我们的系统发育树基本上反映了现存被子植物的系统发育关系。2)核心真双子叶植物的A类基因由三个分支组成:euFUL、euAP1和AGL79,它们是通过发生在核心真双子叶植物起源之前的两次几乎同时的基因重复事件产生的。3)在基部真双子叶植物中,山龙眼目、毛茛目和黄杨科的A类基因各形成一支。而且,在这些类群内,发生了多次小尺度的独立的基因重复事件。4)来自单子叶植物的FUL-like基因明显地构成一个单系,并且包括三个分支:OsAMDS14、OsMADS15和OsMADS18。它们是由于两次不连续的基因重复事件产生的。5)不同类型的A类基因产物在C末端拥有不同的保守基元。6)从基因组结构上看,所有的A类基因都拥有八个外显子和七个内含子。7)通过对三叶木通中两个FUL-like型基因(AktFL1和AktFL2)表达式样的观察,我们发现它们在叶原基和发育早期的花原基以及发育着的花器官中都有表达。此外,A类基因表达式样的进化分析结果表明被子植物中该类基因的祖先可能具有广泛的功能,既在营养器官中表达又在生殖器官中表达 。 4. B类基因表达式样的保守性和多样性。通过对B类基因的系统发育和表达式样分析,得到以下结果:1)三叶木通中的三个paleoAP3基因是通过两次基因重复事件产生的。2)在木通科或木通属内,PI型基因并没有发生基因重复事件。3)RT-PCR结果表明,AktAP3_1在雌花中的表达量比雄花中高,而AktAP3_2则在雄花中的表达量比雌花中高。AktAP3_3和AktPI在雌花和雄花中的表达水平相似。4)原位杂交分析显示这些基因在发育着的雄蕊和心皮中表达。此外,AktAP3_3和AktPI还在萼片中表达,可能参与花瓣状萼片的发育。 5. 三叶木通C/D和E类基因的序列结构和表达分析。通过序列结构分析,我们发现,与其它被子植物AG同源基因编码的MADS-domain蛋白一样,AktAG1和AktAG2在MADS结构域的N末端都拥有一段氨基酸序列的延伸,AktAG1为20个氨基酸;AktAG2为7个氨基酸。原位杂交分析表明AktAG1和AktAG2主要在发育着的雄蕊和心皮中表达,说明它们具有决定生殖器官发育这一保守的功能。 AktSEP3属于AGL9型的E类基因。该基因在所有花器官中都有表达,说明和其它被子植物的E类基因一样,AktSEP3在三叶木通中对于所有花器官的发育都是必需的。 6. 各类MADS-domain蛋白间的相互作用。在前面工作的基础上,我们首次对三叶木通中上述MADS-domain蛋白间的作用方式进行了研究。酵母双杂交结果表明:1)AktSEP3的C末端具有转录激活功能。2)三个AktAP3蛋白与AktPI蛋白都能够形成异源二聚体,但是它们之间的作用能力并不相同。3)AktSEP3蛋白可以与AktFL1、AktPI、AktAG1和AktAG2形成异源二聚体,充分体现了E类基因产物作用式样的保守性。4)AktFL1与AktPI、AktSEP3和AktAG2也能形成异源二聚体,这与核心真双子叶植物的euFUL型蛋白在作用式样上是非常相似的。 综合以上结果,我们探讨了三叶木通花发育的分子机制。在三叶木通的三轮花器官中,与拟南芥等模式植物相似的是:E类(AktSEP3)基因在每一轮花器官中都起作用;此外,A类(AktFL1)和B类(AktAP3_3和AktPI)基因在花瓣状的萼片中有不同程度的表达,类似于拟南芥的第二轮;B类(AktAP3_1、AktAP3_2、AktAP3_3和AktPI)和C/D类(AktAG1和AktAG2)基因在雄蕊的发育过程中起作用;C/D类(AktAG1和AktAG2)基因对心皮的发育起作用。与拟 南芥等模式植物不同的是:1)虽然原位杂交分析表明,AktFL1、AktAP3_3、AktPI和AktSEP3都在花瓣状的萼片中有 不同程度的表达,但是它们的蛋白质产物AktFL1与AktSEP3和AktAP3_3与AktPI都只能形成较弱的异源二聚体。而 且,根据我们的研究结果,在三叶木通中没有找到euAP1型的A类基因,只有两个FUL-like型的A类基因。它们的功能 与核心真双子叶植物中的euFUL型基因相似。