439 resultados para Cyt b-559
Resumo:
The genus Sinocyclocheilus is distributed in Yun-Gui Plateau and its surrounding region only, within more than 10 cave species showing different degrees of degeneration of eyes and pigmentation with wonderful adaptations. To present, published morphological and molecular phylogenetic hypotheses of Sinocyclocheilus from prior works are very different and the relationships within the genus are still far from clear. We obtained the sequences of cytochrome b (cyt b) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) of 34 species within Sinocyclocheilus, which represent the most dense taxon sampling to date. We performed Bayesian mixed models analyses with this data set. Under this phylogenetic framework, we estimated the divergence times of recovered clades using different methods under relaxed molecular clock. Our phyloegentic results supported the monophyly of Sinocyclocheilus and showed that this genus could be subdivided into 6 major clades. In addition, an earlier finding demonstrating the polyphyletic of cave species and the most basal position of S. jii was corroborated. Relaxed divergence-time estimation suggested that Sinocyclocheilus originated at the late Miocene, about 11 million years ago (Ma), which is older than what have been assumed.
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Procypris rabaudi (Tchang) is a cyprinid fish endermic to middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Besides in main stream and large tributaries, there exists an early matured, small-sized ecological type in a small tributary, Tang River. In this study, mitochondrial DNA cytochrome h (cyt b) gene sequence analysis and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis were performed to investigate the differentiation of the Tang River population from the Mudong reach population of the Yangtze River, with the purpose of conservation and exploitation of this fish. In the 1140 bps of cyt b gene sequence surveyed, 20 sites were found polymorphic, which defined 23 haplotypes. Among them, four haplotypes accounted for 54.4% of all individuals, while population-specific haplotypes occurred in low frequencies. Analysis of molecular variation on cyt b data revealed no significant partition existing between Tang River population and Mudong reach population. Analyses of 132 RAPD loci suggested that genetic variation between populations was significant, though values of different F-ST were not very high. The results revealed low genetic diversity and the beginning of population differentiation, suggesting that Tang River population should be designated as a separate Management Unit.
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The evolutionary relationships of species of Danio and the monophyly and phylogenetic placement of the genus within the family Cyprinidae and subfamily Rasborinae provide fundamentally important phyloinformatics necessary for direct evaluations of an array of pertinent questions in modern comparative biology. Although the genus Danio is not one of the most diverse within the family, Danio rerio is one of the most important model species in biology. Many investigations have used this species or presumed close relatives to address specific questions that have lasting impact on the hypothesis and theory of development in vertebrates. Largely lacking from this approach has been a holistic picture of the exact phylogenetic or evolutionary relationships of this species and its close relatives. One thing that has been learned over the previous century is that many organismal attributes (e.g., developmental pathways, ecologies, behaviors, speciation) are historically constrained and their origins and functions are best explained via a phylogenetic approach. Herein, we provide a molecular evaluation of the phylogenetic placement of the model species Danio rerio within the genus Danio and among hypothesized closely related species and genera. Our analysis is derived from data using two nuclear genes (RAG1, rhodopsin) and five mitochondrial genes (ND4, ND4L, ND5, COI, cyt b) evaluated using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses. The family Cyprinidae is resolved as monophyletic but the subfamily Rasborinae (priority over Danioinae) is an unnatural assemblage. Danio is identified as a monophyletic group sister to a clade inclusive of the genera Chela, Microrasbora, Devario, and Inlecypris, not Devario nor Esomus as hypothesized in previous studies. Danio rerio is sister to D. kyathit among the species of Danio evaluated in this analysis. Microrasbora and Rasbora are non-monophyletic assemblages; however, Boraras is monophyletic.
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The origins and phylogenetic patterns were assessed for G. przewalskii and G. eckloni by analyzing the complete mtDNA cytochrome b gene sequence (1140bp). Phylogenetic analyses further supported that there were three mtDNA lineages (A-C) identified in G. przewalskii and G. eckloni, demonstrating that outer rakers of the first gill have little significance in the phylogeny of the Gymnocypris fishes. The network established showed that G. eckloni of the Yellow River specific haplotype A1 was a founder and it radiated all haplotypes of G. przewalskii which suggested G. przewalskii might only originate from one of two maternals of G. eckloni from the Yellow River. Fs test and mismatch analysis showed at least two expansion events in the population of G. przewalskii about 0.2734 Ma and 0.0658 Ma, while G. eckloni from Qaidam Basin could have experienced severe bottleneck effect about 0.0693 Ma. The population expansion was detected in subclades A1 and A21 with the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) about 0.2308 +/- 0.01 Ma and 0.1319 +/- 0.015 Ma, respectively, which were within the geological age range of "Gonghe Movement" event that caused the separation of Lake Qinghai from the upper Yellow River. These results suggested the effect of the fish diversification by rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the Late Pleistocene.
