鄂尔多斯高原景观要素空间格局及植物与环境关系的定量解析

鄂尔多斯高原是一个多层次、复杂的生态过渡带，具有复杂多样的环境条件、生态特点，因此也就具有复杂多样的植物与环境关系。本文从群落和景观两个尺度水平上研究鄂尔多斯高原植物或植被与环境关系及景观空间格局。利用鄂尔多斯高原野外植物群落样方调坦数据、微生境环境数据、气候数据，以典范对应分析（Canonical Correspondence Analysis, CCA）的方法分析了鄂尔多斯高原植物分布空间格局与环境要素的关系并对秋类环境要素对鄂尔多斯高原植物空间分布格局的贡献进行了定量分解;利用1:500 000 鄂尔多斯高原植被、土壤、土地利用、土地沙漠化类型等专题地图在GIS支持下分析了鄂尔多斯高原景观空间格局、并利用上述专题图数据加上鄂尔多斯高原气候数据库分析了土壤、土地利用、土地利用、土地沙漠化和气候等对鄂尔多斯高原植被空间分布格局的作用。通过分析，得到了以下主要结论： 1 在分析方法上、利用典范对应分析的方法，把植物分布的空间因素与环境因素分离的方法发展为植物分布空间格局不同类型影响因素作用的定量分离，提出了相应的概念模型和实现方法。 2 影响鄂尔多斯高原植物分布空间格局的主要微生境环境要素是基质类型、地下水位、覆沙厚度等，而影响鄂尔多斯高原分布空间格局的主要气候要素中，降水和干湿指标的作用大于温度和热量指标的作用。 3 通过对鄂尔多斯高原植物分布空间格局与环境关系的研究，以植物对微生境环境要素的反应为根据，把鄂尔多斯高原主要植物划分为4个大类群：梁地植物、沙地植物、草甸植物和耐盐植物。根据它们对气候要素的反应，把鄂尔多斯高原主要植物划分为典型草原植物、荒漠草原植物和草原化荒漠植物3大类。进一步，根据鄂尔多劳动保护高原植物与环境关系的研究，进行了鄂尔多斯高原植被功能型划分的尝试，得到了鄂尔多斯高原的12种主要植被功能型。 4 对鄂尔多斯高原植物分布的空间格局的影响环境因素的贡献作了定量地分解。分析结果显示：鄂尔多斯高原植物分布空间格局中有27.02％可由已知环境变量得到解释，其中21.56％与微生境环境要素相关，7.51％与气候要素的作用有关，而气候与微生境环境要素的耦合作用的份额为2.05％。根据植物生长是否直接受到地下水的影响，鄂尔多斯高原存在两大类型生态特点差异明显的生境类型：中性立地和隐域生境，对两大类型生境上影响植物空间分布格局的环境要素的作用也进行了定量分解。分析结果表明：对于植物生长不直接受地下水影响的中性立地，已知环境要素的作用可以解释植物空间分布格局总信息的29.36％，稍大于对总体上鄂尔多斯高原植物分布空间格局的解释，其中9.23％与气候要素相关，22.08％与微生境环境要素相关，而两种类型环境要素的耦合作用则占1.95％。对于植物生长直接受到地下水影响的隐域生境，所有已知环境要素对植物分布空间格局的贡献率为72.28％，其中气候要素的作用为30.31％，微生境环境要素的作用为49.08％，两类环境要素的耦合作用为7.11％。 5 描述景观空间格局的指数多种多样，这些能数在描述特定区域的景观空间格局时是有信息冗余的。本文对利用FRAGSTATS所获得的鄂尔多斯高原植被、土壤、土地利用、土地沙漠化等景观分量的20个景观指数实施了因子分析。通过因子分析，我们可以把描述鄂尔多斯高原景观空间格局的景观指数归并为以下8类：多样性指数、斑块多度指数、斑块类型丰富度指数、斑块面积指数、斑块形状指数、分形维数、空间配置指数和斑块面积变异指数。通过因子分析，还得到了这些景观指数对描述鄂尔多斯景观格局的共性特征：在描述鄂尔多斯高原景观空间格局时，作用最大的是多样性指数、斑块多度指数、面积加权平均斑块形状指数和面积加权平均分形维数，其次是斑块类型丰富度指数、平均分维指数、平均形状指数和斑块面积指数，而空间配置指数（扩散与毗连指数）和斑块面积变异指数的作用则比较微弱。 6 对鄂尔多斯高原景观指数的因子分析是非常有效和成功的。