因此,AktFL1很可能与其它调控因子共同作用负责花分生组织的形成;AktFL1/AktAG2则可能在花发育的后期起作用。那么,三叶木通花瓣状萼片的发育是否需要AktFL1/AktSEP3和 AktAP3_3/AktPI的参与,还是另有其它转录因子的参与,仍然需要更深入的研究。2)虽然在三叶木通中,雄蕊的发 育同样需要B、C/D和E类基因的参与,但是由于小尺度的基因重复事件,在该物种中只拥有三个paleoAP3型基因,而没有euAP3型基因。而且,由于复制拷贝间的亚功能化,AktAP3_1/AktPI主要参与雌花的发育过程;而AktAP3_2/AktPI主要参与雄花的发育过程。
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花是被子植物区别于其它植物大类群的最重要的特征,其形态多种多样。花的发育取决于一个复杂的涉及到多个基因和过程的调控体系,因此花的起源和多样化过程实际上可以理解为这个调控体系的进化过程。在被子植物的不同物种中,花发育相关基因的组成并不相同,且经历了不同的进化历史,这意味着这些基因可能以不同的方式调控花的发育。相对于核心真双子叶植物相对稳定的花形态结构而言,基部被子植物的花具有丰富的多样性。因此,对基部被子植物花发育相关基因的研究对于我们理解被子植物花的进化非常重要。 金粟兰科(Chloranthaceae)是基部被子植物的代表类群之一。与研究得比较深入的模式植物相比,花被、雄蕊或雌蕊的缺失,使得该科植物的花比较简单。因此对该科植物中花发育基因的研究不仅有助于揭示花的起源以及花多样性分化的分子机制,还将为认识花部构造简单化的机制提供资料。本文以金粟兰(Chloranthus spicatus)为实验材料,取得了以下研究结果: 1.花发育相关基因的克隆 应用5’/3’RACE的方法,我们从金粟兰不同发育阶段的混合花芽中克隆到了与花发育相关的MADS-box基因:CsPI、CsAG1和CsAG2。 2. 两个A类MADS-box基因表达式样的对比分析 在营养分生组织向生殖分生组织的转变中,花原基的形成,以及随后雄蕊、心皮、花粉、胚珠和胚囊的发育中,CsAP1-1和 CsAP1-2基因均表达。唯一不同之处在于,在花发育成熟期,CsAP1-1在外珠被也有表达,而CsAP1-2在外珠被处没有表达,而只在内珠被处表达。这一结果反映了基因重复事件发生后,两个基因在功能上也有了一些分化。 3. B类基因功能的保守性和多样性 通过转基因实验和蛋白质相互作用研究对B类基因的功能和作用方式进行了研究,得到以下结果:1)金粟兰CsAP3基因的C末端的点突变所造成的paleoAP3基元的部分缺失对该基因的功能没有决定性的影响;2)金粟兰paleoAP3型基因CsAP3所编码蛋白的C末端以及paleoAP3基元,与拟南芥euAP3型基因AtAP3所编码蛋白的C末端以及euAP3基元没有功能上的不同;3)金粟兰paleoAP3型基因CsAP3与拟南芥euAP3型基因AtAP3 的主要功能存在一定差异,前者主要参与雄蕊形成,而后者既参与雄蕊的形成也参与花瓣的形成; 4)CsPI基因所编码的蛋白可以与AP3类蛋白相互作用进而影响花瓣的形成,因此该基因在功能上是保守的。 4. 金粟兰CsAG1基因的序列结构和功能分析 通过序列结构分析发现,CsAG1属于C类基因,具有保守的AG I基元和AG II基元。过量表达实验分析表明CsAG1的功能与A类基因的功能是相拮抗的。 5. 各类MADS-domain蛋白间的相互作用 在前面工作的基础上,我们首次对金粟兰中各类MADS-domain蛋白间的作用方式进行了研究。酵母双杂交结果表明:1)C末端的完整性对于MADS-domain蛋白二聚体的形成没有影响; 2)去掉M区的CsAP3蛋白与CsPI蛋白都能够形成异源二聚体,同时它们又可以各自形成同源二聚体; 3)E类蛋白既可以和A类或C类基因产物相互作用,也可以同AP3和PI型蛋白相互作用,充分体现了E类基因产物作用式样的保守性; 4)金粟兰中,FUL-like型基因所编码的蛋白CsAP1-1与CsSEP3和CsAG1也能形成异源二聚体,这与核心真双子叶植物的euFUL型蛋白在作用式样上是非常相似的。然而,金粟兰CsAP1-1蛋白不能形成同源二聚体。 综合以上结果发现,在无花被的金粟兰中,仍然存在着A、B、C/D、E类花发育相关的基因。这些基因的功能与核心真双子叶植物中同类基因的相比,有些是保守的,比如CsPI基因可以参与花被的形成;但也有一些是不同的,比如CsAP3基因主要参与雄蕊形成而非花被形成过程。由此可以看出被子植物花器官的发育是一个非常复杂的调控过程,不同植物中的调控机理及进化历程可能是不同的。