Resumo:
Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship of Leiocassis longirostris populations from the Yangtze River were investigated at mitochondrial DNA level. The samples were collected from the upstream and mid-downstream of the Yangtze River. Three mitochondrial DNA fragments, ND5/6, cytochrome b (Cyt b) and control region (D-loop), were amplified and then digested by 10 restriction endonucleases. Twenty-three D-loop fragments randomly selected were sequenced. Digestion patterns of ND5/6 by AluI and HaeIII, D-loop by HinfI and RsaI, and Cyt b by HaeIII were polymorphic. Ten and eighteen haplotypes were obtained from RFLP data and sequence data, respectively. The individuals from upstream and mid-downstream of the Yangtze River were apparently divided into two groups. The average genetic distance was 0.008 and 0.010 according to the two data. Low diversities and decreasing abundance indicated that Leiocassis longirostris may be in severe danger and reasonable measures of fishery management should be taken.
Resumo:
149 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes (1140 bp) of Gymnocypris przewalskii, Gymnocypris eckloni and Gymnocyptis scolistomus from the Lake Qinghai, Yellow River and Qaidam Basin were sequenced and analyzed. Consistent dendrogram indicated that the samples collected from the same species do not constitute a separate monophyletic group and all the samples were grouped into three highly divergent lineages (A, B and C). Among them, Lineage A contained all samples of G. przewalskii from the Lake Qinghai and partial samples of the G. eckloni from the Yellow River. Lineage B contained the remaining samples of G. eckloni from the Yellow River. Lineage C was composed of a monophyletic group by G. eckloni from the Qaidam Basin. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that most of genetic variations were detected within these three mtDNA lineages (93.12%), suggesting that there are three different lineages of Gymnocypris in this region. Our Cyt b sequence data showed that G. przewalskii was not a polytypic species, and G. scolistomus was neither an independent species nor a subspecies of G. eckloni. The divergent mtDNA lineages of G. eckloni from the Yellow River suggested that gene flow between the different populations was restricted to a certain extent by several gorges on the upper reach of the Yellow River. Lineage B of G. eckloni might