47 resultados para Carnot, Lazare, 1753-1823.


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线粒体是细胞内提供能量的细胞器,并负责调节细胞的程序化死亡。因遗传 缺陷引起的线粒体功能障碍会导致ATP 合成障碍、能量产生不足而出现一系列 病症。线粒体DNA 相关疾病目前日益受到广泛的关注,然而在线粒体DNA 相 关疾病领域常用的病例对照法容易受到遗传背景、群体分层、数据质量等方面因 素的影响以致经常得到假阳性结果。系统发育分析方法有助于解决这些方面的问 题,因此我们以此分析方法开展了如下工作: 首先我们对线粒体DNA C1494T 突变及其所属单倍型类群和氨基糖苷类药 物性耳聋之间的关联进行了研究。之前有研究报道了两个中国氨基糖苷类药物性 耳聋的家系,经过对先征者的线粒体DNA 全序列测定在这两个家系中都发现了 C1494T 突变。我们采用系统发育方法分析这两个家系先征者的全序列后,发现 这两个个体都属于线粒体单倍型A。巧合的是,在我们之前的研究中,在一个来 自武汉的汉族样本WH6980 中也有C1494T 突变,而且该个体同样也属于单倍型 类群A。这不由得使人想到:C1494T 突变可能是单倍型类群A 中一个分支的界 定位点,或者,受母系遗传背景的影响,该突变偏好于在A 类群中发生。那么 很有可能单倍型类群A对能够引发氨基糖苷类药物性耳聋的C1494T 突变的发生 有促进作用。 为了验证这个假设,我们从三个省份随机选取了553 个正常个体来检测 C1494T 突变,以调查该突变在普通人群中的发生频率。另外,我们从1823 个中 国人样本中筛选出属于单倍型类群A 的111 个体,在这111 个个体中检测C1494T 突变,以调查该突变是否为单倍型类群A 特有的变异位点。我们的结果表明: 在553 个随机样本群中没有检测到C1494T 突变,这说明该突变是一个稀有的突 变,在正常人群中发生的频率极低。另外,在111 个属于单倍型类群A 的样本 群中,我们也没有检测到C1494T 突变的存在,这说明该突变并非单倍型类群A 特有的变异位点。经过对带有C1494T 突变的全序列进行综合的系统发育学分析 表明,这三条序列的C1494T 突变应是来源于同一次突变事件。同时,根据序列 之间共享变异位点的状况推断,两个耳聋家系具有很近的母系亲缘关系,我们推 测这两个家系的C1494T 突变是来源于一位共同的近期母系祖先。综合这些结果 表明,C1494T 突变的发生与单倍型类群即母系遗传背景没有相关性,是属于在人群中频率极低的散发性突变。 我们又将系统发育分析的方法应用于肿瘤相关的线粒体DNA 突变的研究 中。线粒体在细胞的自由基产生以及细胞凋亡中扮演重要角色;有研究报道线粒 体功能的缺陷能导致癌症的发生,同时又有很多报道指出癌变组织的线粒体基因 组存在异常。为探讨癌组织中线粒体基因组的变异情况及其在癌症的发生和发展 中所扮演的角色,我们选取乳腺癌早期患者为研究对象。 近年来,有大量的研究都报导了在癌组织中存在高频率高密度的线粒体 DNA 体细胞突变,并认为这些突变在肿瘤发生过程中可能具有功能相关性。但 这些研究存在着不可回避的问题,总结来讲归为三个方面:①数据质量差:很多 前面报道的突变数据,经系统发育分析,发现存在不少因样本交叉污染所造成的 假阳性突变。②所测片断太短。大多数研究只是检测了D-loop 区,只占了整个 基因组的约十六分之一,很难全面反映问题。③对照设置有问题,许多研究进行 简单的case-control 分析,忽略了不同个体间母系遗传背景的差异,导致大量假 阳性突变的产生。 针对以上问题的存在,我们基于系统发育分析的方法在中国的乳腺癌病人中 开展了一项研究。分别取得10 例乳腺癌早期患者的癌组织、癌旁组织、以及远 端正常组织;提取了总DNA,对每一份组织样品进行线粒体全基因组测序。这 样做有两个研究目的:第一是调查在严格的质量控制手段下,排除交叉污染所造 成的假阳性突变后,在癌症病人中是否仍然能观察到高频率高密度的线粒体 DNA 体细胞突变。第二个目的是调查中国乳腺癌患者线粒体DNA 体细胞突变情 况,为乳腺癌早期诊断提供有效的信息。 为了避免过去部分研究中出现的问题,我们采取了相应的措施。首先是在严 格的质量控制下,我们对同一个病人的三种不同组织,即癌组织,癌旁组织,正 常组织中的线粒体基因组进行全序列测定的方式来检测体细胞突变。同时将所测 得线粒体全基因组序列进行系统发育的分析;结果表明属于同一个病人的不同组 织都能忠实的聚到一支,而且每一条全序列都完整的带有所属单倍型特有的界定 位点,不存在任何样本交叉或者污染的情况;这样进一步确证了我们数据的可靠 性。同时经过这样的比较,可以非常清晰的筛选出在某一种组织类型中所发生的 体细胞突变。来自10 例病人的癌组织,癌旁组织和正常组织的29 条(7#患者远端正常组 织没有得到)线粒体基因组全序列中,我们只检测到了两个体细胞突变(T2275C 和A8601G)。这两个突变经PCR 克隆试验的验证,在远端正常组织中均不存在, 是真实的体细胞突变。突变A8601G 同时出现在3#患者的癌组织和癌旁组织中; 提示线粒体DNA 的体细胞突变可能先于细胞的癌变,这可能对乳腺癌的早期临 床诊断具有一定的意义。突变T2275C 只出现在6#患者的癌组织中,该突变位于 16S rRNA 基因非常保守的位点上,我们对该突变位点潜在的生物学作用作了进 一步的讨论。 在我们研究的病例中体细胞突变的比率要远远低于先前的报道;造成差异的 主要原因可能是因为我们采取了严格的质量控制手段。综合我们的研究结果表 明,先前所报道的乳腺癌组织中的线粒体基因体细胞突变的频率存在被高估的现 象。目前线粒体突变与肿瘤发生的关系还有待于更深入的研究,同时我们呼吁本 领域的研究要加强数据质量的可靠性。我们的研究表明,系统发育的分析方法在 线粒体DNA 相关疾病的研究中是有效的,因此我们推荐在线粒体DNA 相关疾 病的研究中进行推广。