Resumo:
一、 春化相关基因全长cDNA序列及其启动子的克隆与分析研究 通过建立小麦(Triticum aestivum. L. cv Jingdong No.1)胚芽春化cDNA文库,以春化相关基因VER2的3’端序列为探针,筛选获得全长1195 bp cDNA序列,它编码300个氨基酸。在VER2中存在植物疾病抗性反应蛋白和茉莉酸诱导凝集素两种蛋白的结构域。另外在VER2蛋白中存在核定位信号和多种磷酸酶的作用位点,VER2可能参与了多种调控途径。 以VER2基因的cDNA为探针,利用改进的池式PCR以及高密度膜杂交筛选的方法,从小麦TAC基因组文库中获得41,788 bp的基因组克隆,该序列含有11个基因,其中VER2基因位于第三个基因。VER2基因组序列含有3个内含子,4个外显子与cDNA序列100%同源。通过对转录起始点和转录终止点的分析,进一步证明从cDNA文库筛选得到的VER2基因为全长序列。 对VER2基因的上游启动子区域进行分析,发现基因上游启动子区存在三个小的重复序列,每个片段有482 bp,另有两个较大的重复序列,每个片段有2,161 bp。对上游2.8 kb启动子区(不含重复序列)的响应元件分析,其包括ABA响应元件(ABRE)、茉莉酸甲酯响应元件(Me-JARE)、胚乳特异性表达元件、参与淀粉酶合成的元件以及存在类似GA响应元件(ATAACAAAC)如ATAACATAC等等。根据VER2基因上游6 kb序列结构特点,将VER2启动子区域进行缺失突变形成10个片段,分别以GUS和GFP为报告基因构建成瞬间表达载体和植物表达载体等四类质粒。通过基因枪方法将最大片段(6 kb)驱动GFP报告基因的瞬间表达载体转入经春化处理或未春化处理的小麦幼叶中,结果发现GFP在春化处理的幼叶中表达,而在未春化处理的幼叶中不表达,说明VER2基因的启动子驱动基因转录受春化处理调控。 二、 小麦矮化突变体的研究 通过对小麦矮化突变体gaid遗传生理分析发现该突变体为半显性阻断GA信号途径,由此发现在赤霉素信号途径中,α-淀粉酶的诱导一定程度上通过某些与株高相关的基因控制。突变体gaid呈现对高浓度的脱落酸更敏感,当ABA浓度达到10-6M时,突变体的生长几乎完全受到了抑制,而野生型的生长需要ABA浓度达到10-5M时才能完全受到抑制。通过突变体gaid对乙烯等抑制型生长调节剂的响应实验研究,首次提出GA调控植物伸长生长存在两条信号途径,即GA基础水平信号途径(GA basal level signaling pathway)和GA正常水平信号途径(GA normal level signaling pathway),而乙烯以及高浓的GA合成抑制剂(如PAC)是通过第一条途径(GA基础水平信号途径)起作用。光形态建成中对植株生长的抑制作用存在独立于GA的信号途径。 突变体gaid的根系在强光照(63.5 Es-1m-2)和培养基内(低氧)的生长条件下,表现出弯曲、变短、加粗等异常性状,而随光照强度的减弱,这种根系异常生长的表型也减弱,在暗培养中则完全消失,但无论在哪种环境条件下,相对野生型对照而言,突变体的种子根短、侧根少。低浓度的ABA(10-8M)可以恢复突变体gaid根系在强光低氧条件下的正常生长发育。然而利用IAA及其极性运输的抑制剂(TIBA)、乙烯生物合成前提物(ACC)及合成抑制剂(AOA)处理突变体gaid,并没有发现突变体根系的生长发育得到恢复。 突变体gaid可能是一个新的属于小麦GA信号途径中的负调控基因(GAID)发生了突变或超表达,导致其负调控作用增强,呈现半显性的矮化突变。在与另一已知小麦GA信号途径中的负调控基因RHT的关系研究上发现,GAID可能对RHT蛋白磷酸化后的降解途径起抑制作用。通过双向电泳发现突变体gaid与野生型对照(京冬1号)在生长过程中存在差异蛋白,这将有助于对GA信号途径分子机理的深入研究。