be the genetic effect from the ancestor which was incorporated with the endemic schizothoracine fishes when the headward erosion of the Yellow River reached to its current headwaters of late. The G. eckloni from Basin Qaidam was a monophyletic group (lineage C) and F-st values within G. eckloni from the Yellow River were higher than 0.98, suggesting that the gene flow has been interrupted for a long time and the G. eckloni from Basin Qaidam might have been evolved into different species by ecology segregation. The correlation between the rakers number of Gymnocypris and population genetic variation was not significant. All Gymnocypris populations exhibited a low nucleotide diversity (pi = 0.00096-0.00485). Therefore the Gymnocyptis populations from Basin Qaidam could have experienced severe bottleneck effect in history. Our result suggested Gym-nocypris populations of Basin Qaidam should give a high priority in conservation programs.
Resumo:
在过去的十几年时间里,利用不同的分子标记促进了分子生态学和群 体遗传学的较大发展,其中线粒体DNA 和微卫星DNA 分析在分子生态学 研究中得到了最为广泛的应用,多核基因分子标记也越来越受到人们的关 注。本文采用了比较基因组学方法来研究了藏鸡(Tibetan Chickens)和姬鼠 属(Apodemus)的系统进化,对藏鸡的研究主要是为了解决藏鸡的系统进化 地位及其线粒体基因组的进化特征;对姬鼠属的研究目的在于发展建立一 种崭新的研究野生动物系统进化和生物地理的比较基因组学手段。主要结 果描述如下: (1)藏鸡(Tibetan Chickens)线粒体全基因组序列的测序和分析 通过利用PCR 扩增,测序,拼接,获得藏鸡线粒体全基因组序列并进 行数据分析处理。藏鸡线粒体全基因组序列全长16783bp,共有13 个蛋白 质编码基因、2 个rRNA 基因、22 个tRNA 基因和1 个D-loop 区。模拟电 子酶切结果显示,藏鸡DraI 酶的酶切结果和其他家鸡及红原鸡的酶切结果 都相同。基于D-loop 区全序列和13 个蛋白质编码基因序列,采用N-J 算 法与原鸡属4 个种,3 个亚种和3 个家鸡品系构建系统进化树:初步确定 藏鸡起源于红原鸡,与家鸡中的来航鸡、白洛克鸡亲缘关系最近,但是藏 鸡的进化与来航鸡、白洛克鸡这两个家鸡品系又显得相对独立。推测可能 原因是藏鸡的祖先在进入高原以后处于相对封闭的环境,从而形成了独特 群体遗传特性。 (2)姬鼠属(Apodemus)系统进化中的比较基因组学研究 本文中我们利用比较基因组学的研究方法寻找Exon-Primer-Intron- Crossing(EPIC)座位,并在中国四川省姬鼠属3 个种18 个个体中进行检验。 其方法是:通过比较人和小家鼠基因组,选择其中的外显子高度保守的单 拷贝基因,然后在500-1500bp 长度内含子的两端利用外显子序列设计了引 物,再进行PCR 扩增和克隆分析。通过PCR 扩增,我们在102 对引物选 择了6 对引物在18 个姬鼠属个体中进行PCR 产物克隆和测序。通过和 Cyt-b 相比较,在6 个座位当中,有5 个座位构建的系统进化树和Cyt-b 构建的系统进化树的拓扑结构高度一致,其中4 个座位可以很好的区分地 理不同的种群。通过计算核酸多样性,6 个座位的得到的结果都很接近, 说明6 个座位的突变率没有太大的差别。由此可见,我们利用比较基因组学的方法寻找EPIC 座位用于系统发育和群体遗传学的研究是可行的,通 过利用模式物种的基因组信息来研究野生非模式物种的系统发育和群体 遗传学将会提供前所未有的数据量和分辨率。
Resumo:
