Transition Between Detonation and Deflagration in a Tube with a Cavity

In this paper, the transition of a detonation from deflagration was investigated numerically while a detonation wave propagates in a tube with a sudden change in cross section, referred to as the expansion cavity. The dispersion-controlled scheme was adopted to solve Euler equations of axis-symmetric flows implemented with detailed chemical reaction kinetics of hydrogen-oxygen (or hydrogen-air) mixture. The fractional step method was applied to treat the stiff problems of chemical reaction flow. It is observed that phenomena of detonation quenching and reigniting appear when the planar detonation front diffracts at the vertex of the expansion cavity entrance. Numerical results show that detonation front in mixture of higher sensitivity keeps its substantial coupled structure when it propagates into the expansion cavity. However, the leading shock wave decouples with the combustion zone if mixture of lower sensitivity was set as the initial gas.

水下高速喷流噪声的产生机制与辐射特性

在对喷流噪声研究进展广泛调研的基础上，本论文采用柱坐标下轴对称的线化欧拉方程（LEE）、空间四阶时间二阶精度的MacCormack差分格式，对水下气体喷流的混合噪声产生与辐射特性进行数值模拟研究。采用基于经验公式的积分计算方法来确定求解线化欧拉方程所需的平均流场，对边界条件给予特殊处理以避免声波通过时产生反射。本文计算声明，线化欧拉方程及其相应的高阶数值方法提供了一个可以预报水下气体喷流混合噪声传播的省时高效的途径。给出的结果指出：由于水介质的密度很大，水下气体喷流远场收集到的噪声强度比同样情况下空中气体喷流要小，这说明水下发射导弹更具隐蔽性。同时，由于水介质中的声速很大，水下的高速喷流噪声场呈现更加均匀的性态，而不是象空中混合噪声在下游沿一定的方向辐射。鉴于本文只考虑常温情况，气体喷流速度是影响喷流噪声产生与辐射的重要参数：马赫数增大，远场的噪声强度随之增大。另外，水下喷流噪声的特性还与扰动频率有关。

Self-organized generation of transverse waves in diverging cylindrical detonations

Self-organized generation of transverse waves associated with the transverse wave instabilities at a diverging cylindrical detonation front was numerically studied by solving two-dimensional Euler equations implemented with an improved two-step chemical kinetic model. After solution validation, four mechanisms of the transverse wave generation were identified from numerical simulations, and referred to as the concave front focusing, the kinked front evolution, the wrinkled front evolution and the transverse wave merging, respectively. The propagation of the cylindrical detonation is maintained by the growth of the transverse waves that match the rate of increase in surface area of the detonation front to asymptotically approach a constant average number of transverse waves per unit length along the circumference of the detonation front. This cell bifurcation phenomenon of cellular detonations is discussed in detail to gain better understanding on detonation physics.

An Improved CE/SE Scheme for Numerical Simulation of Gaseous and Two-Phase Detonations

A new structure of solution elements and conservation elements based on rectangular mesh was pro- posed and an improved space-time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) scheme with sec- ond-order accuracy was constructed. Furthermore, the application of improved CE/SE scheme was extended to detonation simulation. Three models were used for chemical reaction in gaseous detonation. And a two-fluid model was used for two-phase (gas–droplet) detonation. Shock reflections were simu- lated by the improved CE/SE scheme and the numerical results were compared with those obtained by other different numerical schemes. Gaseous and gas–droplet planar detonations were simulated and the numerical results were carefully compared with the experimental data and theoretical results based on C–J theory. Mach reflection of a cellular detonation was also simulated, and the numerical cellular pat- terns were compared with experimental ones. Comparisons show that the improved CE/SE scheme is clear in physical concept, easy to be implemented and high accurate for above-mentioned problems.

Numerical solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with an upwind compact difference scheme

A new finite difference method for the discretization of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is presented. The scheme is constructed on a staggered-mesh grid system. The convection terms are discretized with a fifth-order-accurate upwind compact difference approximation, the viscous terms are discretized with a sixth-order symmetrical compact difference approximation, the continuity equation and the pressure gradient in the momentum equations are discretized with a fourth-order difference approximation on a cell-centered mesh. Time advancement uses a three-stage Runge-Kutta method. The Poisson equation for computing the pressure is solved with preconditioning. Accuracy analysis shows that the new method has high resolving efficiency. Validation of the method by computation of Taylor's vortex array is presented.