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植物的生境在时间和空间上都是异质性的,即使在很小的尺度上这种异质性也是存在的。克隆生长使得克隆植物在理论上更适应利用异质性环境,本文以几种克隆植物为对象,采用实验生态学方法,着重从生理生态特性、信号物质传导方面探讨克隆植物对异质性环境的适应对策。 以匍匐茎克隆植物野草莓(Fragaria vesca)为对象,研究了不同海拔梯度种群(1800m和3900m)对光照和养分资源斑块性分布生境的响应。研究结果显示:与资源的空间同质性处理(I) 和(II) 相比, 资源的空间异质性处理(III) 和(IV) 两个种群野草莓的近端、远端和整个克隆片段的生物量和分株数均获得显著增加。经历低光高养近端分株与经历高光低养的远段分株相连时,相比与低光高养的同质生境,来自两个海拔的种群分配更多的生物量到根;经历高光低养近端分株与经历低光高养远端分株相连时,相比于高光低养的同质生境,来自两个海拔的种群分配更少的生物量到根,类似的生物量分配格局在远端分株也被观察到。相比于高光低养同质性生境,当与低光高养远端分株相连时经历高光低养近端分株有更大的叶面积;相比于高光低养同质性生境,当与低光高养近端分株相连时经历高光低养远端分株有更大叶面积。实验结果表明, 资源交互斑块性生境中野草莓发生了克隆内分工。通过克隆内分工, 克隆植物能有效的利用异质性分布的资源, 缓解资源交互斑块性分布对克隆植物生长的不利影响。 以匍匐茎克隆植物蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)为对象, 研究其在高光照低水分斑块和低光照高水分斑块组成的资源交互斑块性生境中的克隆内分工。结果显示,当生长于高光照低水分(HL)条件下近端分株(basal ramets)与生长于低光照高水分(LH)条件下的远端分株(apical ramets)之间的匍匐茎连接时,近端分株根冠比显著下降,而远端分株根冠比显著增加,近端分株叶面积和远端分株总根长显著增加;当与低光照高水分条件下的远端分株相连时,近端分株叶片光合速率和叶绿素含量也相应增加。此外,克隆分株间资源交互传输显著提高蛇莓的生长表现(生物量和分株数)。因此,在光、水资源交互斑块性环境中克隆植物蛇莓分株在生物量分配、资源获取器官形态和生理特性方面发生了环境诱导的功能特化。这种对局部丰富资源的趋富特化在一定的程度上增强了克隆分株对资源的吸收利用能力,克隆内资源共享有助于缓解资源交互性斑块生境对克隆植物生长的不利影响,有效地提高克隆植物在其生境中存活与定居能力。 一个盆栽实验被采用以便调查克隆整合对经受局部沙埋的根状茎克隆植物沙生苔草(Carex praeclara)的影响,结果显示随着沙埋深度的增加,切断分株间的根状茎连接将显著降低经受沙埋处理分株的存活。当克隆植物经历局部沙埋时,切断分株间根状茎连接对其克隆生长(生物量、分株数和叶片数量)有显著负影响。耗-益(cost-benefit)分析显示,当与经历沙埋处理的远端分株相连时,近端分株的生长表现没有遭受任何负面影响。与经历沙埋处理远端分株相连时,近端分株的光合能力随沙埋深度的增加而增加。分株间的源-汇反馈调节机制所导致的补偿性反应减缓了局部沙埋对克隆植物生长的负效应。因此,克隆整合有助于提高经历局部沙埋克隆植物的存活,克隆植物在沙化地区植被恢复与重建方面具有重要意义。 克隆植物分株间的匍匐茎或根状茎连接不仅可以传输水分、矿质养分、光合产物,而且还可以传输信号物质。以根状茎克隆植物黑褐苔草(Carex alrofusca)为对象,采用盆栽实验研究外源茉莉酸诱导克隆片段相连分株间信号物质传导。结果显示,相比中龄和老龄分株,幼年分株对1mM茉莉酸诱导有显著反应。茉莉酸引起幼年分株叶片浓缩单宁含量显著增加,同时其叶片可溶性碳水化合物和氮含量降低。茉莉酸诱导后,幼年分株被昆虫咬食叶面积比率显著下降。因此匍匐茎或根状茎传也是克隆植物分株间信号物质传导重要通道,克隆植物通过分株间的风险扩散策略增强了对幼嫩植物组织器官的保护,这对克隆植物的存活或生长具有重要意义。
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The genetic diversity and phylogeny of 26 isolates of Bursaphelenchus xlophilus from China, Japan, Portugal and North America were investigated based on the D2/3 domain of 28S rDNA, nuclear ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The genetic diversity analysis showed that the D2/3 domain of 28S rDNA of isolates of B. xlophilus from China, Portugal, Japan and the US were identical and differed at one to three nucleotides compared to those from Canada. ITS sequences of isolates from China and Portugal were the same; they differed at one or two nucleotides compared to those of Japanese isolates and at four and 23 nucleotides compared to those front the US and Canada, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that Chinese isolates share a common ancestor with one of the two Japanese clades and that the Canadian isolates form a sister group of the clade comprised of isolates from China, Portugal,Japan, and the US. The relationship between Japanese isolates and those from China was closer than with the American isolates. The Canadian isolates were the basal group of B. xylophilus. This suggests that B. xlophilus originated in North America and that the B. xylphilus that occurs in China could have been first introduced from Japan. Further analysis based on RAPD analysis revealed that the relationship among isolates from Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shandong, Anhui provinces and Nanjing was the closest, which suggests that pine wilt disease in these Chinese locales was probably dispersed from Nanjing, where this disease first occurred in China.