本研究用线粒体细胞色素b 基因全序列和ND4 基因序列探讨了哀牢髭蟾 (Vibrissaphora ailaonica)分子亲缘地理学和保护遗传学,利用线粒体细胞色素b、 控制区全序列和部分12SrRNA 基因序列研究了分布于中国的红瘰疣螈 (Tylototriton verrucosus)分子亲缘地理学和保护遗传学。 哀牢髭蟾为生活于高海拔生境(大约2000-2600m)的濒危蛙类。各种致危因 素引起了关于对小的、隔离种群长期存活的关注,然而迄今没有关于该物种遗传 多样性的报道。本论文首次研究了分布于中国云南省的哀牢髭蟾的亲缘地理学和 保护遗传学。对采自于9 个种群81 个个体,我们应用线粒体mtDNA cyt b 和 ND4 基因共计1990bp, 获得了51 个单倍型。系统发育分析显示三个分化较深且互为单 系的族群,大致相应于分别被元江和藤条江河谷分开的三个地理单元(元江以东、 金平和藤条江以西地理单元),暗示了长期的地理隔离分化。分子变异等级分析 (AMOVA)显示遗传变异主要为三个地理单元之间(81.68%)和种群内的个体之 间(11.26%)。三个地理单元显著的地理分布暗示在空间和时间上的隔离,这与中 国西南地区在晚中新世到上新世的哀牢山的造山运动和隆升所引起的重要的气候 和古地质变化时间相一致。我们推测低海拔干热河谷可能是三个地理单元之间基 因交流受限的主要生态障碍。根据上述研究结果,我们建议对这三个遗传分化显 著的地理单元,元江以东地区、金平地区、藤条江以西地区作为独立的管理单元 分别加以保护。 本研究通过测定中国横断山区的红瘰疣螈(Tylototriton verrucosus)17个采集 点的123个红瘰疣螈标本的线粒体mtDNA Cyt b、D-loop和12SrRNA三个基因片段 (2347 bp)序列,首次研究了红瘰疣螈在横断山区的群体遗传结构和分子系统地理格 局,并讨论了T. shanjing的物种有效性。基于123个样品定义的49个单倍型的贝叶 斯和NJ系统发育分析表明:(1) T. verrucosus和T. shanjing均未各自构成单系,而是 共同构成一个单系群;(2) 横断山区的红瘰疣螈分为3个线粒体DNA地理单元,即滇 东南、滇中-滇西和片马地理单元,并且地理单元间不存在共享单倍型,说明红瘰 疣螈具有明显的系统地理分布格局。AMOVA分析同样表明3个地理单元之间存在 显著差异,并且分子变异主要发生在3个地理单元间(62.4%)。T. shanjing与T.verrucosus的mtDNA cyt b 序列差异平均值仅为1.1%,明显小于它们与两外群(贵 州疣螈和大凉疣螈)及外群间的遗传距离(6.5-9.9%)。因此,根据T. verrucosus和 T.shanjing的遗传差异以及系统发育分析结果都不支持T. shanjing的物种地位,T. shanjing为T. verrucosus的同物异名,并建议恢复T. verrucosus的中文名红瘰疣螈。 基于上述结果,我们建议将分布于滇东南、滇中-滇西、片马地区的红瘰疣螈作 为三个独立的管理单元分别加以保护。
Resumo:
本文首先在查看了两千余号标本及整理已有文献的基础上,对中国菊头蝠属 (Rhinolophus)各种及亚种的分类进行了系统评述,并对各分类单位的形态特征进行了详尽描述。在中国分布的菊头蝠有8 个种组,19 个种,28 个亚种;重点讨论了角菊头蝠(R. cornutus)、浅褐菊头蝠(R. subbadius)和三叶菊头蝠(R. trifoliatus) 等物种的分类问题。其次,通过测量17 个种47 个菊头蝠标本的翼部(12 个指标) 和头骨(9 个指标)形态学指标及测定22 个种26 个菊头蝠组织样品的cyt-b 全序列,从形态学和分子系统学角度分析、探讨了中国菊头蝠系统发育关系。结果表明:中国菊头蝠包括了Aquias、非洲-古北和亚洲三大支系的物种,除了Aquias 支系的R. luctus 和R. formosae 以及非洲-古北支系的R. xinanzhongguoensis 和R. ferrumequinum,其余15 个种均属于亚洲支系。第三,在分类与系统发育关系研究的基础上,对分布于我国的19 种菊头蝠进行生物地理分析。在分布上,这些菊头蝠分属地中海-古北型和东洋型,后者又包括中国南方广布亚型、中国西南亚型和台湾特有分布亚型。中国菊头蝠的物种多样性呈现出由北向西南显著增加的趋势,云南、贵州和广西一带是中国菊头蝠最为集中分布的区域。R. ferrumequinum 等6 种菊头蝠在中国东部与西南的种群间存在种下分化,R. luctus 等4 种则因岛屿效应在海南和东部种群间形成种下分化。已有的研究成果表明翼手类的翼部形态反映了相应的飞行性能和生境利用特点。本文测量了6 种蹄蝠65 个标本和13 种菊头蝠229 个标本翼部骨骼的12 个长度变量以及后足长度,并摘抄原始标签上的体重数据,然后结合已发表的相关数据,对19 种蹄蝠和30 种菊头蝠的形态数据进行异速生长分析,以探讨菊头蝠和蹄蝠翼的特点及其适应性。结果表明,两者在翼部骨骼(前臂、第三指掌骨和第二指节以及第四、五指指节)存在显著性差异。其中部分骨骼长度的差异决定了它们在翼特征参数上的显著性差异:蹄蝠的前臂和第三指掌骨更长,使得翼展和展旋比要大于菊头蝠;而菊头蝠的第三指第二指节更长,使得翼尖长度和翼尖长度比值要大于蹄蝠。这些特点说明菊头蝠较蹄蝠更适应于在茂密生境中捕食。
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澜沧江姬鼠(Apodemus ilex)为小型啮齿类动物,长期以来常被认为是中华姬鼠(A. draco)或长尾姬鼠(A. orestes)的同物异名,但近年基于线粒体Cyt b 的研究证明,该类群与中华姬鼠的遗传距离达到了种间水平,并被认为是一个独立种。本文提取、扩增并测定了来自云南14个地区42个产地156个澜沧江姬鼠的Cyt b 全序列,并将GenBank中的3条澜沧江姬鼠的Cyt b 全序列纳入分析,选取福建武夷山与四川峨眉山的2个中华姬鼠样品的Cyt b 全序列,以及台湾姬鼠、大耳姬鼠、高山姬鼠Cyt b 全序列作为外群,利用贝叶斯法和最大似然法构建系统发育树,并使用Network分析,分子变异分析(AMOVA)分析、错配分析(Mismatch analysis)与Fu`Fs检验等方法,探讨了这些地区澜沧江姬鼠的种群遗传结构,种群动态及生物地理格局。