因子分析对鄂尔多斯高原植被、土壤、土地利用、土地沙漠化景观指数的分析分别得到了5-6个主要因子，可以表达原有20个景观指数所表达信息的91.1-96.0％，即可以反应鄂尔多斯高原景观空间格局的大部分信息。本文所进行的因子分析对因子进行了方差最大化(Varimax)正交旋转的处理，因子分析得到的每一个主要因子都有一个或几个与之相关性非常高的景观指数与之对应，因此，就可以用与因子分析所得主要因子相关性最高的景观指数代替该主要因子来表达鄂尔多斯高原的景观空间格局。另外还因为有些景观指数之间具有极高的相关系数，所以对因子分析所得到的景观指数可以进一步精减，最后利用因子分析成功地把原有20个景观指数减少到了11个。最后被选来描述鄂尔多斯高原景观格局的景观指数有下列11个：MSIEI（修正的Simpson均匀度指数）、AWMPFD（面积加权平均斑块分形维数）、AWMSI（面积加权平均形状指数）、NP（斑块数目）、PR（斑块类型丰富度）、MSI（平均形状指数）、MPFD（平均斑块分形维数）、MPS（平均斑块面积）、PSCV（斑块面积变异系数）、DLFD（双对数分形维数）和IJI（扩散与毗连指数）。 7 鄂尔多斯高原植被、土壤、土地利用在景观组成结构上具有一个共同特点，就是各种类型的面积差异极大，少数类型占有极大比重，而其余面积则很小。产生这一情形的原因主要与人为活动的强烈影响有关，表现在地带性的植被与土壤面积所占的比重不高，沙地、沙生植被与风沙土则占有很大比重。 8 以地带性植被和滩地隐域性植被表示的鄂尔多斯高原的原生植被仅占高原面积的不足30％，而以地带性土壤和滩地隐域性土壤表示的原生性土壤占鄂尔多斯高原总面积的近40％，说明土壤退化不如植被退化严重，或滞后于植被退化。 9 鄂尔多斯高原各景观指数的空间变化曲线，植被与土壤很相近，具有非常相似的格局;土地利用景观格局空间变化特征与植被、土壤等明显不同;土地沙漠化的景观格局空间变化曲线介植被曲线、土壤曲线与土地利用曲线之间，说明土地沙漠化不仅是一个受人为活动影响的过程，而且与自然过程密切相关。 10 鄂尔多斯高原景观格局的空间梯度变化表现出了东西向和南北向的梯度，但总体上以东西向的变化比较明显。 11 通过鄂尔多斯高原土壤类型、土地利用、土地沙漠化等景观要素、气候、空间要素与鄂尔多斯高原植被空间分布格局的CCA分析，探讨了它们之间的相互关系。以对鄂尔多斯高原植被组成数据的总方差解释的百分率为标准，土壤对鄂尔多斯植被分布的空间格局的作用最大，其方差贡献率可达44.28％，其次是土地利用与鄂尔多斯高原植被的关系也很密切，土地利用对鄂尔多斯高原植被空间分布格局的方差贡献率为22.45％，空间因素对鄂尔多斯高原植被空间分布格局的贡献率为17.51％，土地沙漠化对鄂尔多斯高原植被空间分布格局的贡献为15.65％，排在第四位;气候因素对鄂尔多斯高原植被空间格局的贡献率为11.95％，居第五位。 12 在气候要素对鄂尔多斯高原植被空间分布格局的作用中，降水与干湿指标的作用大于温度与热量指标的作用。这一点与利用野外调查样方的群落数据植物与气候关系的分析是完全一致的。CCA分析还表明鄂尔多斯高原植被空间格局的东西向变化大于南北向分异。 13 在群落和景观水平上，鄂尔多斯高原植物空间分布或植被格局的影响因素的作用具有相似的格局，即气候因子的作用明显地小于地质、土壤、水文等微生境环境要素（群落水平）或土壤（景观水平）的作用，并在这两个尺度上气候要素对植物空间分布或植被格局的定量解释份额上也是非常相近的，都仅有10％左右。气候因子对鄂尔多斯高原植物空间分布格局的这种弱的解释能力，从侧面说明了人为活动等非自然因素对鄂尔多斯高原植物空间分布格局的强烈作用。 14 在鄂尔多斯高原生态系统管理上，应协调人与自然的关系;加强鄂尔多斯高原的生物多样性保育，对于本区生态和经济对非常重要的滩地，应协调好对其开发利用与保护的关系;在鄂尔多斯高原土地沙漠化防治方面，应把调整人地关系与自然生态背景与条件相结合，如使用“三圈”模式等生态系统管理模式等。