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The now-emerging mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) population genomics provides information for reconstructing a well-resolved mtDNA phylogeny and for discerning the phylogenetic status of the subcontinentally specific haplogroups. Although several major East Asian mtDNA haplogroups have been identified in studies elsewhere, some of the most basal haplogroups, as well as numerous minor subhaplogroups, were not yet determined or fully characterized. To fill the lacunae, we selected 48 mtDNAs from >2,000 samples across China for complete sequencing that cover virtually all ( sub) haplogroups discernible to date in East Asia. This East Asian mtDNA phylogeny can henceforth serve as a solid basis for phylogeographic analyses of mtDNAs, as well as for studies of mitochondrial diseases in East and Southeast Asia.
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We investigated the phylogenetic relationships among most Chinese species of lizards in the genus Phrynocephalus (118 individuals, collected from 56 populations of 14 well-defined species and several unidentified specimens) using four mitochondrial gene fragments (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, cytochrome b, and ND4-tRNA(LEU)). The partition-homogeneity tests indicated that the combined dataset was homogeneous, and maximum-parsimony (MP), neighbor-joining (NJ), maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BI) analyses were performed on this combined dataset (49 haplotypes including outgroups for 2058 bp in total). The maximum-parsimony analysis resulted in 24 equally parsimonious trees, and their strict consensus tree shows that there are two major clades representing the Chinese Phrynocephalus species: the viviparous group (Clade A) and the oviparous group (Clade B). The trees derived from Bayesian, ML. and NJ analyses were topologically identical to the MP analysis except for the position of P. mystaceus. All analyses left the nodes for the oviparous group, the most basal clade within the oviparous group, and P. mystaceus unresolved. The phylogenies further suggest that the monophyly of the viviparous species may have resulted from vicariance, while recent dispersal may have been important in generating the pattern of variation among the oviparous species. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
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More than 10 species within the freshwater fish genus Sinoncyclocbeilus adapt to caves and show different degrees of degeneration of eyes and pigmentation. Therefore, this genus can be useful for studying evolutionary developmental mechanisms, role of natural selection and adaptation in cave animals. To better understand these processes, it is indispensable to have background knowledge about phylogenetic relationships of surface and cave species within this genus. To investigate phylogenetic relationships among species within this genus, we determined nucleotide sequences of complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1140 bp) and partial ND4 gene (1032 bp) of 31 recognized ingroup species and one outgroup species Barbodes laticeps. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using maximum parsimony. Bayesian, and maximum likelihood analyses. Our phylogenetic results showed that all species except for two surface species S. jii and S. macrolepis clustered as five major monophyletic clades (I, II, III, IV, and V) with strong supports. S. jii was the most basal species in all analyses, but the position of S. macrolepis was not resolved. The cave species were polyphyletic and occurred in these five major clades. Our results indicate that adaptation to cave environments has occurred multiple times during the evolutionary history of Sinocyclocheilus. The branching orders among the clades I, II, III, and IV were not resolved, and this might be due to early rapid radiation in Sinocyclocheilus. All species distributed in Yunnan except for S. rhinocerous and S. hyalinus formed a strongly supported monophyletic group (clade V), probably reflecting their common origins. This result suggested that the diversification of Sinocyclocheilus in Yunnan may correlate with the uplifting of Yunnan Plateau. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Inc.