结果表明:云南地区过去被鉴定为中华姬鼠的样品均属于澜沧江姬鼠,澜沧江姬鼠与中华姬鼠间的遗传距离(K2P-ds+v)达到0.091,显著超过姬鼠属内种间差距(0.080),支持澜沧江姬鼠独立种的地位;该种不同地理种群可大致以澜沧江为界分为两大支系,且每个支系又各分为两个亚支系;进一步的AMOVA分析表明遗传变异主要来源于两大支系之间,而错配分析与Fu`Fs检验表明澜沧江姬鼠各地理种群及其两个支系都经历过多次扩张事件,这可能是和冰期与间冰期的轮回交替有关;分子系统树和中介网络图表明地理环境的隔离对于澜沧江姬鼠种群分化存在明显影响,其中澜沧江的阻隔作用最为显著。基于松散分子钟(Relax molecular clock)分析,中华姬鼠和澜沧江姬鼠的分歧时间大约在2.98 Ma(95%HPD: 4.32-1.88),而澜沧江姬鼠则在1.13 Ma(95%HPD: 1.95-0.65)分成两个支系。按照平均分歧时间来看,澜沧江姬鼠两个支系的的分歧事件发生在鄱阳冰期(1.2-0.9 Ma),两个支系内部进一步分化为两支的时间非常接近,分别为:Clade 1中为0.67 Ma (95%HPD: 1.17-0.34)和Clade 2 中为0.64 Ma (95%HPD: 1.17-0.36),这种隔离种群各自产生分化的时间却非常接近,这提示其分化事件可能是受到古气候如冰期或间冰期的影响所产生。
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本研究以凤鹛属(Yuhina)鸟类为研究对象,分别使用分子生物学性状和形 态学性状来重建凤鹛属种间的系统发育关系,为东南亚地区鹛类的起源与进化研 究提出新的见解。分子生物学研究的内群不仅包括了凤鹛属(11 种中的10 种), 而且还包括了菲律宾特有穗鹛属(Stachyris)和绣眼鸟属(Zosterops)等近缘种。 通过测定线粒体上两个蛋白编码基因Cyt b、ND3 的全长序列和两个RNA 编码 基因 12S, 16S 的部分序列,得到长度为2379bp 的联合序列,使用最大简约法、 最大似然法和贝叶斯法进行系统发育分析的结果表明,菲律宾岛特有的穗鹛(金 冠穗鹛S. dennistouni、纹穗鹛S. striata、怀氏穗鹛S. whiteheadi)与绣眼鸟属(暗 绿绣眼Z. japonicus、红胁绣眼Z. erythropleurus、灰腹绣眼Z. palpebrosus)聚为 一支,位于凤鹛属支系内部。通过凤鹛、菲律宾穗鹛、绣眼鸟三个类群羽冠性状 演化趋势的分析,发现羽冠性状在菲律宾特有穗鹛和绣眼鸟支系中发生丢失。与 前人的研究结果相比,新发现纹喉凤鹛Y. gularis 与棕肛凤鹛Y. occipitalis 是姐妹 群,黄颈凤鹛Y. flavicollis 和白项凤鹛Y. bakeri 是姐妹群,这两个姐妹群又聚为 一大支的关系。 在分类问题上,暗绿绣眼、红胁绣眼和灰腹绣眼在本研究中与鹛类表现出近 缘关系,与前人使用绣眼鸟属其它物种进行的相关研究显示出高度一致性,说明 绣眼鸟属的系统学地位存在很大疑问,应该扩大取样进行深入研究。栗冠凤鹛 Y. everetti 与栗耳凤鹛Y. castaniceps 聚为姐妹群的关系,但是二者之间较小的遗 传距离和形态学差别显示二者之间应该为亚种关系,而不是种级关系。依据栗耳 凤鹛特有的尾羽形态提出的Staphiada 属没有得到本分子生物学研究结果的支持 (Harrison, 1986a, b)。在白腹凤鹛Y. zantholeuca 不属于凤鹛属支系这一结果的 提示下,发现白腹凤鹛独有的形态学特征,例如羽冠由冠羽形成、鼻孔半裸露、 飞羽外翈没有异色羽缘,这些独有的特征与其特殊的系统学地位相对应。因此, 我们支持前人提出的将白腹凤鹛从凤鹛属中分出去,单独成Erpornis 属的建议 (Cibois et al., 2002)。 在历史生物地理学方面,根据菲律宾特有穗鹛和绣眼鸟的近缘关系,认为菲 律宾特有穗鹛的祖先具有与现在绣眼鸟一样的跨海迁移的能力,在中新世末期(5.74Mya)由喜马拉雅地区或印度支那起源地经大巽他地区扩散到菲律宾岛屿 上,经过长期独立进化后,形成现在高度特有的穗鹛支系。更新世冰期时,大巽 他地区海平面下降,使栗冠凤鹛得以扩散至婆罗州(1.66Mya)。在上新世初期台 湾岛成陆后,由于台湾岛与中国大陆相连,褐头凤鹛Y. brunneiceps 的祖先扩散 至台湾岛屿上(5.05Mya)。高黎贡山为第四纪冰期时凤鹛属鸟类的避难场所,因 此形成了现在凤鹛属鸟类在高黎贡山地区密集分布的格局。喜马拉雅山和青藏高 原的隆起导致青藏高原上植被带的变化和喜马拉雅山南麓在第四纪冰期中避难 所的作用,是纹喉凤鹛、棕肛凤鹛、黄颈凤鹛、白项凤鹛等种类现今在喜马拉雅 山南麓密集分布的可能原因。 在凤鹛属分子系统学的研究基础上,从形态学角度探讨凤鹛属除白领凤鹛外 其它物种之间的系统发育关系。使用最先分化出来的白领凤鹛为外群以外群比较 法进行51 个形态学特征的性状极化,使用最大简约法分析后,结果不仅支持一 些分子系统学揭示的物种之间的亲缘关系,例如,栗耳凤鹛与栗冠凤鹛姐妹群的 关系,黑颏凤鹛和褐头凤鹛姐妹群的关系,三种绣眼鸟聚为一支,再与怀氏穗鹛 聚为一个大支;而且发现了新的系统关系,黄颈凤鹛与缅甸凤鹛Y. humilis 是姐 妹群,具有浅色下体的凤鹛属物种具有较近的系统关系。分子数据和形态数据对 凤鹛属系统发育树中部节点解决能力的差异,说明凤鹛属物种之间分化间隔时间 很短。 通过综述近年来核基因在鸟类分子系统发育研究中的应用情况,建议未来研 究中增加核基因的内含子序列,例如肌球素基因内含子2( myoglobin intron Ⅱ) 或β纤维蛋白原基因内含子7(β-fibrinogen intron7, β-fibint 7)来解决本研究 中未确定的末端分枝分歧顺序。