Phytoplankton biomass in relation to nutrients and zooplankton in thirty subtropical lakes adjacent to the Yangtze River, China

A total of 30 shallow lakes, located along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, were studied to assess the relative importance of nutrients and zooplankton biomass in determining the phytoplankton biomass in subtropical China. Zooplankton biomass and nutrients both varied greatly in these lakes. Factor analysis and multiple linear regression showed that phytoplankton biomass was positively correlated with TN, NH4+, NO3- and TP, while it did not show any negative relationship to zooplankton biomass. Meanwhile, the phytoplankton biomass showed contrary relationships to the mass ratio of TN/TP in spring and summer, suggesting that in nutrient-richer lakes the dominant phytoplankton species have different preferences for TN/TP ratio. The insignificant top-down control of phytoplankton biomass may be attributed to the dominance of small-sized crustaceans and low crustacean biomass resulting from cyanobacterial dominance and planktivorous fish predation as well as other factors. Thus, it is likely that nutrients were more important than zooplankton biomass in explaining the total variance of phytoplaDkton biomass in these subtropical lakes.

Study of normal and modified nucleosides in serum by RP-HPLC

Modified nucleosides derived predominantly from transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) have been studied as possible tumor markers. In this paper a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been applied to study 15 normal and modified nucleosides in serum. The nucleoside levels in normal human serum were established, and the concentrations of 15 nucleosides in serum from 19 cancer patients were determined, it was found that the concentrations of modified nucleosides were significantly higher in patient sera. Based on 15 nucleoside concentrations in serum, factor analysis could classify correctly 90% of cancer patients from the normal humans Further work showed that urine was slightly better than serum when determining nucleosides as biological marker candidates. More work is ongoing to determine the clinical usefulness of modified nucleosides as tumor markers.

The relation between formal potential and structure of indophenols and molecular mechnism of electrooxidation

The molecular structural parameters of indophenol and its derivatives were calculated by semi-empirical molecular orbital quantum chemical method,The relation between molecular structural parameters and formal potentials was analyzed by principal factor analysis and multiple Linear regression method. It was found that the formal potential of indophenols has a good relation with two-center electron exchange energy, E-ex (2), resonance energy of O-C bond, E-ex (C-1-O), and molecular ionization potential, I-p, among 19 moleclular structural parameters. The regression equation is E-0' = 1. 47 x 10 (-3) E-ex (two) - 5. 74 x 10 (-2) E-ex (C-1 - O) - 1. 41 x 10 (-2) I-p with RC = 0. 9999 and SD = 0. 00424. It was confirmed by the relation between structure parameters and formal potentials, and the thermodynamic stability of its intermediate products that the H (+) ionization is prior to the electron transfer step in the oxidation mechanism.

Information system for ICP-AES in Windows environment

An information system for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (TCP-BES) in MS Windows environment was developed based on the previous work in the laboratory. The system contains the data of about 28 000 spectral lines and a function of ICP spectral simulation,so it would be very helpful for line selection. The system also contains the Kalman filter and factor analysis programmes written with MS Visual Basic(version 4.0), which can be used for spectral interference correction and peak position optimization. A large amount of real spectral scanning data of rare earth elements were included in the system for user's references. All these characteristics made the system more useful and practical.