Characteristics and Sub-Characteristics of Two-Dimensional Parabolized Stability Equations

特征分析表明：对原始扰动量的抛物化稳定性方程组(PSE),它在亚超音速区分别具有椭圆和抛物特性,给出PSE特征对马赫数的依赖关系,阐明PSE仅把信息对流-扩散传播特性抛物化,而保留了信息对流-扰动传播特性,因此PSE应称为扩散抛物化稳定性方程(DPSE)。

Perturbational Finite Volume Method For The Solution of 2-D Navier-Stokes Equations on Unstructured and Structured Colocated Meshes

Based on the first-order upwind and second-order central type of finite volume( UFV and CFV) scheme, upwind and central type of perturbation finite volume ( UPFV and CPFV) schemes of the Navier-Stokes equations were developed. In PFV method, the mass fluxes of across the cell faces of the control volume (CV) were expanded into power series of the grid spacing and the coefficients of the power series were determined by means of the conservation equation itself. The UPFV and CPFV scheme respectively uses the same nodes and expressions as those of the normal first-order upwind and second-order central scheme, which is apt to programming. The results of numerical experiments about the flow in a lid-driven cavity and the problem of transport of a scalar quantity in a known velocity field show that compared to the first-order UFV and second-order CFV schemes, upwind PFV scheme is higher accuracy and resolution, especially better robustness. The numerical computation to flow in a lid-driven cavity shows that the under-relaxation factor can be arbitrarily selected ranging from 0.3 to 0. 8 and convergence perform excellent with Reynolds number variation from 102 to 104.

求解Euler方程的区域分解方法与并行算法

将复杂形状区域划分成多块子区域，研究发展了一种多块区域之间迎风守恒型的内边界耦合方法，实现相邻子区域解的光滑过渡，使多区耦合得到总体流场的数值解。对二维翼型跨音速流动和圆板形隆起物超音速流动等进行了分区数值计算，并将计算结果与单区计算结果和实验结果作了比较。并行分区计算引入“先进先出”的同步控制等待机制，实现了高效率并行计算，还分析了影响并行效率的主要因素。

高雷诺数流动的控制方程体系和扩散抛物化Navier-Stokes方程组的意义和用途

在计算机发达的时代,高雷诺(Re)数绕流计算中有无必要使用简化NS方程组,本文讨论这个问题.主要内容如下:(1)高Re数绕流包含3种基本流动:所有方向对流占优流动、所有方向对流扩散竞争流动和部分方向对流占优部分方向对流扩散竞争流动(简称干扰剪切流动),3个基本流动的特征彼此不同且在流场中所占领域大小彼此相差悬殊,NS方程区域很小,它们的最简单控制方程组Euler、Navier-Stokes(NS)和扩散抛物化(DP)NS方程组的数学性质彼此不同,因此利用Euler-DPNS-NS方程组体系分析计算高Re数绕流流动就是一个合乎逻辑的选择,该法与利用单一NS方程组的常用方法可以彼此检验和补充.(2)流体之间以及流体与外界的动量、能量和质量交换,流态从层流到湍流的演化主要发生在干扰剪切流动中,干扰剪切流及其最简单控制方程--DPNS方程组具有基础意义;DPNS方程组笔者在1967年已提出.(3)诸简化NS方程组:DPNS、抛物化(P)NS、薄层(TL)NS、黏性层(VL)NS方程组的发展、相互关系,它们的历史贡献和今后的用途;它们的数学性质均为扩散抛物型,但它们包含的黏性项彼此有所不同;从流体力学角度来看,它们中只有DPNS方程组能够准确描述干扰剪切流动.提出把诸简化NS方程组统一为DPNS方程组的建议.(4)干扰剪切流--DPNS方程组与无干扰剪切流--边界层方程组之间的关系以及进一步研究干扰剪切流的意义.