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鰋鮡鱼类共包括9 属43 种(亚种),隶属于鲇形目(Siluriformes)鮡科 (Sisoridae)鰋鮡亚科(Glyptosternae)中鰋鮡族(Tribe Glyptosternini)的鰋鮡 亚族(Subtribe Glyptosternina)。鰋鮡鱼类形态上的共同特征为:无胸吸着器,胸、 腹鳍水平展开,第一根鳍条完全分节或在外缘生出许多软骨细条,被外表皮所裹, 在腹面看到的是许多与分节或软骨细条大致对应的横纹皱褶。鰋鮡鱼类集中分布 于青藏高原周边的水系中,部分属种向西分布到了中亚地区的阿姆河上游,是适 应山区急流环境的一群鱼类。近年来一系列的研究表明,鰋鮡鱼类为一单系类群, 它的起源和演化与青藏高原的隆升有着直接的关系。鰋鮡鱼类的系统发育研究, 可以为青藏高原隆升的年代、幅度和形式提供间接的证据,其系统发育树的拓扑 结构也直接反映了东喜马拉雅地区诸水系的形成与演变。 本研究对鰋鮡鱼类9 属进行了系统整理。1. 发现并描述了异齿鰋属 (Oreoglanis)两新种,分别为分布于景东无量山(澜沧江水系)的景东异齿鰋 (O. jingdongensis)和分布于怒江水系南景河和南滚河的无斑异齿鰋(O. immaculatus)。认为分布于中国的异齿鰋属鱼类均属于尖须异齿鰋种组(O. siamensis species group)。指出区分异齿鰋属两个种组:尖须异齿鰋种组和细尾 异齿鰋种组(O. delacouri species group)的特征是下唇中部是否具有中央缺刻, 尾型的差别(新月型尾或凹型尾)不能用来区分两个种组,给出了异齿鰋属的检 索表,并绘制了异齿鰋属鱼类分布图。2. 对鮡属(Pareuchiloglanis)鱼类进行了 系统整理,通过外部形态度量性状的比较,认为分布于澜沧江水系的,曾经被鉴 定为扁头鮡(P. kamengensis)的标本,应属于大鳍鮡(P. macropterus),扁头鮡 和大鳍鮡之间的最明显的差别在于腹鳍前长的不同。前者的腹鳍前长为体长的 53.2-64.9%,后者的腹鳍前长均不达体长的50%。3. 通过比较金沙江水系分布的 5 种鮡属鱼类,中华鮡(P. sinensis)、前臀鮡(P. anteanalis)、壮体鮡(P. robusta)、 四川鮡(P. sichuanensis)和天全鮡(P. tianquanensis),认为天全鮡和四川鮡之 间分布水系重叠,外部形态亦无差别,天全鮡很可能为四川鮡的同物异名。给出 了鮡属鱼类的系统检索表,并绘制了鮡属鱼类分布图。利用分子系统学的原理和方法对鰋鮡鱼类进行系统发育研究。测定了6 属 15 种鰋鮡鱼类和鮡科中非鰋鮡鱼类4 属7 种共28 个体的线粒体Cyt b 基因部分 片段和全序列(1138 bp),结合从GenBank 下载的相关类群相同的基因序列,以 魾属(Bagarius)的巨魾(B. yarrelli),纹胸鮡属(Glyptothorax)的穴形纹胸鮡 (G. cavia)、亮背纹胸鮡(G. dorsalis)、扎那纹胸鮡(G. zainaensis),福建纹胸 鮡(G. fukiensis fukiensis)、海南纹胸鮡(G. fukiensis hainanensis),黑鮡属(Gagata) 的长丝黑鮡(G. dolichonema)以及褶鮡属(Pseudecheneis)的黄斑褶鮡(P. sulcatus) 和无斑褶鮡(P. immaculatus)作为外类群,采用贝叶斯法(Bayesian)、最简约 法(maximum pasimony, MP)和邻接法(neighbour-joining, NJ)构建系统发育树。 结果显示: 1. 鰋鮡鱼类为一单系类群,并且与褶鮡属互为姐妹群关系; 2. 原鮡属、鰋属和凿齿鮡属是鰋鮡鱼类的三个基部类群; 3. 异齿鰋属构成为一个单系群,大鳍异齿鰋最早从该属的基部分化出来; 4. 石爬鮡属构成一个单系,并与分布于金沙江水系的中华鮡+前臀鮡构成姐妹 群,黄石爬鮡和青石爬鮡的单倍型相互交错;显示两个物种的分类是不合适的, 而是同一水系不同支流种群之间梯度变异的例子,依据本次研究所得出的三个分 支图,结合青石爬鮡自西至东分布于金沙江、雅砻江、大渡河、青衣江、岷江等 的分布格局以及形态特征的分布,显示形态特征的分布变化有以下趋势:自西至 东,腹鳍位置逐渐前移;颌须渐趋缩短;胸鳍趋向发达、伸达腹鳍起点。这些变 化趋势是同一水系不同支流种群之间梯度变异的极好例子; 5. 分布于澜沧江以西(包括澜沧江)水系的鮡属鱼类(扁头鮡、细尾鮡、短鳍 鮡)与分布于怒江和伊洛瓦底江水系的拟鰋属鱼类构成为一支,并且二者共同与 分布于元江上游(红河水系)的大孔鮡构成为单系。其中,短体拟鰋和拟鰋互为 姐妹种;而扁头鮡和短鳍鮡也互为姐妹种;细尾鮡的系统地位则尚不能确定; 6. 无论在MP 树、贝叶斯树还是NJ 树中,石爬鮡属、鮡属、拟鰋属和异齿鰋属 构成一个单系,并且支持率达到了100%。 7. 鰋属位于鰋鮡鱼类的基部,是较早就从鰋鮡鱼类祖先中演化出来的一个类群, 鰋类的口吸盘是一个趋同性状,是在急流环境条件下形成的一种适应性性状,在 鰋类各属中不是同源特征; 8. 鮡属鱼类不是一个单系类群,分布于金沙江流域的鮡属鱼类与同流域分布的石爬鮡属鱼类聚成一支;澜沧江及其以西水系分布的鮡属鱼类与同流域分布的拟 鰋属鱼类聚成一支,之后这两支又同异齿鰋属共同构成为一个大支。 结合鰋鮡鱼类的系统发育分支图对其动物地理学进行研究。鰋鮡鱼类是由类 似纹胸鮡属(Glyptothorax)鱼类的祖先演化而来,鰋属(Exostoma)和凿齿鮡 属(Glaridoglanis)是较早就从从类似原鮡的祖先中演化出来,鮡属、石爬鮡属、 拟鰋属和异齿鰋属这一大支由类似原鮡的祖先演化而来。在青藏高原强烈隆起等 重大地理隔离事件发生之前,类似于现生的原鮡属鱼类已经广布喜马拉雅山脉东 西两侧。在青藏高原强烈隆起等重大地理隔离事件发生后,鰋鮡鱼类在相同的地 理隔离下独自演化为现在的分布格局。