北黄海表层沉积物粒度分布特征及其对沉积环境的指示

本文基于北黄海1140个表层沉积物样品的粒度分析结果，来探讨沉积物粒度组成、分布特征与物源和水动力环境的关系。结果表明，研究区底质类型主要有泥、粉砂、砂质粉砂、粉砂质砂、砂五种类型，少数站位含有砾石。砾石则主要分布在长山列岛附近海域、大连湾口及其东南近海；砂主要分布在123.3°E以东的海域和长山列岛附近海域；粉砂主要分布在研究区的西南部和大连湾外海；粘土的含量较低，含量大于30%的区域仅分布在研究区的西南部，大于16%的区域有向北和东北延伸的趋势，在大连湾至广鹿岛近海沉积物粘土含量也大于16%。 根据对沉积物粒度各粒级的因子分析结果,结合沉积物的Folk分类和Pejrup分类,将北黄海划分成五个主要沉积环境分区，分别受山东半岛沿岸流、黄海暖流、强潮流场、长山列岛和辽东沿岸流控制。北黄海中西部沉积物主要受山东半岛沿岸流影响，经过本区的黄海暖流限制了山东半岛沿岸流携带的细粒物质向东和向北的扩散和运移，研究区东部沉积作用的主控因素是潮流，长山列岛中部海域受附近岛屿剥蚀物影响，大连湾外海受辽东半岛沿岸流控制。研究区西南部细粒沉积物的粒度分布具有不均匀性和南北不对称性，其形成主要受控于山东半岛沿岸流和黄海暖流及其相互作用，潮流可能也起一定作用。

中太平洋海区富钴结壳地球化学特征及成因机制

本文利用ICP-AES、EPMA、X-ray衍射等测试技术以及聚类分析和因子分析等多种数理统计方法，系统地对中太平洋海区富钴结壳的元素地球化学特征、矿物组成和微观组构进行了研究，并探讨了其成因机制，获得以下主要认识： 1中太平洋海区富钴结壳类型多样，均为水成成因，其矿物相主要由锰矿物相、铁矿物相和非金属矿物相组成；富钴结壳壳层发育多种原生和次生构造类型。 2磷酸盐化作用不仅强烈改变富钴结壳元素初始含量，而且造成富钴结壳某些元素间的相关性发生改变，这些敏感型元素对可用于指示富钴结壳是否发生磷酸盐化。在不同水深段内，未磷酸盐化型富钴结壳的主要元素随经向、纬向的变化趋势相似，表明其受水体化学障、表面生产力和物质来源等环境参数控制；而随水深的变化则具有区域一致性，表明水体化学具有区域成层性。 3未磷酸盐化富钴结壳稀土元素含量和轻重稀土分馏程度随水深发生规律变化，这种变化不仅与它们在海洋中的含量和行为有关，也与海洋背景颗粒的吸附有关；铈(Ce)在富钴结壳中基本上呈4价，且动力学因素控制了其富集过程，因此Ce异常不能用于指示富钴结壳形成环境的氧化程度。 4基于富钴结壳微层呈锯齿状且同一微层生长速率不同，提出了富钴结壳在各种基底表面生长以及后继发育过程受固液界面双电层控制的发育模式。在富钴结壳整个发育过程中，经历了从贫氧环境向富氧环境的转变，但微环境则呈富氧-低氧过程的交替。 关键词： 富钴结壳；中太平洋；元素地球化学；界面双电层