The application of B-P constitutive equations in finite element analysis of high velocity impact

We present in this paper the application of B-P constitutive equations in finite element analysis of high velocity impact. The impact process carries out in so quick time that the heat-conducting can be neglected and meanwhile, the functions of temperature in equations need to be replaced by functions of plastic work. The material constants in the revised equations can be determined by comparison of the one-dimensional calculations with the experiments of Hopkinson bar. It can be seen from the comparison of the calculation with the experiment of a tungsten alloy projectile impacting a three-layer plate that the B-P constitutive equations in that the functions of temperature were replaced by the functions of plastic work can be used to analysis of high velocity impact.

Governing Equations and Numerical Solutions of Tension Leg Platform with Finite Amplitude Motion

It is demonstrated that when tension leg platform (TLP) moves with finite amplitude in waves, the inertia force, the drag force and the buoyancy acting on the platform are nonlinear functions of the response of TLP. The tensions of the tethers are also nonlinear functions of the displacement of TLP. Then the displacement, the velocity and the acceleration of TLP should be taken into account when loads are calculated. In addition, equations of motions should be set up on the instantaneous position. A theoretical model for analyzing the nonlinear behavior of a TLP with finite displacement is developed, in which multifold nonlinearities are taken into account, i.e., finite displacement, coupling of the six degrees of freedom, instantaneous position, instantaneous wet surface, free surface effects and viscous drag force. Based on the theoretical model, the comprehensive nonlinear differential equations are deduced. Then the nonlinear dynamic analysis of ISSC TLP in regular waves is performed in the time domain. The degenerative linear solution of the proposed nonlinear model is verified with existing published one. Furthermore, numerical results are presented, which illustrate that nonlinearities exert a significant influence on the dynamic responses of the TLP.

A further discussion on basic equations for two-phase flow: On collision stress of solid phase

The following points are argued: (i) there are two independent kinds of interaction on interfaces, i.e. the interaction between phases and the collision interaction, and the jump relations on interfaces can accordingly be resolved; (ii) the stress in a particle can also be divided into background stress and collision stress corresponding to the two kinds of interaction on interfaces respectively; (iii) the collision stress, in fact, has no jump on interface, so the averaged value of its derivative is equal to the derivative of its averaged value; (iv) the stress of solid phase in the basic equations for two\|phase flow should include the collision stress, while the stress in the expression of the inter\|phase force contains the background one only. Based on the arguments, the strict method for deriving the equations for two\|phase flow developed by Drew, Ishii et al. is generalized to the dense two\|phase flow, which involves the effect of collision stress.

A Lagrangian for von Karman Equations of Large Deflection Problem of Thin Circular Plate

By the semi-inverse method proposed by He, a Lagrangian is established for the large deflection problem of thin circular plate. Ritz method is used to obtain an approximate analytical solution of the problem. First order approximate solution is obtained, which is similar to those in open literature. By Mathematica a more accurate solution can be deduced.

A Cip/Multi-Moment Finite Volume Method For Shallow Water Equations With Source Terms

A novel finite volume method has been presented to solve the shallow water equations. In addition to the volume-integrated average (VIA) for each mesh cell, the surface-integrated average (SIA) is also treated as the model variable and is independently predicted. The numerical reconstruction is conducted based on both the VIA and the SIA. Different approaches are used to update VIA and SIA separately. The SIA is updated by a semi-Lagrangian scheme in terms of the Riemann invariants of the shallow water equations, while the VIA is computed by a flux-based finite volume formulation and is thus exactly conserved. Numerical oscillation can be effectively avoided through the use of a non-oscillatory interpolation function. The numerical formulations for both SIA and VIA moments maintain exactly the balance between the fluxes and the source terms. 1D and 2D numerical formulations are validated with numerical experiments. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Analysis and application of ellipticity of stability equations on fluid mechanics

By using characteristic analysis of the linear and nonlinear parabolic stability equations (PSE), PSE of primitive disturbance variables are proved to be parabolic intotal. By using sub-characteristic analysis of PSE, the linear PSE are proved to be elliptical and hyperbolic-parabolic for velocity U, in subsonic and supersonic, respectively; the nonlinear PSE are proved to be elliptical and hyperbolic-parabolic for relocity U + u in subsonic and supersonic, respectively. The methods are gained that the remained ellipticity is removed from the PSE by characteristic and sub-characteristic theories, the results for the linear PSE are consistent with the known results, and the influence of the Mach number is also given out. At the same time, the methods of removing the remained ellipticity are further obtained from the nonlinear PSE.