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论文以线粒体细胞色素b 基因对裂腹鱼属鱼类的两个分布广泛的物种 (灰裂腹鱼Schizothorax griseus 和光唇裂腹鱼Schizothorax lissolabiatus)进行了谱系地理学研究;对灰裂腹鱼进行了物种分化研究;对光唇裂腹鱼进行了地理变异研究;并进一步对横断山区分布的裂腹鱼属鱼类进行了谱系地理学研究;整理了中国境内伊洛瓦底江水系分布的裂腹鱼属鱼类。对灰裂腹鱼和光唇裂腹鱼的谱系地理学研究结果表明:1、来自不同水系的灰裂腹鱼和光唇裂腹鱼个体间存在明显的遗传差异,两个物种各自不呈单系;灰裂腹鱼和光唇裂腹鱼同域分布的个体有共享单倍型的情况;北盘江、牛栏江、乌江和元江的个体在系统树上有较近的亲缘关系。2、对灰裂腹鱼进行了重新描述并对来自于不同水系被认为是灰裂腹鱼的标本进行了查看,结果表明:灰裂腹鱼分布于金沙江下游及其支流;分布于澜沧江的,过去被认为是灰裂腹鱼的种类代表裂腹鱼属鱼类一新种——裸腹裂腹鱼Schizothorax nudiventris sp. nov.;分布于南盘江的过去被认为是灰裂腹鱼的种类代表一新种——异鳔裂腹鱼Schizothorax heterophysallidos sp. nov.;分布于北盘江的过去被认为是灰裂腹鱼的种类代表一新种——北盘裂腹鱼Schizothorax beipanensis sp. nov.。3、本研究还陈述了光唇裂腹鱼的各地理种群(怒江、澜沧江、元江、南盘江和北盘江)部分形态特征以及差异情况。主成分分析结果表明:怒江和澜沧江个体在形态上无差异;澜沧江上游和下游个体在部分特征上表现出一定程度上的渐变异。4、横断山区裂腹鱼属鱼类的谱系地理学研究表明:系统树不支持裂腹鱼属鱼类亚属的划分;本属不同种类Cyt b 基因序列的最大遗传距离为11.2%;怒江和澜沧江的个体以较高的支持率聚成一单系;伊洛瓦底江水系与雅鲁藏布江的个体以较高的支持率聚成一单系;金沙江流域与元江、南盘江、北盘江的个体聚成一单系;晚中新世(9.5 Ma) 和早上新世(3.6 Ma)的青藏高原的强烈隆升可能是横断山区裂腹鱼属鱼类物种分化的重要时间;裂腹鱼属鱼类的演化是历史生物地理学过程中隔离分化假说的一个实例;横断山区的古河道向南入海可能有3 个方向,它们是雅鲁藏布-伊洛瓦底江方向、怒江-澜沧江方向、金沙江及其支流-红河方向(包括南盘江-红河);不支持长江第一湾为袭夺湾的观点,古金沙江入古红河可能不经剑川-洱海一线;滇中、滇东北水系发育复杂。5、本研究还对中国境内伊洛瓦底江水系分布的裂腹鱼属鱼类进行了整理。认为本地区裂腹鱼属鱼类共8 种(包括2 新种):南方裂腹鱼Schizothorax meridionalis、奇异裂腹鱼Schizothorax heteri sp. nov.、独龙裂腹鱼Schizothorax dulongensis、软刺裂腹鱼Schizothorax malacathus、少鳞裂腹鱼 Schizothorax oligolepis、吸口裂腹鱼Schizothorax myzostomus、细身裂腹鱼 Schizothorax elongatus 和白体裂腹鱼Schizothorax leukus sp. nov.。
Resumo:
To understand the systematic status of Larimichthys crocea in the Percoidei, we determined the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence using 454 sequencing-by-synthesis technology. The complete mt genome is 16,466 bp in length including the typical structure of 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes and the noncoding control region (CR). Further sequencing for the complete CR was performed using the primers Cyt b-F and 12S-R on six L crocea individuals and two L polyactis individuals. Interestingly, all seven CR sequences from L crocea were identical while the three sequences from L polyactis were distinct (including one from GenBank). Although the conserved blocks such as TAS and CSB-1, -2, and -3 are readily identifiable in the control regions of the two species, the typical central