鄂尔多斯盆地环县地区长6-长8沉积相及储层研究

The exploration in recent years shows that the Yanchang Formation in the southwest of Ordos Basin is of great resource potential and good exploration and exploitation prospect. In the thesis ，sedimentary source analysis，sedimentary system，sedimentary microfacies，sandstones distribution and reservoir characteristic are studied and favorable oil area are forecasted in Chang6-Chang8 of Yanchang formation in HuanXian region， by mainly study on the data of field section observation ，core observation, well logging explaination and routine microscope slice identification，scanning Electron Microscope and reservoir analysis of lithology and physical property , Under the guidance of such advanced theories and methods as sedimentology，reservoir sedimentology，lithological oil pool and so on. The stratum of Chang6-Chang8 of Yanchang formation could be divided into pieces of member following the principles that firstly contrasting the big segments, then contrasting the small segments, being controlled by cycle and consulting the thickness etc.And the characteristic of stratum are detailed discussed , respectively. Based on the source direction of the central basin, heavy and light minerals are used to analyse source direction of Chang6 and Chang8 member, in HuanXian area. Research result shows that the source of Chang6 and Chang8 member is mixed provenance,including west-south,west and east-north. By the study of rock types、 sedimentary conformation、lithology and electromotive curve combination and palaeo-biology,lake、delta and braided delta mianly developed in study area are recognized, Subaqueous distributary channels in delta front and in braided delta front, and sand body in deep-lake turbidite, are the main reservoir.forthermore,the characteristic of depositional system and sandy body in space are discussed. Applied with routine microscope slice identification, Scanning Electron Microscope, reservoir lithology and physical property analysis and other analytic machinery, Feldspar-lithic fine-sandstone and feldspar fine-sandstone are mainly sandstone of Y Chang6-Chang8 in Huanxian area, small pore and tiny pore are the main pore types, tiny throat type and micro-fine throat type are widely developed , secondary dissolution porosity, intercrystal porosity, tiny pore and micro-crack are main pore types.Intergranular porosity and dissolution porosity secondary is the main pore secondary. The dominant diagenesis types in the area are compaction, cementation, replacement and dissolution. Chlorite films cementation facies, carbonate cementation facies ,mud cementation compaction facie, compaction 、pressure solution facies are the main diagenetic facies,in which Chlorite films cementation facies is the best diagenetic facies in study area. Reservoir influence factor analysis ,rock types are the main factor forming this low-pore and low-permeability of Chang6-Chang8 member in study area,and relatively higher permeability area are cortrolled by sedimentary facies distribution, diagenesis improved reservoir physical property. According to the distributing of sedimentary micro-facies and sandy body , and the test oil, favorable region in Chang6-Chang8 are forecasted.

层状反倾向结构岩质边坡变形机理及稳定性研究

Toppling is a major failure model in anti-dip layered rock slopes. Because of the limited by testing means and experimental apparatus, present research on the deformation mechanism and stability analysis are mainly focus on the 2-Dimensional deformation, and the research really based on 3-Dimension is still limited. Therefore, based on the present research station, the article rely on the important hydroelectric project of typical anti-dip layered rock slopes -- The left bank slope of Long-tan hydropower-station in Guang Xi, China, and focused on the influencing factors, deformation mechanism and stability analysis of anti-dip layered rock slopes, three problems as follows are researched in this paper. (1) Deformation influencing factor analysis on ant-dip layered rock slopes Three influencing factors are included: geological factor, engineering factor and environmental factor. It is concluded that the toppling deformation of anti-dip layered rock slopes are more sensitive to geological and engineering factors, but less sensitive to environmental factor. In addition, the sensitivity of various factors to the rock toppling deformation is also arranged sequentially as follows: construction, gravitation, rainfall (underground water) and rock structure intensity, etc. (2) 3D deformation study on the anti-dip layered toppling rock slopes Used 3D Distinct Element Method (3DEC) analyzed the 3D deformation characteristic of anti-dip layered rock slops. It can be seen that the toppling characteristics are obvious when the inter-angle between slope direction and layer striking direction is under 20o, when the inter-angle is over 20o and equal or less than 40o，the toppling deformation characteristics decrease sharply with increase of inter-angle, when the inter-angle is over 40o , the slope deformation is not controlled by joints but influenced by other failure mode. Therefore, in order to quantify the toppling characteristics, a differential value of displacement vector angle between layered rock slope and block rock slope is proposed as a key index to distinguish failure model for anti-dip layered rock slopes, and it was applied to study the toppling of the rock slopes at Guangxi Long-tan hydropower station, China. The results indicated that the index was effective and instructive for analyzing the anti-dip layered rock slopes. (3) Stability analysis methods Because of the imperfection of some present slope analysis methods, based on slope failure mode and those three influencing factors, “slope stability entropy” method is defined in this paper, which makes good use of the sensitivity of relational matrix to influencing factors on slope stability and the qualification characteristics for information entropy to the irregularity of slope deformation. By this method, not only the randomness of geologic body on the base of dynamic analysis of slope failure mode is fully concerned, but also it makes the analysis time-saving and simple. Finally, the research findings were used to the engineering example successfully, and rational conclusion has been obtained.