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With modified DNA extraction and Purification protocols, the complete cytochrome b gene sequences (1140 bp) were determined from degraded museum specimens. Molecular analysis and morphological examination of cranial characteristics of the giant flying squirrels of Petaurista philippensis complex (P. grandis, P. hainana, and P. yunanensis) and other Petaurista species yielded new insights into long-standing controversies in the Petaurista systematics. Patterns of genetic variations and morphological differences observed in this study indicate that P. hainana, P. albiventer, and P. yunanensis can be recognized as distinct species, and P. grandis and P. petaurista are conspecific populations. Phylogenetic relationships reconstructed by using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian methods reveal that, with P. leucogenys as the basal branch, all Petaurista groups formed two distinct clades. Petaurista philippensis, P. hainana, P. yunanensis, and P. albiventer are clustered in the same clade, while P. grandis shows a close relationship to P. petaurista. Deduced divergence times based on Bayesian analysis and the transversional substitution at the third codon suggest that the retreating of glaciers and upheavals or movements of tectonic plates in the Pliocene-Pleistocene were the major factors responsible for the present geographical distributions of Petaurista groups. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Previous investigations on Chinese mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation revealed that the matrilineal gene pool of southern Han Chinese is rather complex, with much higher genetic diversity and more basal/ancient lineages than the northern Hans. The extrem
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Memory is sensitive to the short-acting anesthetic (2,6-diisopropylphenol) propofol, but the underlying mechanism is little known. Here, we have examined the effects of propofol on synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of anesthetized rats. We found that low dose of propofol (20 mg/kg, i.p.) did not affect the basal transmission, but enhanced prominently the development of long-term depression (LTD) and impaired the maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP). The impairment of LTP maintenance and enhancement of LTD development may contribute to propofol-induced deficits in memory following propofol anesthesia. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of the excitatory synaptic inputs plasticity in the hippocampus is believed to underlie certain types of learning and memory. Especially, stressful experiences, well known to produce long-lasting strong memories of the event themselves, enable LTD by low frequency stimulation (LFS, 3 Hz) but block LTP induction by high frequency stimulation (HFS, 200 Hz). However, it is unknown whether stress-affected synaptic plasticity has an impact on the output plasticity. Thus, we have simultaneously studied the effects of stress on synaptic plasticity and neuronal output in the hippocampal CA1 region of anesthetized Wistar rats. Our results revealed that stress increased basal power spectrum of the evoked synchronized-spikes and enabled LTD induction by LFS. The induction of stress-facilitated LTD but not LFS induced persistent decreases of the power spectrum of the synchronized-spikes and the frequency of the spontaneous unitary discharges; However, HFS induced UP in non-stressed animals and increased the power spectrum of the synchronized-spikes, without affecting the frequency of the spontaneous unitary discharges, but HFS failed to induce UP in stressed animals without affecting the power spectrum of the synchronized-spikes and the frequency of the spontaneous unitary discharges. These observations that stress-facilitated LTD induces the output plasticity through the synchronized-spikes and spontaneous unitary discharges suggest that these types of stress-related plasticity may play significant roles in distribution, amplification and integration of encoded information to other brain structures under stressful conditions. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and The Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.
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Prior synaptic or cellular activity influences degree or threshold for subsequent induction of synaptic plasticity, a process known as metaplasticity. Thus, the continual synaptic activity, spontaneous miniature excitatory synaptic current (mEPSC) may correlate to the induction of long-teen depression (LTD). Here, we recorded whole-cell EPSC and mEPSC alternately in the Schaffer-CA1 synapses in brain slice of young rats, and found that this recording configuration affected neither EPSC nor mEPSC. Low frequency stimulation (LFS) induced variable magnitudes of LTD. Remarkably, larger magnitudes of LTD were significantly correlated to smaller amplitude/lower frequency of the basal mEPSC. Furthermore, under the conditions reduced amplitude/frequency of the basal mEPSC by exposure to behavioral stress immediately before slice preparation or low concentration of calcium in bath solution, the magnitudes of LTD were still inversely correlated to mEPSC amplitude/frequency. These new findings suggest that spontaneous mEPSC may reflect functional and/or structural aspects of the synapses, the synaptic history ongoing metaplasticity. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Stress impairs hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), but it is unknown whether the stress evoked by opiate withdrawal has the same effect. Here the authors report that opiate withdrawal for 4 days does not influence basal synaptic transmission, but re