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Background: The model eukaryote, Tetrahymena thermophila, is the first ciliated protozoan whose genome has been sequenced, enabling genome-wide analysis of gene expression. Methodology/Principal Findings: A genome-wide microarray platform containing the predicted coding sequences (putative genes) for T. thermophila is described, validated and used to study gene expression during the three major stages of the organism's life cycle: growth, starvation and conjugation. Conclusions/Significance: Of the,27,000 predicted open reading frames, transcripts homologous to only,5900 are not detectable in any of these life cycle stages, indicating that this single-celled organism does indeed contain a large number of functional genes. Transcripts from over 5000 predicted genes are expressed at levels >5x corrected background and 95 genes are expressed at >250x corrected background in all stages. Transcripts homologous to 91 predicted genes are specifically expressed and 155 more are highly up-regulated in growing cells, while 90 are specifically expressed and 616 are up-regulated during starvation. Strikingly, transcripts homologous to 1068 predicted genes are specifically expressed and 1753 are significantly up-regulated during conjugation. The patterns of gene expression during conjugation correlate well with the developmental stages of meiosis, nuclear differentiation and DNA elimination. The relationship between gene expression and chromosome fragmentation is analyzed. Genes encoding proteins known to interact or to function in complexes show similar expression patterns, indicating that co-ordinate expression with putative genes of known function can identify genes with related functions. New candidate genes associated with the RNAi-like process of DNA elimination and with meiosis are identified and the late stages of conjugation are shown to be characterized by specific expression of an unexpectedly large and diverse number of genes not involved in nuclear functions.

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We study the wave dislocations with an induced gauge potential. The topological current characterized the wave dislocations is constructed with the dual of Abelian gauge field. And the topological charges and locations of the wave dislocations are determined by the phi-mapping topological current theory. Furthermore, it is shown that the knotted wave dislocations can be described with a Hopf invariant in the wave field. At last we discussed the evolution of the knotted wave dislocations.

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A 52 MHz Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) linear accelerator (linac) is designed to serve as an initial structure for the SSC-Linac system (injector into Separated Sector Cyclotron). The designed injection and output energy are 3.5 keV/u and 143 keV/u, respectively. The beam dynamics in this RFQ have been studied using a three-dimensional Particle-In-Cell (PIC) code BEAMPATH. Simulation results show that this R,FQ structure is characterized by stable values of beam transmission efficiency (at least 95%) for both zero-current mode and the space charge dominated regime. The beam accelerated in the RFQ has good quality in both transverse and longitudinal directions, and could easily be accepted by Drift Tube Linac (DTL). The effect of the vane error and that of the space charge on the beam parameters have been studied as well to define the engineering tolerance for RFQ vane machining and alignment.

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An experiment of Mg-22 and Ne-20 beams bombarding on a C-12 target at an energy of 60 similar to 70 A MeV has been performed at the RIKEN projectile fragment separator (RIPS)in the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron Facility to study the two-proton correlated emission from Mg-22 and Ne-20 excited states. The two-protons momentum correlation functions have been obtained for Mg-22 and Ne-20, respectively. The trajectories of the Mg-22 decayed products (Ne-20 + p + p) were also measured to get the angular correlations between the two protons in Center of Mass of decaying system by relativistic-kinematics reconstruction. The results exhibit that Mg-22 has the features of He-2 cluster decay mechanism.

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一直以来黄波罗(Phellodendron amurense)被认为是不耐阴树种,然而引入美国纽约后,发现它具有一定的耐阴性,在全光和林下均能更新,在纽约已经成为生物入侵种。为了探讨黄波罗的耐阴性问题,通过设置自然光与遮阴(15%自然光)两种光环境,观测了三年生黄波罗幼苗(遮阴1a后)光合生理参数、光能利用效率、叶绿素和比叶重的变化。结果表明,与自然光处理相比,遮阴处理的黄波罗幼苗最大光合速率、表观量子效率和暗呼吸速率略有下降,但差异不显著(p>0.05),光补偿点下降显著(p<0.05);同时,单位面积叶绿素含量无显著差异(p>0.05),而单位干重叶绿素含量显著升高,比叶重显著下降,叶面积显著增大(p<0.05)。上述结果说明:遮阴的黄波罗幼苗通过降低光补偿点和暗呼吸速率利用环境中的弱光,同时通过减小比叶重、增大叶面积和提高叶绿素b相对含量来增强对光的捕获,使其在弱光时的光能利用效率提高。由此推断,黄波罗幼苗能适应一定程度的遮阴。