珠穆朗玛峰东绒布冰川表层雪中的气候和环境记录

Snow chemistry research helps to found the basis of studying ice cores. Samples of fresh snow and snow pits were collected from East Rongbuk Glacier on the north slope of Mt. Qomolangma during October, 2002. Major soluble ions (Na~+, NH_4~+, K~+, Mg~(2+), Ca~(2+), Cl~-, NO_3~- and SO_4~(2-)) andδ~(18)O were detected for analysis. Source analysis showed that major sources contributing to the snow chemistry in Mt. Qomolangma region are remote Asian dust and salt lake dust, sea-salt aerosols from Indian monsoon, local rock-mineral dust, human activities and natural atmospheric procedures. Principal factor analysis indicated that high-concentration group was dominated by continental dust with little oceanic source, indicating continental or local precipitation, while the low group dominated by oceanic aerosols indicated oceanic precipitation. Local mineral dust was a minor a source characterized mainly by Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+) contribution. Ammonia related mainly with continental dusts and nitrogen-circulation processes in the atmosphere, it also had a peculiar source should be seasonal agriculture activities in the south Asia. Nitrate showed bad correlations with other ions for its special chemical characteristics. δ~(18)O and major soluble ions displayed obvious seasonal variations. The summer precipitation had very low ion loadings and relatively lower heavy oxygen isotope from the Indian Ocean with occasionally ion peaks formed by local evaporation. While the winter and spring precipitation had high ion loadings and δ~(18)O value for the great amount of continental dust and evaporated vapors. Frequent fluctuations of δ~(18)O and ion concentration occur during the transitional period, indicating alternated precipitations by various air mass types. Ion concentration in snow from the Qomolangma region is comparable with from the Antactica, representing relatively pure background of atmospheric environment on earth. While the high concentration is close to the glaciers' located near the major sources of Asian dust. Compared with the snow chemistry of South Slope of Mt. Qomolangma, the North Slope has lower sea-salt ion concentration during summer monsoon and higher concentration of all major ions during pre- and post-monsoon period due to it's special geophysical location.

陕甘宁盆地储层物性预测及油气综合判识方法研究

The thesis show you seven interpretation models of erosion of MAs1+2 in the west of prospect and eroded gully of middle and east, form the interpretation technique how to built up eroded gully of the Ordovician top, according of the practical demand of oil-gas exploration in the ShanGanNing basin, using seismic information, combining well logging and well drilling data, Carefully analyzing geologic deposition background and well logging data, through a great quantity forward and inversion for geologic model and combination geologic model with seismic section. Related to research of reservoir absorption in the ShanGanNing basin, it firstly introduces PRONY transformation multidimensional filter. It can simultaneously express relationship of frequency and absorption decay coefficient, better than FUSAIPU analysis method; PRONY filter have obtain the better effect in the gas field of ZhenChuanBao in the ShanBei area after adopting PRONY filtering method to predict reservoir absorption, by analyzing fixed well and prediction of non-well drilling. In the ShanGanNing basin, general seismic inversion method can produce evident different results or misunderstanding because wave impedance and lithology, physical property, gas property are not sole, especially while have little impedance contrast and even have contract direction; the author carefully analyzes multi-parameter inversion technique, add natural gamma ray and natural potential and other parameter combined making model inversion method according of theory of seismic inversion and applying reservoir velocity and wave impedance information at last, we get the more directly reservoir physical property parameter, judging reservoir physical property is more exact. In accordance with geologic, seismic feature of Shan basin, the thesis conclude Ordovician system top erosion interpretation technology with ChangQing character, and reservoir thickness prediction technique combining inversion technique with wave character analysis, Reservoir physical property that is mainly absorption factor analysis and multi-parameter inversion and oil-gas prediction technology. These technologies obtain the better result in the oil-gas field exploration and have formed comprehensive research method and technology series with ShanGanNing character.