conserved blocks CSB-D, -E, and -F could not be detected, while they are found in Cynoscion acoupa of Sciaenidae and other Percoidei species. Phylogenetic analysis shows that L crocea is a relatively recently emerged species in Sciaenidae and this family is closely related to family Pomacanthidae within the Percoidei. L crocea, as the first species of Sciaenidae with complete mitochondrial genome available, will provide important information on the molecular evolution of the group. Moreover, the genus-specific pair of primers designed in this study for amplifying the complete mt control region will be very useful in studies on the population genetics and conservation biology of Larimichthys. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Mitochondrial genome sequence and structure analysis has become a powerful tool for studying molecular evolution and phylogenetic relationships. To understand the systematic status of Trichiurus japonicus in suborder Scombroidei, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence using the long-polymerase chain reaction (long-PCR) and shotgun sequencing method. The entire mitogenome is 16,796 by in length and has three unusual features, including (1) the absence of tRNA(Pro) gene, (2) the possibly nonfunctional light-strand replication origin (O-L) showing a shorter loop in secondary structure and no conserved motif (5'-GCCGG-3'), (3) two sets of the tandem repeats at the 5' and 3' ends of the control region. The three features seem common for Trichiurus mitogenomes, as we have confirmed them in other three T. japonicus individuals and in T nanhaiensis. Phylogenetic analysis does not support the monophyly of Trichiuridae, which is against the morphological result. T. japonicus is most closely related to those species of family Scombridae; they in turn have a sister relationship with Perciformes members including suborders Acanthuroidei, Caproidei, Notothenioidei, Zoarcoidei, Trachinoidei, and some species of Labroidei, based on the current dataset of complete mitogenome. T japonicus together with T. brevis, T lepturus and Aphanopus carbo form a clade distinct from Lepidopus caudatus in terms of the complete Cyt b sequences. T. japonicus mitogenome, as the first discovered complete mitogenome of Trichiuridae, should provide important information on both genomics and phylogenetics of Trichiuridae. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.