K/E之交环境地球化学元素的演化与全球变化及恐龙绝灭的关系-以黑龙江中下游地区和俄罗斯远东地区为例

In this paper, We analyzed the geological and geographical settings of dinosaurs extinction at the end of Cretaceous, especially the effect of the change of the elements contents on dinosaurs extinction. We studied basis on the two typical sections-Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary (Baishantou section (in Jiayin, Heilongjiang province of China) and Arkhara-Boguchan Coal Mine section (in Far East of Russian)) and Longgushan section (in Jiayin, Heilongjiang province of China) mainly. This work provided some evidences for forecasting the effects of global environmental change on bio-circle. The followings are the primary gains: According to the paleo-climate indexes (CaO/MgO,Sr/Ba) and the results of Factor Analysis, we found that there were similar climate in Baishantou section and Arkhara-Boguchan Coal Mine section near the K/E boundary, and both of them took on the trend of temperature declining and precipitation heightening after transitory high-temperature and drought. There are similar change and evlution rule of the elements contents near the boundary in the both sections (Baishantou section and Arkhara-Boguchan Coal Mine section). Both iron group elements and chalcophile elements appeared obvious abnormity. There are not visible correlation between the change of elements contents and climate indexes. This shows that the elements abnormity maybe came from the factors excluding climate or the factors were too many to conceal the influence of climate. --The result of cluster analysis showed that the boundary between BST3-8 and BST3-9 may be the K/E boundary of Baishantou section, and the top of twofold coal were the K/E boundary of Arkhara-Boguchan Coal Mine section which was consistent with accepted conclusion formerly. By contrast of elements contents in dinosaur bones and general organism, in surrounding rock and general sand stone, the regulation of the change of elements contents in dinosaur bones and surrounding rock, we confirmed that dinosaur extinction in Jiayin were relative with the high abnormities of Sr, Ba, Pb, Cr and the low abnormity of Zn, at least, it was them which speeded up dinosaurs extinction. After a series of analysis, we concluded that dinosaurs extinction of this areas tied up with the relative high background values of geo-chemical elements , paleo-climate and disaster incidents. First of all, high background values provided the necessary condition for the accumulation of the elements. Secondly, the drought climate adverse to the survival of dinosaurs, and led them to extinct gradually. finally, disaster incidents, the eruption of volcano or the collision of aerolites, made them exit this planet.

大城市内部商业环境满意度评价与消费区位决策研究-以北京市西城区和海淀区为例

Since 1990s, commercial conditions in China including commercial environment, retail types, scale of retail enterprises, spatial structure of retail and shopping decision making factors have changed. In order to keep up with these changes, commercial geography should set up new perspectives, theories and methods to analyze its internal mechanism and changing rules, and thus provide reasonable and practical scientific basis to commercial planning, location decision of retail enterprises and commercial environment construction. Taking Xicheng and Haidian District of Beijing as research case, which is a sector region from city center to rural region, this paper selects 12 commercial centers as most important study objects of this sector. This paper mainly makes use of the methods of Modeling, Pearson Bivaiiate Correlations Analysis, Factor Analysis and Logit model. Based on 1300 questionnaires and fieldwork, this paper focuses on modeling of Consumer Satisfaction of Commercial Environment (CSCE), evaluation of commercial environment and driving factors of consumers' shopping location decision. Firstly, this paper discusses the development of commercial geography and commercial environment evaluation, the new characteristics and trends of commercial development in Beijing and physical commercial environment of Xicheng and Haidian District of Beijing from chapter 1 to chapter 4. Secondly, this paper summarizes characteristics of residents' shopping behavior in chapter 5. Thirdly, this paper sets up an evaluative model of CSCE, and analyzes consumer satisfaction indexes of commercial environment and their spatial features in chapter 6. Fourthly, this paper infers how residents' attributes and shopping behaviors affect their preferences of shopping location and what are residents' shopping location decisions and their influencing factors in chapter 7. Fifthly, this paper constructs a significant index model and a pyramidal framework of CSCE, and further analyzes the diversity and competitive advantage of commercial environment in chapter 8. Finally, some conclusions are drawn as follows: 1. Characteristics of residents' shopping behavior mostly embody residents' time distance preference, commodity consumption preference, shopping time distribution and shopping activity characteristics. The important factors that influence shopping location choice of residents are distance, transportation, commodity price, commodity types and commodity quality. However, the important factors, which influence shopping location re-choice of residents, are commodity price, commodity quality, commodity types and transportation. 2. CSCE indexes of 12 commercial centers show us significant spatial characteristics, such as spatial differences of "Center-fringe region", spatial characteristics of axes, spatial diversity of ring roads and so on. 3. Influencing factors including factor endowments, relative establishment factor and location and transportation factor of commercial environment are of importance for CSCE. 4. Logit model 1 indicates that shopping behavior of residents is significantly and positively related to working in high-tech companies, high income and by car and positively related to high school diploma, by bus and subway. 5. Logit model 2 indicates that residents' shopping location decision is significantly and positively related to leisure establishment and relative restaurant and entertainment establishment and negatively related to commercial location, commodity price, service quality, parking site. 6. The significant index model and the pyramidal framework of CSCE indicate competitive advantages are crucial to attractive capability of commercial center, and competitive weakness limits development of commercial centers, in particular the weakness of service quality and parking site now is the chief factors restricting development of commercial centers

喀斯特石漠化景观的空间因子分析及生态优化途径初探——以贵州清镇王家寨小流域为例

本文以西南喀斯特地区的王家寨小流域为研究对象，基于多源信息，依托遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）技术获取2005年该区石漠化景观分布格局信息，以此为基础进行石漠化景观分布指数（RLDI）、石漠化综合指数（RCI）、x-s平面分析模型以及三次曲线拟合等分析，旨在从小流域尺度上探讨石漠化景观在坡度、坡向、高程和与村庄距离等空间因子上的分布规律。 结果表明：无石漠化和轻度石漠化景观的RLDI曲线在坡度梯度上波动最显著（即其受坡度影响最大）；其他石漠化景观在坡向梯度上变化最明显。坡度上27º是RCI由增至减的临界点；各坡向中南、南东坡RCI值最高，北、北东、东坡次之；高程越高RCI越高；距村庄越远RCI越高。初步判断各空间因子对RCI的影响由强至弱依次为：坡度、坡向、高程以及与村庄的距离。 基于景观生态学理论，在对土地利用类型和地形（坡度、坡向）因子综合优先级评价的基础上，以治理石漠化、维护喀斯特景观生态安全和土地资源的可持续利用为目标，建立满足景观优化需要的生态恢复耗费表面模型，通过景观功能分区和生态廊道的构建，以及运用生态工程和植被进展演替相结合的具体措施，对小流域尺度上土地利用空间格局的优化和高效的生态恢复模式进行实践性探索。

交易型领导的结构和作用机制研究

The Multifactor Leadership theory developed by Bass (1985) has become the new paradigm of leadership research. The empirical results of the effectiveness of transformational and transactional leadership in the literature, however, are not consentient. Researchers in China found the different structure of transformational leadership, but have not developed the transactional leadership. This study attempts to investigate three key questions in the unique Chinese socio-economic context: 1) what is the structure of transactional leadership in China? 2) What are the differences between western countries and China? And 3) what is the relationship between the transformational and transactional leadership mechanism? This study examines data collected from 3,500 participants, using Explored Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmed Factor Analysis (CFA), Hierarchical Regression Analyses, partial correlations and other statistics methods. The major finings are listed as follows： Firstly, inductive methods was used to explore the structure of transactional leadership and the result show that transactional leadership is a four dimensions structure which includes contingent reward, contingent punishment , process control and anticipated investment. Reliability analysis, item analysis, EFA and CFA show the reliability and validity of the transactional leadership questionnaire we designed is good enough, the design of the item is effectively and properly. Contrast to other researches, anticipated investment emphasis on the leader’s recessive investment for subordinate, and this kind of transaction is quite special under the Chinese culture. While the content of the contingent reward with the contingent punishment is wider than the contingent reward in the western country, and the process control is wider than the management by exception and including goal setting and the management during the process. Secondly, hierarchical regression analyses showed that transformational and transactional leadership were significant positively related with in-role performance, extra-role performance, satisfaction and leadership effectiveness while negatively related to intention to leave. The effects of transactional and transformational leadership are different. Transactional leadership could significantly predict intention to leave controlling for transformational leadership, while transformational leadership could significantly predict in-role performance, extra-role performance, satisfaction and leadership effectiveness controlling for transactional leadership. Thirdly, the income level and the rank of subordinates are the moderators between the transformational, transactional leadership and leadership effectiveness. The leadership effectiveness of transactional leadership would decrease as the rank of subordinates increased, while the leadership effectiveness of transformational leadership would increase as the rank of subordinates increased. Transactional leadership is positively related to the effectiveness when the level of the subordinate income is low, but negatively related to the effectiveness when the level of the subordinate income is high. However the income level of the subordinate could not influence the leadership effectiveness of transformational leadership.